PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF NICHE TOURISM IN THE SYSTEM OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки об образовании»

Psychological and pedagogical aspects of niche tourism in the system of additional education

ТУРИЗМ /TOURISM

УДК 338.48+378:662+159.98

DOI: 10.24411 /2413-693X-2021 -10104

Психолого-педагогические аспекты нишевого туризма в системе дополнительного образования

АРПЕНТЬЕВА Мариям Равильевна —свободный исследователь, Центр психологической, педагогической, медицинской и социальной помощи «Содействие» (Калуга, Российская Федерация), доктор психологических наук, профессор Российской академии естествознания, доцент, член-корреспондент Российской академии естествознания, академик Международной академии образования, e-mail: mariam_rav@mail.ru

ГАСАНОВА Рената Рауфовна — Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова (Москва, Российская Федерация), зам. декана факультета педагогического образования, старший преподаватель кафедры истории и философии образования, кандидат психологических наук, доцент, профессор Российской академии естествознания, ORCID e-mail: renata_g@bk.ru

МЕНЬШИКОВ Петр Викторович — Калужский государственный университет им. К.Э. Циолковского (Калуга, Российская Федерация), доцент кафедры психологии развития и образования, кандидат психологических наук, доцент, e-mail: edeltanne@list.ru

Аннотация. Проблематика психолого-педагогического смысла туристической деятельности и ее возможностей и ограничений как деятельности образовательной и психотерапевтической еще только начинает становится предметом специального внимания. Это движение связано как с развитием туристики, так и психологии и педагогики нужде в профессиональных кадрах, обладающих междисциплинарными компетенциями, гарантирующим успех профессиональных усилий. Это движение также связано с развитием практики дополнительного образования: для (пере)подготовки специалистов в сфере туристики важны ее психолого-педагогические модели, для образовательных задач в педагогике и психологии нужны специалисты, владеющие инновационными методами работы, знаниями и навыками помощи в развитии человека и коррекции нарушений развития в разных сферах, включая туризм. Нишевый туризм является туризмом специальных интересов. Его появление связано как с задачами диверсификации и обеспечения качества туристических продуктов для обеспечения их конкурентоспособности, так и с тем фактом, что туристическая практика, изменяясь и развиваясь, сопровождается и развитием клиентов. Психолого-педагогический анализ нишевого туризма обращает особое внимание на проблемы туристической карьеры и мотивацию участия в нишевом туризме. Этот тип туризма связан с возникновением особой группы туристов-путешественников, стремящихся проникнуть через «завесы» привычного и понять мир и себя, не ограничиваясь обыденными рамками и, очень часто, псевдособытиями и псевдообъектами массового туризма. Этот процесс характерен не только для эзотерического туризма, но и для многих иных вариантов нишевого туризма, включая даже темный туризм / туризм катастроф и разрушений, экстремальный туризм и т.д.. Старые традиции паломничеств и религиозного туризма, традиции экстремальных и спортивных путешествий, поддерживаются и усиливаются инновационными технологиями типа тревел-терапии, эзотерической терапии, «темного туризма» и т.д. Изменения, новации в туристике нишевого и иных типов также связаны с изменениями системы мотиваций туристов, происходящих в течение их туристической карьеры. Для системы дополнительного образования педагогов-психологов и специалистов в области туристики крайне важными моментами совершенствования их профессиональных компетенций являются аспекты, связанные с психолого-педагогическими феноменами и процессами, в том числе мотивацией туристической активности и психологическими типами туристов, «психографией» дести-

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наций как «педагогических провинций» и «психотерапевтических ландшафтов», а также туристической карьерой и идентичностью туристов. Работа с этими феноменами уже не под силу гиду, не имеющему специального психолого-педагогического образования. Для самого же психолого-педагогического образования обращение к туризму и его возможностям представляет собой существенное развитие обучающих и воспитательных технологий и средств. Цель работы заключается в изучении мотивации нишевой туристической активности и психолого-педагогические функций современной туристической активности. Нишевый тип туризма прямо или косвенно выполняет задачи обучения, воспитания, а также психологического и духовного сопровождения развития человека как личности, партнера и профессионала. Этот тип туризма предназначен для туристов с особым типом потребностей (ориентированных на самоисследование, самоосуществление и самосовершенствование), а также для туристов, которых перестали удовлетворять традиционные рамки потребления туристических продуктов (образов), и которые ищут новые сферы самореализации и нуждаются в помощи в поддержке их семейной, профессиональной и иных карьер путем совершенствования, развития туристической карьеры. Данный тип туризма имеет большие перспективы развития, поскольку активизирует работу человека с его опытом внутренних и внешних отношений: организация такой работы требует значительных усилий с его стороны и со стороны организаторов туристического путешествия. Для разработки и осознания важности разработок в сфере диагностики и ориентации туризма на удовлетворение более или менее индивидуализированных систем мотивов туристов туристическому бизнесу нужны специальные усилия. Туристическому бизнесу нужны особым образом модифицированные туристические туристические дестинации, многокомпонентные и многовариантные маршруты, позволяющие удовлетворить особые запросы клиентов так, чтобы данный вид бизнеса мог выполнять свои психолого-педагогические функции, так или иначе связанные с миссией туристических поездок в целом и в каждой туристической фирме и дестинации по отдельности. Наиболее продуктивными вариантами в данном случае выступают создание направлений дополнительной подготовки: 1) в сфере нишевого туризма для педагогов и психологов, социальных работников и иных специалистов помогающих профессий, 2) в сфере психолого-педагогического сопровождения / коучинга туристической деятельности для будущих и работающих гидов и менеджеров туристических фирм.

