CC BY
27AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
UDC 574.34:574.21
BIOINDICATIONALLY ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY DUE TO THE EFFECT OF
LIVESTOCK FARMS
Nykytiuk P., Nykytiuk Yu.
Zhytomyr National Agroecological University, Ukraine
Abstract
Biotesting is a simple and informative way for ecological assessment to identify ecological problems at their initial emersion stages. The test of onion roots growth helps to obtain the most informative values, although the obtained results describe only the total toxicity that caused by the chemical characteristics of atmospheric air and soil. It was established by means of bioindication methods for identify air and soil pollution outside the sanitary-protective zones of livestock farms. In addition, it was found that the sizes of sanitary-protective zones for livestock farms do not correspond to capacity by bioindication studies, to that the traditional methods do not indicate in full. This confirms the necessity of the bioindication studies during ecological monitoring.
Keywords: bioindication, soil pollution, atmospheric air, sanitary-protective zones, livestock farms.
Introduction. Bioindication is used as a method for identifying the anthropogenic load on the bioceno-sis. The bioindicators method is based on the influence study of the ecological factors on different characteristics of biological objects and systems. The biological systems or organisms that are most sensitive to the researched factors are selected as bioindicators. Changes of the test-object behavior are assessment by comparison with the control plots adopted as a reference.
The primary objective of bioindication is to develop methods and requirements that could properly reflective of the level of anthropogenic effects, taking into account the integrated character of pollution, as well as that could detected early disbalance in the most sensitive components of biotic substances. Bioindication is carried out at the various levels of the biosphere organization: macromolecules, cells, organ, organism, population, biocenosis.
The use of bioindication for monitoring anthropo-genically loaded territories is important and productive, since the immediate reaction of a living organism takes into account when carrying out the bioindication method.
The objects and methods of research. We used the following bioindicator plants: Pinus sylvestris L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Lepidium sativum and Al-lium cepa L. to carry out the integrated analysis of the ecological state of atmospheric air and soil. Coniferous plants are widely used in modern research as bioindica-tors inasmuch as they have high bioindication properties. This botanical species is sensitive to different types of anthropogenic and technogenic pollution which allows such studies. The study results where Pi-nus sylvestris L. was used as a bioindicator are presented in numerous scientific investigations.
An assessment was carried out of the effect of livestock farms on changing morphometric values of coniferous species.
The researches were carried out in 3 test areas -livestock breeding complexes with equal efficiency category, which are located in the same soil and climatic conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
A week before the experiment, the needles were cut off from branches of the relative even-aged wood specieses which the most common in this area. The needles were cut at a height of 2 m from the crown part unfolded to the impact factor. Needles were viewed with a magnifying glass. Chloroses, necrosis of the needles tips and the entire surface were studied, as well as their percentage and pattern (specks, spotting, mottling, pattern structure). There were measured the length of the needles on the branches of last year, as well as their width (inside the needles) using a measuring magnifying glass. The repetition was carry out 10-20 times.
In the studied zones, needles were selected from five trees in four test areas, then there worked with average data, that is, the average amount of morphometric values that were selected in the test areas.
Samples were taken during the summer and winter season of 2017 - 2019.
Bioindication with the Robinia pseudoacacia L. also was used in order to study of air condition. The seedpods of Common Robinia Robinia pseudoacacia L. were harvesting during October 2017 - 2019. The total number of formed primordial seeds and their number that turned into mature seeds were determined in the collected seeds. The percentage of mature seeds was calculated further. The percentage of mature seeds was calculated following that.
Total soil toxicity determination by growth index of Lepidium sativum roots of (Lepidium sativum L.). The Lepidium sativum L. is characterized by quickly and almost 100% emergence of seedlings under optimal environmental conditions. According to the Lepid-ium sativum L. reaction, there is impossible to draw clear conclusions in relation to the origin of the pollutant. Variation showed by the Lepidium sativum L. in relation to pollutants are not specific, but it is also possible to observe the repugnant substances presence in
the soil and determined the intensity of their effect on living organisms due to the use of Lepidium sativum L.
