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9AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR FROM LIVESTOCK FARMS
Nykytiuk P., Nykytiuk Yu.
Zhytomyr National Agro-Ecological University,
Zhytomyr, Ukraine
Abstract
The biosphere near the complexes is oversaturated with dust, microflora, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mer-captans, diethylamines and others. Equally dangerous is the lack of conditions for the disposal of corpses and confiscations, the processing of raw materials, the discharge of waste from livestock and quarantine facilities, slaughter points in a separate sewer. In addition, atmospheric precipitation also contributes to the pollution of environmental objects, which contributes to the faster and better movement of harmful components on the soil profile, their penetration into the groundwater and natural water bodies located nearby.
Air pollution has become a social and economic problem in areas of livestock agglomerations. The degree of pollution of the air pool in the area of activity of pig enterprises depends on the number of premises located in the territory and the concentration in them of animals.
Keywords: air pollution, bioindication, livestock complexes, atmospheric emissions, plant protection.
Bioindication using Robiniapseudoacacia L. was used to study the air around the poultry farms. The collected pods determined the total number of seed germs formed and the number of them that turned into mature seeds. Next, the percentage of mature seeds was calculated.
The decrease in the morphometric indices of the fruit may be associated with a decrease in the number of seeds in the beans. The analysis of the number of seeds in the fruit showed a significant decrease in the studied indicator in the territory of the poultry farms compared to the control area.
In acacia pods selected at the experimental poultry farm in 2017, the percentage of mature seeds is 28.8%,
in the control plot 73.77%, in 2018 46.6% and 75.6% and in 2019 37.6 % and 74.6% respectively (Fig. 1).
The average data for 2017 - 2019 showed that in acacia pods selected in the SPZ of the poultry farm, the percentage of mature seeds is 37.7%, while at the control site 74.7%, which indicates that air pollution in the SPZ territory poultry farms (Fig. 2). Therefore, it should be noted that the air from the emissions of poultry farms is not sufficiently purified and adversely affects the reproductive system of plants. Therefore, indicator plants can be used both to identify individual pollutants and to monitor the general condition of the air.
Fig. 1. Percentage of mature seed pods of Robinia pseudoacacia L.
(2017 - 2019)
Fig. 2. Percentage of mature seeds ofpods ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. (generalized data 2017 - 2019)
Thus, the results of the study indicate the pollution of atmospheric air on the territory of the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm toxic waste. Bioindication of the environmental state in the percentage of Mature seed pods of the common locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. offers a quick and informative to investigate the condition of the air on the territory of the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm. So, averaged data values in percentage of Mature seeds in SPZ 2 times lower than in the control plot. This gives grounds to assert that the atmospheric air SPZ experiencing significant pollution emissions.
So, with the help bioindicating methods evaluated work of the poultry farm on the biodiversity of ento-mofauna. A decrease in indicators of biological diversity and richness, influenced by the work of the enterprise on the group of insects. To predict the negative
effects of air pollution in the locations of large poultry farms, it is advisable to use a Robinia pseudoacacia L. as bioindicator ecological state of atmospheric air.
Similar studies were carried out in the sanitary-protective zone of the farms. The proportion of ripe seeds of acacia within the SPZ research farms 1.5-1.8 times lower than the corresponding figures outside of their sanitary protection zone and control areas. The inhibition of seed maturation depends on the power economy and is described by inverse proportion: of zblyany manufacturing enterprises, the fraction of the ripening of the seeds of acacia.
The size of the SPZ provide sufficient air purification is the characteristic of air outside the SPZ of the farms close to the target. Different enterprises of the average power, where the size of the SPZ to ensure clean air does not fully (Fig. 3).
Control
Low Power Enterprises
Enterprises of average capacity
High Power Enterprises
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Share of ripe seeds, %
i Percentage of ripe seeds outside, SPZ ■ Part of ripe seeds, SPZ
Fig. 3.
Ecological status of atmospheric air due to the impact offarms on the proportion of ripe acacia seeds of white
The object of our research was pine plantations affected by poultry farming.
In the study areas, the needles were selected from five trees in the four study sites, then worked with the average data, that is, the average values of morphomet-ric indices in the farms of the poultry farm and the territory of the control plot.
Visual analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. pine plants showed that light green spots, necrotic spots, and drying appear near the source of contamination.
The data obtained showed that in the sanitary zone of the poultry farm, the percentage of needles with spots and signs of drying was 35%, while at the control site - 5% in 2018 and 30% and 0% in 2019, respectively.
Table 1
Morphometric parameters of pine of Pinus sylvestris L. in the territory of the Poultry farms, 2018
№ p/n Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
% Type of necrosis
1. 45 1 4 apex
2. 44 1 5 lateral
3. 42 1 - -
4. 42 1 3 lateral
5. 52 1 - -
6. 52 1 - -
7. 53 1 - -
8. 52 1 1 lateral
9. 51 1 - -
10. Poultry 49 1 292 10,18 2 lateral
11. farm 54 1 20 lateral
12. 54 1 - -
13. 40 1 - -
14. 40 1 2 lateral
15. 47 1 - -
16. 47 1 - -
17. 55 1 - -
18. 55 1 - -
19. 57 1 - -
20. 57 1 - -
According to the research, there is a decrease in the absolute values of the length of pine needles in plantations with the approach to the poultry farm and with increasing levels of pollution. There is also an
increase in the number of needles on the also indicates air pollution around the (Table 2).