Ключевые слова: нишевый туризм, туризм специальных интересов, мотивация туристов, туристическая карьера, психолого-педагогические функции туризма, тип туристов, тип дестинации, развитие человека.

Для цитирования: Арпентьева М. Р., Гасанова P.P., Меньшиков П.В. Психолого-педагогические аспекты нишевого туризма в системе дополнительного образования II Сервис Plus. 2021. Т.15. №1. С. 32-57. DOI: 10.24411/2413-693Х-2021-10104

Статья поступила в редакцию: 09.02.2021.

Статья принята к публикации: 09.03.2021.

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Psychological and pedagogical aspects of niche tourism in the system of additional education

Psychological and pedagogical aspects of niche tourism in the system of additional education

Mariam R. ARPENTIEVA, Dr. Sc. (Psychology), Associate Prof., mariam_rav@mail.ru

Center for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance «Assistance», Kaluga, Russian Federation; Russian Academy of Natural History; Russian Academy of Natural History; International Academy of Education

Renata R. GASANOVA, Cand. Sc. (Psychology), Senior Lecture of the Department of History and Philosophy of Education, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Pedagogical Education, renata_g@bk. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Petr V. MENSHIKOV, Cand. Sc. (Psychology), Associate Prof., edeltanne@list.ru Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovski, Kaluga, Russian Federation

Abstract. The problem of the psychological and pedagogical meaning of tourist activity and its possibilities and limitations as an educational and psychotherapeutic activity is just beginning to become the subject of special attention. This movement is associated with both the development of tourism and psychology and pedagogy, the need for professional personnel with interdisciplinary competencies that guarantee the success of professional efforts. This movement is also associated with the development of the practice of additional education: for the (re) training of specialists in the field of tourism, its psychological and pedagogical models are important, for educational tasks in pedagogy and psychology, specialists are needed who possess innovative methods of work, knowledge and skills of assistance in human development and correction. Developmental disruptions in various fields, including (niche and others types of the) tourism. Niche tourism is special interest tourism. Its appearance is connected both with the tasks of diversification and quality assurance of tourism products to ensure their competitiveness, and with the fact that tourism practice, changing and developing, is accompanied by the development of customers. Niche tourism as a field of tourism business is progressing annually, along with the progress of tourists. Researchers spoke about this from the very beginning, linking the very need for niche tourism with the emergence of a special group of tourists-travelers seeking to penetrate the "curtains" of the familiar and understand the world and themselves, not limited by the ordinary framework and, very often, pseudo-events and pseudo-objects of mass tourism. This process is typical not only for esoteric tourism, but also for many other options for niche tourism, including even dark tourism I for tourism of disasters and destruction, extreme tourism, etc. The old traditions of pilgrimages and religious tourism, the traditions of extreme and sports travel, are supported by innovative technologies such as travel therapy, esoteric therapy, "dark tourism", etc. As a result, the niche type of tourism is actively developing and developing tourists. It causes changes in supply and demand in the tourism market. The market itself is changing, turning from a market for services into a market of impressions (experience) and, thus, has a significant impact on the development of a person in terms of working with his I her own and universal human experience, that is, it performs the functions of a psychological and pedagogical type. Psychological and pedagogical analysis of niche tourism pays special attention to the problems of a tourist career and the motivation for participation in niche tourism. For the system of additional education of pedagogues-psychologists and specialists in the field of tourism are extremely important some points in improving their professional competencies. These points are the aspects related to psychological and pedagogical phenomena and processes, including the motivation of tourist activity and psychological types of tourists, "psychography" of destinations as "pedagogical provinces", and "psychotherapeutic landscapes" as well as the travel career and identity of tourists. Working with these phenomena is no longer within the power of a guide who does not have a special psychological and pedagogical education. For the very same psychological and pedagogical education, turning to tourism and its possibilities is a significant development of teaching and educational technologies and means. The aim of the work is to study the motivation of niche tourist activity and the psychological and pedagogical functions of modern tourist activity. The niche type of tourism, directly or indirectly, fulfills the tasks of training, education, as well as psychological and spiritual support for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional. This type of tourism is intended for tourists with a special type of needs (focused on self-exploration, self-realization and self-improvement), as well as for tourists who are

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no longer satisfied with the traditional framework of consumption of tourist products (images), and who are looking for new areas of self-realization and need help to support them. Family, professional and other careers by improving, developing a tourist career. This type of tourism has great development prospects, since it activates the work of a person with his experience of internal and external relations: the organization of such work requires significant efforts on his part and on the part of the organizers of tourist travel. To develop and realize the importance of developments in the field of diagnostics and orientation of tourism to the satisfaction of more or less individualized systems of motives of tourists, special efforts are needed. Specially modified tourist destinations, multicomponent and multivariate routes are needed to satisfy the special needs of customers so that this type of business can carry out their psychological and pedagogical functions, one way or another related to the mission of tourist trips in general and in each travel company and destination separately. The most productive options in this case are the creation of additional training areas: 1) in the field of niche tourism for teachers and psychologists, social workers and other specialists in helping professions, 2) in the field of psychological and pedagogical support I coaching of tourism activities for future and working guides and managers travel companies.