Total soil toxicity determination by growth index of onion roots (Allium cepa L.). This technique is quite simple and sensitive in relation to measuring the total toxicity that associated with chemical pollutants of soil. The growth inhibition of onion roots growth is a main characteristic of presence the toxic pollution. It was experimentally proved that the level of seedling emergence is a less sensitive value than the values the root growth reduction of this bioindicator.
Research results. Damages appear on the Pi-nus sylvestris L. needles when plants no far off the source of pollution, and show as light green mottles and necrotic specks; signs of drying out.
The data obtained indicate that in the territories around high-efficiency livestock breeding complex, the percentage of needles with mottles and signs of drying happened the highest, both in the sanitary protection zone and beyond.
The study results showed an increase the number of needles with mottles during the summer period and in the territory of all test areas.
According to the research data, low absolute values of the length of the needles are observed in the test area around livestock breeding complex with low efficiency, in comparison with other test areas, which starkly illustrate the necessity to increase the size of sanitary protection zones for such farms.
The research has established that in the more polluted areas, the needle fascicles grow the much close together, and their amount is on the 10 cm long shoot is greater than in the clean zone.
Morphometric values changes (as in, the degree of necrotic damage and its origin, length, width, their weight, and quantity per 10 cm of shoot) are observed in the species conifers that growing under pollution conditions.
By the biodiagnostical methods was revealed numerous growth anomalies in the research of morphogenesis under the conditions of anthropogenic pollution.
Coniferous vegetative sphere reactions to pollution are ontogenesis disbalance of vegetative shoots (morphogenesis rate, periodicity of shoot formation, changes in their biological organization), as well as the anatomical structure of the needles.
There are such coniferous reactions that suitable for the aims of bioindication and ecological monitoring: morphological (according to specific changes in the structure of the shoot and pollen-grains), anatomical (according to specific changes in the anatomical structure of the needles).
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Completed analysis of the seeds number in the fruits showed a significant decrease the studied values in the territory near livestock farms with high and middle efficiency, in comparison with the samples taken around livestock farms with low efficiency.
In acacia seedpods that were selected around the livestock farms with high and low efficiency, the percentage of mature seeds is 48.8% and 54.2%, respectively, and around the livestock farms with middle efficiency is 72.8%. The lowest among the obtained values indicate a significant level of air pollution, non-compliance of purifying agents on the farm territory, as well as insufficient sizes of the sanitary protection zones to assure complete cleaning from pollution.
Bioindication of the environment state by the percentage of mature seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedpods make possible to quickly and informatively research the territories air condition. Thereby, the study results show that atmospheric air is polluted, both on the territory of sanitary protection zones of livestock farms and beyond. So, the average values of the percentage of mature seeds selected around enterprises with high efficiency are 1.5 times lower than the average values of the percentage of mature seeds selected around other test objects, which means that the first of them are expose to significant pollution through emission of harmful gases.
Therefore, it should be noted that air near the enterprises with high efficiency is polluted by emissions and negatively affects the plants reproductive system.
Total soil toxicity determination by growth index of Lepidium sativum L. roots. As a result of the studies, it was found that livestock farms reduce the grow of Lepidium sativum roots: in soil that was selected outside the sanitary protection zones the length of Lepid-ium sativum roots is 3.5-5% longer than their length in the soil within the sanitary protection zone of farm. However, it was determined that the length indicator of the Lepidium sativum roots in the control area is even 3.5% more than the control indicator (water). The studies proven that soil toxicity increases with increasing efficiency of a livestock farm. The sizes of the sanitary protection zone do not completely provide the soil cleaning.
The control value of toxicity (water) is lower than the indicator of total soils toxicity within the sanitary protection zones of livestock farms by 5.5-7.2%, and outside the sanitary protection zones - up to 3.4%. This characterizes the fact that the total soil toxicity the increases significantly near livestock farms.
