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77Список литературы
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RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
OF ALMATY CITY Nussipkozhaeva A.R.
Nussipkozhaeva Aihan Rabel kyzy - Undergraduate, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND ENERGY NAMED AFTER T.K. BASENOV, SATBAYEV UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article considers the problem of cultural heritage in the city of Almaty. The state of buildings of Soviet constructivism before reconstruction is considered and a parallel is drawn with the current state of buildings.
Keywords: reconstruction, architectural monument, public places, cultural heritage, restoration, constructivism.
The reconstruction of architectural monuments plays a huge role in preserving the historical heritage. Restoration and reconstruction are necessary when the buildings are dilapidated, begin to collapse and lose their unique properties. Reconstruction of buildings and structures is their reorganization with the aim of partial or complete change of functional purpose, installation of new effective equipment, improvement of the development of territories, bringing it into line with modern increased regulatory requirements.
A considerable number of such objects of cultural heritage are located in the city of Almaty. But for a number of reasons, their number is declining every year, so the problem of preserving the architectural heritage is currently very relevant and needs to be addressed. Over the long period of its existence, historical objects are repeatedly subjected to alterations and rearrangements. The task of restoration is to restore their original appearance, as close as possible to the original. But such construction work requires significant material resources, which are often not enough. Reconstructing and restoring architectural monuments is much more expensive than demolishing. For this reason, many historical buildings in the city of Almaty are not being restored, but are subject to demolition. This policy may lead to the fact that after a certain amount of time, not a single building will remain on the streets that could tell something about the past of our city. As an object of study, all public buildings in the constructivism style were selected. Constructivism is the artistic direction of the 1920s of the XX century in architecture. Design is one of the methods of shaping, based on accurate calculations of the physical properties of materials and functions of the object and it is characterized by such features as rigor, conciseness, geometry and solidity of appearance. In European architecture, the ideas of constructivism were carried out by such masters as Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, Gropius. Supports, roof gardens, free lay-out, glazing, fronts without decorations - these principles were formulated by Le Corbusier for new architecture.
Constructivism occupies a special place in Russian art. We can safely say that constructivism reached its peak in Russia in the 1920s. The principles of constructivism were formulated in the theoretical presentations of A.A. Vesnin and M.Ya. Ginzburg. In the late 1920s, administrative structures began to be built on the territory of Kazakhstan in the constructivism style. Especially, in the administrative centers of the city of Almaty, ensembles were constructed in this style, clearly expressing the exact and peculiar forms of constructivism. [6] The ensemble, located in the administrative center of the city, is completely built in the style of constructivism, and brought a special novelty to the architecture. For example, architectural buildings such as the Red Square Ensemble in the capital of the then KazKSR, the House of Government of the KazKSR, the House of Communications, the club of workers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the KazKSR, the Office of the Turkestan-Siberian Railway, Polyclinic, and the Ministry of Water Management can be cited. The authors of these buildings are Moscow architects - M.Ya. Ginzburg, G.G. Gerasimov. In the city of Almaty, there were many erected buildings in the style of constructivism. However, today there are only four main buildings that have retained the appearance of constructivism, these are the House of the Government of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in the past (the current Academy of Arts named after T. Zhurgenev), the House of Communications (Main Post Office), the club of workers of the Ministry of the Interior of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (present Uyghur Theater) [7]. The House of Government of the Kazakh SSR in Kirov, now Bogenbai Batyr, 136a, in 1958-1982 it housed the educational building of the Kazakh State University named after S.M. Kirov, later the Theater and Art Institute, or the Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenova. It was built in 1927-31 on the idea of M. Ginzburg, F. Milinis and engineer V. Orlovsky. This building was entered in 1980 in the register of monuments of architecture, history and culture of republican significance. In this architectural and spatial composition, glazed and blind planes and volumes are contrasted in contrast. We add that the monolithic-reinforced concrete frame of the building with soft reed filling was first used in the practice of building public buildings in Almaty at that time. [1] Today, the unique building has lost its original appearance and is in poor condition. The author wanted the building to be light in tone, but it was painted in dark gray. Later this structure was repainted in many colors, for example, until recently there was a very energetic green color (Fig. 2, 3).
Fig. 2. The building of the Government House of KazKSR
Fig. 3. Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenev
In order to restore at least partly the former concept of the building, it is necessary not only to repaint it, but also to make major repairs, almost at the restoration level in accordance with the original design (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. The project. Alma-Ata. House of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR (architect
Ginzburg) 1930
Near the building of the Academy of Arts is located the building of the General Post Office -also an outstanding idea of architecture (Fig. 5). The attention is always attracted to the clock with music, located on the top of the tower of the corner house on Abylai Khan Avenue and Bogenbai Batyr. [2] Now part of this building was given to the conservatory, and many years ago the whole square was occupied by the ensemble of the most important buildings of the republic - the Government House and the Communication House. It was built in connection with the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata in 1927-1931. The authors of the project were also M. Ginzburg, F. Milinis and V. Orlovsky.
The architectural composition is based on a contrasting comparison of glazed and deaf planes and volumes. Rectangular window openings with a complex three-part binding and narrow wall were the decoration of the quarter. [7] Fortunately, over the long history of the post office, the building practically did not change its architectural forms, only the color of the facade changed. To date, this building is in poor condition. Slowly but surely, it is losing its original form. The construction may collapse if urgent measures to save it are not taken (Fig. 6).
Fig. 5. Communication House - General Post Office
Fig. 6. Former building of the Main Post Office current state
The city of Almaty is losing its appearance. Buildings of Soviet constructivism are decaying. It is necessary to give these buildings a new function, a new life, in order to preserve the historical center of Almaty. In order for the streets of the city to remain recognizable, developers must leave the facades of houses in old Almaty unchanged, as if preserving them. And with the "old" appearance, it's easy to replace obsolete engineering networks with modern ones.
References
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4. Semirechje. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https: //sites.google.com/site/semirechje/alma-ata/ (date of access: 21.12.2019).
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