Keywords: niche tourism, tourism of special interests, motivation of tourists, tourist career, psychological and pedagogical functions of tourism, type of tourists, type of destination, human development

For citation: Arpentieva, M. R., Gasanova, R. R., & Menshikov, R V. (2021). Psychological and pedagogical aspects of niche tourism in the system of additional education. Service plus, 15 (1), 32-57. DOI: 10.24411 /2413-693X-2021 -10104 (In Russ.).

Submitted: 2021/02/09.

Accepted: 2021/03/09.

Introduction. The problem of the psychological and pedagogical meaning of tourist activity and its possibilities and limitations as an educational and psychotherapeutic activity is just beginning to become the subject of special attention. This movement is associated both with the development of tourism and psychology and pedagogy, the need for professional personnel with interdisciplinary competencies that guarantee the success of professional efforts. This movement is also associated with the development of the practice of additional education: for the (re) training of specialists in the field of tourism, its psychological and pedagogical models are important, for educational tasks in pedagogy and psychology, specialists are needed who possess innovative methods of work, knowledge and skills of assistance in human development and correction, developmental disruptions in various fields, including (niche and others types of the) tourism. Modern tourism is actively expanding the scope of its activities, including in the process of increasing diversification and specialization of tourism products (services and goods). One of the manifestations of this process is niche tourism as a field of tourism business and the practice of human activity, aimed at satisfying different groups of "special interests" of tourists with special motives and purposes of travel. Niche tourism is one of the leading trends in the development of modern practice and

theory of tourism. Niche tourism creates significant growth in tourism, even in areas that were previously considered massive or "median". At the same time, niche tourism practices become finds and "start-ups" for tourism of medium and mass interests, as happens, for example, with "dark tourism" (tourism of disasters and destruction), gastronomic and drug tourism, shopping tours, etc. However, niche tourism exists and is developing as a very effective and productive independent area of tourist activity of citizens and the tourist business. It exists mainly because there are such groups of motives and areas of interests and needs of clients that have not been and cannot be massive, including various elite types of tourism (many types of extreme tours, esoteric and pilgrimage tours, premium tours and services vip level, etc.). Of course, in modern tourism, the old traditions of extreme, pilgrimage, premium, etc. continue to develop qualitatively and quantitatively, tourism, however, the concept of elite one way or another means special, specific conditions and goals of activity. As a result, these types of tourism act as classic niche types of tourism. Their goals are often the harmonization of relationships with oneself and the world, clarification of relationships, self-improvement and self-realization, visiting destinations with a special history and special status in order to join the secrets of the world and increase the social, spiritual, etc. tourist status.

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However, niche tourism does not end with elite tourism, on the contrary, it is democratic and intended for a wide variety of groups and types of tourists with special, specific interests and needs: often they are people with a relatively high and high degree of reflection and self-reflection, actively and consciously striving to saturate their needs, absent or not recognized by the bulk of people. Tourist travel in such cases often appears as a complex, health-improving and recreational (healing), cultural and educational (philosophical-esoteric) and extreme-mystical (spiritual, magical, shamanistic, etc.) travel. Self-improvement and self-realization, harmonization and clarification of relations with the world, introduction to new experience and secrets of the universe as motives of tourist activity are the criteria for advanced stages of formation and development of motivations for tourist activity, activity itself in general: a tourist of special interests is, most often, a tourist of mature, formed, conscious, clearly localized interests .. The niche type of tourism with particular clarity presupposes the work of a person with travel experience, and the organization of such work requires significant efforts on his part and on the part of the organizers of a tourist trip, therefore, not only highly qualified specialists and special high individuality, cultural and natural potential of tourist destinations [16], but also flexible, multi-component and individualized tourist routes and tourist travel programs, allowing to fulfill the special needs of clients so that this e business remained not only in demand, but also competitive, along with its more or less pronounced elitism and other specifics. It also requires a clear understanding of the socio-psychological differences between tourists of this type of tourism from tourists of mass and mixed tourism, and an understanding of the psychological and pedagogical functions of tourism, its role in human development, the role of a tourist career in the formation and development of other careers. It is also obvious that the tourism business, like any other, is undergoing a period of rethinking: the mission of the tourism business turns out to be no less significant component of its existence and development than economic and other effects, although this is often forgotten. Tourist travel acts as a bathroom sphere of a person's self-realization, self-realization and self-development. In the context of this mission of tourism in general, niche tourism has many advantages over mass tourism.

Studies of types of tourist services and tourists, including niche tourism, are in one way or another associated with the names of many famous Westerners (R. Bachleitner, T. Burnow, E. Cohen, S. Cohen, A. T. Paul, C. Ward, W. Hanners, D. Harrison, etc.), and domestic (I. A. Gobozova, G. G.