Fig. 1. The total soil toxicity, according to the growth of Lepidium sativum roots, when effected the
livestock farms
(1 - enterprise with low efficiency, 2 - enterprise with middle efficiency, 3 - enterprise with high efficiency, 4 - control)
There is also a seasonal dynamics of total soil toxicity during the year. There was admitted that the average length value of the roots of bioindicator plants in the studied water extracts of the soil, which were selected for the study in the summer season, if compared them with similar values in the winter period, decreases by 5.2-8.5%, and if compared with control - by 6,99.1% within the sanitary-protective zones of livestock farms and by 5.2% outside them.
During the off-season, the total soil toxicity is lower than the values obtained in the summer period and exceeds the winter values by 3.2-5.2%. The control indicators are greater by 1.9-6.4% of the off-season values of the total soils toxicity of the sanitary protection zones the livestock farms, and outside the sanitary protection zones - by 1.2%.
In winter, the growth of Lepidium sativum roots improves by 1.1-3.2% within the sanitary protection zones of livestock farms, and by 5.9-6.9% outside them, if compared with the control value.
Total soil toxicity determination by growth index of onion roots (Allium cepa L.). Onion root growth is significantly (2.4-4.5%) deactivated in the soils of sanitary protection zones for livestock farms, if compared
their length with the length of onion roots in soils selected outside the sanitary protection zones of livestock farms, as well as by 5.2-7.1% - in comparison with the control value. This value characterizes a significant increase in the soil total toxicity by livestock farms. It should be noted that the total soil toxicity of adjacent territories increases with an increase in the livestock enterprise efficiency. It has been admitted that the dimensions of the sanitary protection zones, the livestock farms do not significantly provide the necessary reduction in total toxicity induced by chemical pollution of the soil.
A significant increase in the total soil toxicity is confirmed by the onion roots growth in the warm period: summer season values exceed the winter values by 7.2-15.1%, and the control values (water) by 3.57.2%. Off-season values are exceeding the winter values by 3.9-10.2%, the control values (water) are exceed by 2.1-4.5% the value of total toxicity for water samples taken on the studied soils of the farm sanitary protection zones, and beyond of sanitary protection zones and the control area - by 1%. In winter, onion root growth increases by 9.2-12.3%, compared with the control (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The total soil toxicity, according to the growth of onion roots, when effected the livestock farms (1 - enterprise with low efficiency, 2 - enterprise with middle efficiency, 3 - enterprise with high efficiency, 4 - control)
Just as important characteristic is the decrease the possibility of reverse effect to toxic substances of the soil, if the livestock farms conduct the economic activities. The value of the reverse effect of toxic substances in the soils of sanitary protection zones of livestock enterprises is 9-15% lower than the control. It should be noted that outside the sanitary protection zone this indicator is below the control by 6-8.2%, and it follows
that beyond the effects of the pollution sources, soil restoration occurs faster than in the sanitary protection zone of livestock farms. This is characterized by a significant improvement in onion root growth after substitute the water extract of the studied soil samples for clean water.
The average root length of the sanitary protection zone, mm The average length of roots outside the sanitary- zone, mm Average root length m control (in water), mm
Fig. 3. The reverse effect to toxic substances in the soil, according to the growth of onion roots, when effected
the livestock farms (1 - enterprise with low efficiency, 2 - enterprise with middle efficiency, 3 - enterprise with high efficiency, 4 - control)
The intensity of the reverse effect is depended on efficiency of livestock enterprises, in particular: value of the reverse effect the toxic substances decreases at the same time as increases the livestock number of livestock farm, as well as the soil remediation is increases (Fig. 3).
Also, the ability of the soil to remediation is seasonal. Only in the winter period, the value of the reverse effect for almost all studied soil samples is upper to the control (water): by 2.1-7.2% - within the sanitary protection zone of the livestock farms, and by 8-9.5% - beyond limits. This value significantly decreases in the warm season, both for the soils of sanitary protection zones of farms and for soil samples beyond their limits: in the summer by 21-34%, in the off-season by 13-22%, in comparison with the control values. The reverse effect of toxic substances during the summer season, in comparison with the control value, is lower by 26-30% within the sanitary protection zones of livestock farms, and by 19-25.5% beyond limits; in spring and autumn season by 15.1-17.2% and 10.4%, respectively.