Morphometric parameters of Pinus sylvestris L. pine in the control area, 2018
shoot, which poultry farm
Table 2
№ p/n Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
% Type of necrosis
1. 115 2 1 apex
2. 115 2 - -
3. 116 2 - -
4. 107 2 - -
5. 113 2 - -
6. 107 2 - -
7. 109 2 - -
8. 111 2 - -
9. 120 2 - -
10. Control 120 2 154 16,72 - -
11. 115 2 - -
12. 115 2 - -
13. 114 2 - -
14. 114 2 - -
15. 100 2 - -
16. 106 2 - -
17. 107 2 - -
18. 106 2 - -
19. 115 2 - -
20. 114 2 - -
Lower values of the indicator of absolutely dry weight of needles (9.48) in the territory of the Poultry farm SPZ also indicates a negative impact of the activity of the poultry enterprise on the pine plants of Pinus sylvestris L., as in the territory of the control plot the value of this indicator was 18.32.
According to research, it is found that in more polluted areas, tufts of needles are closer, and their number is 10 cm
In general, morphometric indices of pine needles vary over a wide range of numerical values, with the level of necrotic needle damage being the most informative bioindication.
Minimal needle damage was established for the trees of the control area, and damage to the needles was noted in the other study areas.
larger than in the clean zone.
Number of ikimIIo • C '«»nirol plot ■ Poultry farm
Fig. 4. Averaged data of morphometric parameters ofpine of Pinus sylvestris L. in the territory of the
poultry farm and control plot, 2018
With distance from the poultry farm, the number of needles on the shoot and the level of necrotic lesion decrease, but increase - the length, width of the needles, weight 1000 pcs. needles.
Phytomeliorative features of woody coniferous plants under the influence of anthropogenic load are
important, both from the side of phytosanitary functions and in monitoring studies.
Morphometric indices, in particular, the degree of necrotic lesion and its character, length, width, their weight, and the number of 10 cm of the shoot, change in morphometric individuals.
Table 3
Morphometric indicators of pine of Pinus sylvestris L. in the territory of the Poultry farm, 2019
№ p/n Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
% Type of necrosis
1. 65 1 5 apex
2. 65 1 - -
3. 67 1 - -
4. 67 1 - -
5. 83 1 - -
6. 83 1 - -
7. 74 1 - -
8. 74 1 - -
9. 67 1 - -
10. Poultry 67 1 250 9,48 - -
11. farm 80 1 3 apex
12. 80 1 1 apex
13. 80 1 - -
14. 80 1 - -
15. 70 1 1 apex
16. 70 1 1 apex
17. 82 1 - -
18. 82 1 - -
19. 81 1 1 apex
20. 82 1 - -
The influence of anthropogenic factors of any intensity has a pronounced morphological effect in plants. This allows for a fairly accurate nonspecific bioindication of environmental quality using dendromet-ric parameters.
Morphometric parameters of Pinus sylvestris L.
The most informative among them are those that closely correlate with the value of primary production and characterize the interaction in the system "plant -environment". These include, in particular, the morpho-metric indices of woody plants.
Table 4
№ p/n Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
% Type of necrosis
1. 80 1 - -
2. 80 1 - -
3. 94 1 - -
4. 93 1 - -
5. 85 1 - -
6. 85 1 - -
7. 77 1 - -
8. 77 1 - -
9. 86 1 - -
10. Control 86 1 40 18,32 - -
11. 85 1 - -
12. 85 1 - -
13. 96 1 - -
14. 96 1 - -
15. 81 1 - -
16. 81 1 - -
17. 97 1 - -
18. 97 1 - -
19. 82 1 - -
20. 81 1 - -
In the study areas, the needles were selected from five trees in the four study sites, then worked with the
average data, that is, the average values of the needles
in the sanitary zone of the poultry farm and the average values of the morphometric parameters on the control.
Fig. 5. Averaged data of morphometric indices of Pinus sylvestris L. pine on the territory of the poultry farm and
control area, 2019
According to the studies, a decrease in the absolute values of the length of pine needles in plantations with the approach to the poultry farm and with the increase of the level of environmental pollution was found. An
increase in the number of needles on the shoot within the sanitary protection zone of the poultry farm was noted, which indicates that air pollution around the poultry farm was observed.
Table 5
Mor phometric parameters of Pinus sylvestris L. pine, 2018
Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
Poultry farm 49,4+5,6 1+0,00 292+0,85 10,18+0,01 30% - lateral necrosis 5% is apical
Control plot 112+5,14 2+0,00 154+0,8 16,72+0,05 5% - apical
It is established that morphometric indices of pine level of necrotic needles being the most informative trees vary in a wide range of numerical values, with the bioindication.
Table 6
Morphometric parameters of pine of Pinus sylvestris L., 2019__
Place of sampling Needle length, mm Needle width, mm Number of needles per 10 cm, pcs. Weight of 1000 needles, g Necrosis
Poultry farm 74,95+6,95 1+0,00 250+1,8 9,48+0,004 30% - apical
Control plot 86,2+6,8 1+0,00 40+0,5 18,32+0,04 necrosis is absent
The study found an increase in the number of needles with spots compared with the needles selected at the control site. It is researched that lower values of the absolutely dry weight of needles, in comparison with the control, indicate that the activity of poultry is also influenced by the activity of poultry.
Thus, the bio-indication of atmospheric air using acacia white confirms the patterns of pollution around the farms, determined by physical-chemical and sanitary-microbiological methods:
- pig farms significantly impair the environmental status of the surrounding areas;
- atmospheric air pollution increases with increasing capacity of farms;
- The size of the SPZs of the enterprises provides sufficient purification of the atmospheric air, except for the enterprises of medium power.
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