Diligenskiy, S. V. Dusenko, G. E. Zborovsky, E. N. Pokrovs-kiy, V. I. Rogacheva, N. Zamyatin, S. G. Kara-Murza, V. A. Turaeva, T. I. Chernyaeva, S. E. Shcheglova and others) researchers. It is especially important to note the contribution of Z. Bauman, D. Boorstin, E. Giddens, D. MacCannell, D. Urry, A.S. Galizdra, L. A. Myasnikova, M. V. Sokolova, V. K. Fedorchenko, A. B. Fenko, E. N. Shapinskaya and other modern scientists. Tourism as a socio-cultural phenomenon has been studied and is being studied by O.E. Afanasyev, M.R. Arpentieva, O.Yu. Golomidova, L. N. Zakharova, S. N. Sychanina and many other foreign and domestic researchers. At the same time, the typological analysis of tourists and tourist programs is one of the traditional topics in tourism. Types of tourists were distinguished and described in the context of the leading problems of tourism by E. Cohen, St. Plog, F. Pearce, H. Hahn, J. Urry, E. Goffman, D. Mac-Cannel, V.A. Kvartalnov, N.I. Garanin, N.I. Kabushkin, M.A. Dybal, 0. Yu. Golomidova, O. V. Lysikova, V.A. Rubtsov, E. I. Baibakov, N.M. Biktimirov and many other researchers [7; 10; 11; 12; 14; 17; 41-44]. One of the most widespread and obvious typologies is according to the types of motive or interests of tourists (Urry J., 2000 and others) [55].

The aim of the research is to study the motivation of niche tourist activity and the psychological and pedagogical functions of modern tourist activity. In our opinion, niche tourism directly or indirectly solves educational and psychological problems: training, upbringing, correction of problems of personality development and problems of interpersonal relations, as well as problems of family and work career, problems of psychological and spiritual support for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional. This type of tourism is addressed to tourists with a special type of needs (focused on self-exploration, self-fulfillment and self-improvement), as well as to tourists who are no longer satisfied with the traditional framework of consumption of tourist products (images), and who are looking for new areas of self-realization, need help in supporting them. Family, professional, hobby and other careers includes through building, improving, developing a tourism career.

Research results. Psychological and pedagogical analysis of niche tourism pays special attention to the problems of a tourist career and the motivation for participation in niche tourism. For the system of additional education of pedagogues-psychologists and specialists in the field of tourism are extremely important some points in improving their professional competencies. These points are the aspects related to psychological and pedagogical phenomena

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and processes, including the motivation of tourist activity and psychological types of tourists, "psychography" of destinations as "pedagogical provinces," and "psychotherapeutic landscapes" as well as the travel career and identity of tourists [2; 14; 29; 43; 60]. Working with these phenomena is no longer within the power of a guide who does not have a special psychological and pedagogical education. For the very same psychological and pedagogical education, turning to tourism and its possibilities is a significant development of teaching and educational technologies and means.

It is appropriate here to mention actively discussed abroad, but little-known in Russia, research in the field of "pedagogy of experiences" or pedagogy of adventure I pedagogy of action I experimental learning I open pedagogy (outdoor education) or "education outside the classroom", etc. This direction was created by K. Hahn, W. Unsoeld and other scientists and practitioners, in the context of the task of improving education and social life of a (maturing) man or woman [60]. The main directions of the pedagogy of adventure are associated with the development of relations of care I cooperation, participation I service and responsibility to people and oneself, nature and culture, as well as bodily (in sports and work) and other activities, spontaneity and comprehension of life experience, the development of the ability to create projects and independently implement them. At the same time, experiences or impressions are at the center of the pedagogical concept, being the basis for the development of experience and the whole person. The idea of testing and overcoming oneself in the conditions of "pedagogical provinces", which can be successfully used by tourist destinations, is the main one. Education is about finding solutions in a state of danger and passing tests. Adventure as a holistic experience changes the usual course of things, routine, actualizing in a state of risk and danger (re)understanding of life and oneself in all its complexity and variability. Adventure is an experience of boundaries and an exam that strengthens the value of oneself I intrinsic value and the world, it is a path to finding oneself and to independence, the development of the ability to take responsibility, that is, the ability to set and achieve goals, the development of readiness and ability to work in cooperation, preventing conflicts and confrontation, the way to ensure the transfer (components) of life experience and the development of metasubject competencies and flexibility in building and achieving goals [60].

To summarize the views of different researchers about the features of niche tourism can be as follows. Niche tourism is — 1) not mass, but rare types of tourism; 2) types of

tourism that are relatively labor-intensive and culture-intensive in creating the final product; 4) tours that combine features of various types of tourism, but focused on the main, author's idea and a group of hobby fans; 5) relatively new types of tourism associated with secondary human needs; 6) types of tourism using non-traditional sources of financing [47; 52; 53].

For niche tourism, it is important that the high-quality market of niche tourist services in Russia is just emerging, there is essentially no real competition yet, sometimes compatriots who have settled in new countries take the initiative, who offer Russians study tours to the countries where they have moved. At the same time, the percentage of growth in niche tourism in Russia, as well as in the world as a whole, is very large every year, the number of offers increases every year literally at times.

The main motives for niche and other tourist trips are as follows:

study and acquaintance with a new culture and way of life, the opportunity to stay a little in a different way of life;

acquaintance with entertainment, the opportunity to visit entertainment establishments, visiting theaters, performances, festivals, carnivals; the opportunity to have fun and feel like a person with a higher social status; change of the general environment for stress relief, relaxation from difficulties, recreation and treatment, wellness goals; meeting with relatives and friends and meeting new interesting people;

studying the conditions for potential business, education or other needs in the given country; shopping purposes, purchase of souvenirs and gifts;

sports and experience of extreme experiences, testing oneself;

spiritual development, pilgrimage and volunteering (service), etc.