After an analysis of the data obtained for the studies performed the following patterns were identified:
- farms for the production of livestock products significantly worsen the agrochemical quality of soils and the reverse effect for toxic substances of soil, and also increase the total soil toxicity;
- the soils toxicity of the adjacent territories are increases in tandem with increase of farms livestock number, their agrochemical quality decreases, and the duration of soil remediation increases;
- the size of the sanitary protection zone of livestock enterprises does not provide an appreciable level of soil cleanup, especially when researching the samples within the territories of middle efficiency enterprises.
The effect of anthropogenic factors of any intensity has a pronounced morphological effect for bioindi-cator plants and the condition of atmospheric air. This allows to carry out enough accurate nonspecific bioindication of environmental quality using dendrometric values.
Seasonal dynamics are appropriate to the ecological state of the soil around livestock farms: in the summer season there is a significant increase in the total soil toxicity in comparison with the winter season; the tox-icity values are significantly decreased in the spring and autumn season. It should be noted that the spring values are slightly higher than the values of autumn season.
There was identified a soil pollution beyond limits of the sanitary protection zones of the livestock farms by the bioindication methods. In addition, there was observed a sizes non-compliance the sanitary protection zones of the livestock farms in connection with their efficiency with carry out bioindication studies, to that the traditional methods do not indicate in full. This approve the necessity to use bioindication studies during ecological monitoring.
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YIELD AND QUALITY OF ROOTBREEDS OF TABLE CARE FOREIGN FOREIGN SELECTION
Vdovichenko I.
Assistant of the department of agriculture, soil science and agrochemistry,
Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
УРОЖАЙН1СТЬ I ЯК1СТЬ КОРЕНЕПЛОД1В МОРКВИ СТОЛОВО1 ЗАРУБ1ЖНО1 СЕЛЕКЦП
Вдовиченко 1.П.
асистент кафедри землеробства, грунтознавства та агрохгмИ]
факультету агронома та лгсгвництва, Вгнницький нацгональний аграрний утверситет
Abstract
The article presents the results of the study of agrobiological evaluation of hybrids of carrots of Shantane varieties of foreign breeding in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Right-Bank Ukraine. It is established that as a result of timely supply of carrot plants with nutrients and a positive effect of bacterial preparations
The growth of carrot root formation processes is observed at an earlier date. During the cultivation of Bolivar F1 and CB 7381 DC F1 hybrids, the yield value was inferior to the Abaco F1 hybrid, but exceeded the value of the control variant. Thus, in open soil the yield of hybrids was 42,9-63,7 t/ha and exceeded the yield of the control variant by 9 and 6% respectively.
Анотащя
В статп висвгтлеш результата дослщження агробюлопчно! ощнки гiбридiв моркви сортотишв Шантане зарубiжноi селекци в умовах Люостепу Правобережного Украни.
Встановлено, що у результат! своечасного забезпечення рослин моркви поживними речовинами i позитивного впливу препаратв бактершного походження на ростов! процеси формування коренеплоду моркви спостерь гаеться у бшьш рант термши.
Пд час вирощування пбрид!в Бол!вар Fi та СВ 7381 ДЧ Fi величина врожайносп поступалась пбриду Абако F1, проте перевищувала значения контрольного вар!анту. Так, у вщкритому грунт! врожайнють пб-рид!в складала 42,9-63,7 т/га i перевищувала врожайшсть контрольного вар!анту на 9 та 6 % вщповвдно.
Keywords: carrots, hybrid, Shantane sortotype, phenological phases, technical maturity, yield, marketability
Ключовi слова: морква, пбрид, сортотип Шантане, фенолог!чн! фази, техшчна стигл!сть, урожай-н!сть, товарн!сть