In general, these motives in themselves are not narrowly specific, characteristic only of tourism of special interests. But they become such when a tourist realizes, purposefully builds and fills his travel career with specific content that corresponds to his life-meaning orientations, including his professional or educational career, family career, etc.

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If we analyze various typologies, we will see that some of the typologies almost ignore the moment of development of the individual as a subject of tourism activity (activity), but even in the absence of special attention to the problem we are studying, even in the most traditional typologies of tourism and tourists, one can see the presence of people "who know what they want", seeking to spend their vacation for their own benefit and in a way that best suits their needs. These are people who choose tourist tours with special care, people with special requests for the content of tourist programs, people who are ready to take part in their development, implementation and correction, and people who are aware of themselves and their life path as an integrity, capable of cutting off what this integrity you don't need to find what you need.

So, if we look at one of the most famous typologies of H. Hahn, we can see what distinguishes the following types of tourists [11; 12; 14]:

S-type ("Sonne, Sand, See" — sun, sandy beach, sea) — a typical passive vacationer who prefers a passive vacation at seaside resorts, calmness and comfort; avoids fuss, but welcomes contact with pleasant people. This is undoubtedly most often a "mass tourist", without special requests for a tourist product.

F-type ("Ferme und Flirtorientierter Eriebnisur Lauber") is a vacationer who prefers long-distance travel and new acquaintances, he is characterized by a craving for changing people, events, impressions, his credo is interaction, pleasure, change of impressions. Obviously, this type of tourists does not have a pronounced position in choosing a tour, etc.

W-1-type ("Wald und Wanderorientiert", a lover of forest walks and hikes) — prefers active rest in the form of physical activity in nature, in general strives to maintain good physical shape, but does not engage in professional sports. This type of tourists is more discerning and, obviously, can be attributed to the entities that demand intermediate between mass and niche forms of tourism. W-2-type — most often it is an athlete or other "business man" who prefers the availability of conditions for doing what he loves, a hobby, and nature and culture I history are secondary for him. Obviously, the type of tourist of the "niche" group is represented here.

A-type ("Abentener" — adventure) — a lover of adventure, risk, testing of strength in unexpected situations, dangers. Extreme tourism is "not for everyone" tourism by definition. Its consumers are often clients of niche and mid-range (non-mass) types of tourism.

B-type ("Bildung und Besichtigung") lover of sightseeing and knowledge as such, includes the subtypes of "experts" or "collectors" of visited attractions, romantic lovers of culture and nature and "specialists" who deepen their knowledge in certain areas of culture, history, art etc. This group can contain a wide variety of types of customers, including the most and the least demanding.

In general, this typology of tourists is already, in fact, outdated. Tourists for the most part are already inclined to choose active forms of recreation, and tourism itself is undergoing profound diversification and other transformations, it is developing in some directions and stagnating in others. The question of the development of tourism is one of the classical ones; practitioners and theorists have been studying it for a long time. But lately there has been more and more understanding that tourism has changed along with other spheres of services and business in general. Its development is associated with factors that previously existed, but not to the extent that they are now, as well as with factors that are new, for example, associated with digital technologies and digital nomadism (turning travel into a lifestyle), globalization and multiculturalism, problems ecology and politics (for example, the deformation of the world health care system, complete health care, as well as education and other areas of human cultural life in business), etc. The commodification and commercialization of life, multiplied by its "digitalization", gives rise to processes of progressive "relief of sociality, human ties are devalued and become an object of purchase and sale. "Easy sociality" as a characteristic of the modern Western world, as well as the world of relations in many eastern countries, in the countries of the former USSR, predisposes a person to the desire to "break away from everyday life", to change relationships that do not bring satisfaction.

According to E. Amin and N. Trift, the main form of interaction between individuals in the modern world is precisely light sociality, it is structured by interactions and consumption relations, which act both as a form of self-expression of an individual and as a form of communication between people. Consumer practices as agents of light

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sociality generate ambivalent contacts (situations of consumption, encounters), which cause certain impressions in individuals who implement these practices and observe them from the outside. Easy sociality is a new form of the relationship of individuals to each other, characteristic of the townspeople, and behind them the villagers. With this form of relationship, on the one hand, there is no aggression towards another individual as a "stranger". But, on the other hand, the perception of the individual is very limited by the tasks of consumption, it is functional, reflects the market model of relations. Solidarity between people replaces closeness and in this context means a specification for certain consumer practices (Amin A., Thrift N., 2002) [22]. This solidarity contrasts sharply with the solidarity of caring, mutual responsibility, attention to the observance of values and norms of behavior in traditional communities. This solidarity runs counter to traditional values, destroying them and the communities that share them. A person is ready to communicate with anyone, if it brings any, or better significant, consumer benefit. Likewise, a business is ready to do anything if it promises significant profits. Of course, a mass tourist is less picky about companions, a guide and the tour itself, since and to the extent that he understands the benefits of mass tourism. On the contrary, for tourists with a more developed tourist career, the issue of selectivity is one of the key ones. Travel, including tourist travel, sometimes becomes an attempt to search for a new experience of relationships, including greater significance and having greater authenticity [2; 13; 40; 48].

So in the works of D. Urry and S. Lash, two factors of tourism development are identified (Lash S, Urry J., 1987) [36]. Highlighting these factors, scientists relied on the model of M. Foucault (Foucault M., 1998) [20, p. 14-15], who thought a lot about the deformation of human I social relations in the modern world: 1) an increase in the visualization of consumption ("a person consumes images, not objects"), and, as one of the consequences, an increase in the ficti-tiousness of consumed services (up to religiosity in travels of the pilgrim and esoteric type, fictitious extremism in travels of the "extreme" type, fictitious elitism I professionalism in other types of tours, etc.), and 2) the development of digital (digital) communications, leading to the availability of any kind of information, patchwork a picture of the world and oneself, to curtailment of communication to the transfer of information (a communicative act in the form of a "communication test") while cutting off the perceptual, interactive and integrative aspects of human interaction. In addition, D. Urry identifies several types of consumption I contemplation

of images in tourism, including: anthropological contemplation (solitary immersion in the surrounding reality, active "passing through" images, subjective interpretation of what he saw), romantic contemplation (solitary immersion based on comprehension of new meanings that evoke a sense of awe), spectator (standard visits to "sights", joint I collective and rapid accumulation of images of famous places), and other types of collective contemplation (habitual or inspecting).

At the same time, he describes the typical, general "mechanics" of managing attention and, thus, the behavior (choice and consumption of a tourist product) of a tourist, a specific template of tourist marketing, which includes a number of steps (Urri J., 2005, etc.) [18; 19; 55]: the selection of a "unique object", the selection of the "specific" or "typical" in it, the selection of the "unknown" in the "known", the selection of the "normal" in the "unusual", transfer of the familiar into the unusual (visual) context and confirming the extraordinary objects... This process of "motivating" customers is inherently purely manipulative, that is, it offers the client a fiction (events and other pseudo-events and pseudo-objects) hidden behind the "behind the scenes" of marketing manipulations.

E. Goffman (2019), D. MacCannell (2000) formed a "theory behind the scenes" and identified several "plans of social reality" in it: the front — the hall or the outside, and the background is "behind the scenes" as the reverse side of the process, inaccessible to the consumer Tourists-spectators are always in the foreground, performers are local residents, staff serving tourists, outsiders are people who are not involved in the interaction of the first and the second [8; 15; 38]. Spectators are interested in admission and have the illusion of access to the backstage, and the performers — in creating hoaxes, deceptions: romanticizing tourist places, inventing "unique" monuments or "pseudo-events" invented specifically for tourists attractions, serving as a source of income for local residents (Boorstin DJ, 2012) [23]. Plan of reality is the unique monuments and real villages of the aboriginal tribes, real temples, etc., to which, however, tourists often do not have access. D. McCanell (1973 and others) introduced the concept of "staged authenticity" [38]. He wrote that the tourist is looking for "the authenticity of the world", he singles out the sublayers: what the tourist runs from ("the appearance of reality" that is, the usual, routine life); artificial front "tourist" plan; "a slightly open background" is the tourist's admission to the essence; "not quite an authentic background" access to which changes the meaning of the image and the structure of behavior;

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"background of reality" is a genuine unprepared reality that creates a "behind the scenes" of events and the main motivation for tourists [15; 38]. Authenticity in tourism is usually "staged" (MacCannell 1975, and other), that is, it is established by a performative act that emphasizes what is to be looked at and hides contradictions or negative aspects. Tourists strive to understand the background of social reality, "behind the scenes" of everything that happens, while avoiding "pseudo-events". Tourists participate in a collective ritual of "viewing" or "finding", identifying themselves as a group that explores this or that phenomenon as an object (mass or non-mass) tourist.

D. Boorstin (Boorstin D., 1973; Boorstin D., 2012) and E. Cohen (Cohen E., 1979; Cohen E., 2003; Cohen E., 2010) proceed from the factor of the aspirations of tourism actors to understand reality, her research and transformation of her own life world [4; 23; 24; 25; 26; 46]. Because of this, they separate "tourists" and "travelers". The former are satisfied with both pseudo-events and entertainment of simulated reality, visual consumption is enough for them, they are passive and do not seek authenticity; they seek entertainment and thoughtless rest. Travelers, on the contrary, are active, interested in new experiences, exploring the world around them and looking for the meaning of reality, authenticity I transparency. There is an experienced one here, looking for this meaning, traveling the world, treating it aesthetically. Experimental tourists perceive new things through involvement in the life of another people, place and time: through a new culture and nature. They often fall into the background or third place (MacCannel D., 2016), trapped in an imitated, falsified reality, for example, religious tourists experiencing culture shock from the kind of "real life" of a sacred place [15]. The most "conscious" type of travelers is existential. He or she has knowledge about himself, his or her values, the meaning of life, striving to get close to them, motivating himself I herself or helping himself to get out of the "comfort zone" through travel.

N. Graburn (Graburn N., 1989) drew a parallel between making a tourist trip and a religious sacrament with its rituals and elements, opposing "tourists" to "travelers" [31; 32]. Thus, "outside tourists" are not interested in local culture, but observe neutrality; "generators of pseudo-events" are the interested in the search for authenticity, but content with multiple pseudo-events; "neo-colonialists" are the expect the natives to satisfy their own needs at their expense; "sources of problems" are the infantile subjects striving for everything forbidden and promoting their views; "enemies" are those who reject the culture and customs of the

inhabitants (up to aggression). T. Abankina and N. Graburn believe that the change in the concept of tourism from passive-comfortable to active-extreme is associated with a shift in the focus of social motivation and consumer behavior in the field of culture (Abankina T., 2005; Graburn N.. 1998) [1; 31; 32]. The new type of culture consumers does not have preferences and constantly violates the boundaries, the border between elite and popular culture is mobile, modern culture is changeable, components of all existing cultures are included in the preferences of tourists, therefore the same subject can make a number of completely different journeys. J. Gold is close to them in his conclusions (Gold J. 1990) [6, p. 45]. He also described two types of motivations for tourism: the motivation to overcome obstacles (reduce tension) and the motivation of fresh sensations (to increase tension. In his opinion, tourism is a sphere of consumption, the purpose of which is to satisfy the corresponding needs for comfort I reproduction I survival and development. Thus, this consumption can be passive (which is more typical of mass tourism) and active (which is more typical of niche tourism).

Tourism activity includes a set of role models, within which all kinds of needs are manifested to one degree or another. As a result, sociological and psychological approaches to tourism agree on the importance of taking into account the values and motives of tourists, as well as those role models in which these motives and values are expressed. One of the examples of this typology is presented in the study by O.Yu. Golomidova (2019) [7]. Modern tourists, in her opinion, can be divided into types depending on their attitude to urban culture, as well as the motives "pushing" them out of the city or, on the contrary, attracting them to it: 1) escapists (seekers of peace, seekers of peace of mind, seekers of freedom , seekers of "exotic"); 2) fans of "civilization", "urbanists"; 3) "collectors of impressions", "spectators"; 4) "deep" tourists seeking to reflect on themselves and the world, including in the context of tourism practice [7]. For different types of tourists, their travel motives, as well as their preferred types, directions, forms of organization will be significant. Of course, there are also tourists among rural residents, however, there are usually fewer of them, since, in addition to the often lower (economic) standard of living, they have less deficit of contact with nature, less manifestation of event, labor and other deprivation. The villagers do not have the state of fatigue described by J. Baudrillard, associated with the lack of work and the ability to change something in their life and the life of society [3], they also do not have such a pronounced progressive

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isolation within families and in other, labor, friendly, neighbor and other types of the relationships. Joint and extensive work brings feelings of self-efficacy and social efficiency, reduces consumer motives and grounds for interaction, understanding of oneself and the world, and also encourages a full-fledged semantic exchange, and not its simulation in an urban, "digitalized" environment. Accordingly, these tourists behave differently, although there are not so many special studies on this topic, but it can be assumed that this group of tourists is more selective in their choice and behavior in relation to tourist trips, has different, in comparison with the townspeople, systems of motives of life , including in relation to travel.

Understanding of the existence of differences between tourists, not reducible to external factors, led to the active penetration of psychological and pedagogical concepts into tourism. Thus, in the practice and theory of tourism, a number of socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical and similar motivational theories are used: A. Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, the theory of travel career ladder (TCL) F.L. Pearce (Pearce Fh. L, 1993) [34; 41; 42], theory of optimal motivation S. E. Iso-Ahola (Iso-Ahola S.E., 1982) [35], allocentric-psychocentric theory St. Plog (Cruz-Milan, 0, 2017; Plog St., 1974) [28; 43; 44] and a number of others (Cohen, E., 2003; Cohen, E., 2017; Lowry L.L., 2017; Prince, S., 2017 and others) [24; 25; 26; 46].

So, according to the theory of the hierarchy of needs by A. Maslow [39], there are five groups of needs that form the hierarchy levels from basic vital, "lower" to "higher", social interpersonal, personal and professional: physiological is vital needs and needs of reproduction, shelter, reproduction; safety is stability, security I comfort and certainty I structuredness, comprehensibility, belonging to society; love is belonging, involvement and affection, care; respect is successes and achievements, high self-esteem and social assessment I self-efficacy and social effectiveness; self-actualization and self-realization and self-improvement I personal, interpersonal, professional growths. A. Maslow suggested that a person is motivated to meet higher needs only if lower needs have already been satisfied [39]. This concept has become the basis for many other modern researches on motivation, including research in tourism. But, the problems of this model are little discussed; however, historical and modern examples show that for a person, first of all, the meanings of his life, the highest values and motives that make him a person are important. And if a man or woman can "endure" the dissatisfaction of basic needs, then the refusal or impossibility of satisfying higher needs

leads to the spiritual death of a man or woman. This can be seen both in ordinary examples, when a man or woman is "overboard" of social life (loses his I her family, job, etc.), and in extreme examples (Frankl V., 2020, etc.) [33], including the experience of survival in concentration camps, isolation, etc. Unfortunately, even the opinion of V. Frankl, who divides people into two races (decent and dishonest), is not taken seriously into account when discussions about the level of development of human beings arise. However, even this hint contains some points that indicate that we are really two different "racial" types of people. This is not just a "crowd man" and an "outsider", it is a more serious and ambiguous difference summed up by Russian scientists B.F. Porshnev and B. Didenko (Didenko B., Boykov M.V., 2010) in their concept of human races [9]. Racial and, especially, cultural differences of tourists, of course, become focuses of attention (the most actively traveling Russian tourists, American tourists, tourists from China and Japan, tourists from Israel, etc. are often studied), however, they are not considered so seriously. In our opinion, this is a promising, promising topic for a separate large study, including in the context of allological or xenological studies and works on the problems of human races and human origins. Within the framework of this understanding, it is not necessary to say that tourists in a niche cluster, in contrast to tourists in a mass cluster, are distinguished by an orientation towards higher needs. It should be said that these tourists have these needs in the first place in their individual value system.

A. Maslow's model [39] is adjoined by studies using the model "Formulas of happiness I PERMA" (happiness) from the positive psychology of M. Seligman (Huang, K., Pearce, Ph., Wu, M.-Y. & Wang, X., 2019; Seligman, MEP, 2012) [34; 49]. As you know, M. Seligman (Seligman, M. E. P., 2002, 2010) identifies three steps on the path to happiness: 1) achieving a comfortable and pleasant life (superficial happiness); 2) a dignified life in which the individual is focused on working out his own strengths and achieving a state of flow; 3) a life filled with meaning, in which a person seeks to achieve the highest goal (which is to serve others, the world) [49; 50].

The PERMA model (Seligman, M. E. P., 2012) [49] is based on five motivational dimensions that are significant in the organization of human activity:

positive emotions I joy or "fun (positive emotion, the ability to enjoy life here and now, to see the past, present and future from a positive point of

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view or optimism, to positively (re) define events, to enjoy large and small joys of being, while achieving pleasure as satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment from the performance of an action, etc.);

meaningfulness I search for meaning (meaning — the meaning that a person finds in life, causes the desire and need to live I survive I cope with difficulties I strive for something, following a reason that is greater than the person himself); harmonious, balanced and reliable, positive relationships (positive relationships as positive and meaningful relationships of trust, acceptance, respect, closeness, care, feeling of belonging and reference, etc.);

engagement or pleasure from activity (engagement as interest and stay in the flow: time seems to stop, a person loses a sense of himself and completely concentrates on the present, this is an occupation that captivates a person); achievements (accomplishment I achievement — setting goals I ambitions, recognition and success, a sense of pride in what has been done and achieved, striving for growth and self-improvement).

Later, the model of happiness by M. Seligman was supplemented with the aspect of professional and personal development, which suggests that the organization is ethically concerned and is responsible for developing strategies and practices that allow the growth and development of its employees [56]. Here we can add self-realization in the field of hobbies, sports and tourism (leisure practices), including and especially in the context of the creation and maintenance of conditions by the community and the state for human development, harmony and transparency I transparency of human relations with the community (Huang K., Pearce, Ph., Wu, M.-Y. & Wang, X., 2019) [34].

M. Seligman also created a model of learned helplessness, and then learned optimism (Seligman M., 2002, 2012). This, in addition to the qualities already mentioned, can include rethinking your positive and negative qualities, resources and limitations, forgiving grievances and experiencing gratitude, reflecting on success and progress towards happiness, being in the company of happy people (adopting emotional "viruses" of happiness) and doing so what brings happiness, striving to improve the quality of life and developing skills to actively cope with difficulties, main-

taining courage and realism in understanding oneself and the world, along with optimism and awareness of the "spiritual" meaning of trials and suffering (Wong, PT.P, 2011a; Wong, PT.P, 2011b) [58; 59].

The theory of Fh. Pearce (Pearce Fh., 1982-2020) describes the career of a traveler: his tourist and other types of travel form a journey up the career ladder, a career of a traveler. Pierce's career ladder is based on the hierarchy of travel motives and is built on the model of A. Maslow [34; 41; 42]. Each person has a "travel career" similar to their "work career". People start their tourism careers initially at different levels of their development. During his travel career, while gaining travel experience according to TCL theory, a person increases the level of motivation. Travel decisions and decision-making processes are not static; they change throughout a person's life depending on his travels and other life experiences. Also Fh. Pearce noted the differences between tourists and travelers, highlighting the system of describing typical tourist roles, which are different from the types of roles that are not typical for tourism, but are associated with travel in general. He identified five concepts of travel: environmental — close encounter — spiritiual — pleasure — business. However, now the differences between the tourist and the traveler are changing.

Fh. Pierce identifies the following stages of development of tourist needs (from the highest to the lowest): 1) satisfying the needs for self-actualization and for the experience of flow I creativity of relations with the world of people and objects; 2) meeting the needs to maintain high self-esteem I development needs: a) aimed at others: the need for status, the need for respect, recognition, the need for achievement; b) self-directed: the need for self-development, the need for growth, the need for mastery or controlling competence, the need for self-efficacy; 3) satisfying relationship needs: a) aimed at others: the need to reduce anxiety about others, the need to join (turn on);b) directed at oneself: the need to give love, affection, care; 4) meeting security I security needs: a) directed at others, related to others: the need for security from others, the need to have their own time and space I boundaries from others; b) self-related: the need to reduce anxiety, the need to predict and explain the world; 5) meeting the needs for relaxation: a) externally oriented: the need for escape from reality, internal and external arousal (drive and stimulation), curiosity; b) internally oriented: needs for rest, food, drink (vital), relaxation (control of the level of arousal) [40; 41]. In general, Fh. Pearce argues that people tend to climb the travel ladder as they become more experienced travelers. Higher-level mo-

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tives that are neither shared nor guided by include low-level motives. Tourism can therefore be seen as a developmental practice. However, it does not always become or is not always, since some types of tourism and some tourist operators consciously or unconsciously exploit mainly the "low" needs and motives of customers. Lower-level motives must be satisfied or tested before higher-level motives come into play. But, nevertheless, any journey requires a ladder, assuming the prospects for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional.

The next model is the theory of optimal excitement or the theory of search and escapes (stimulation), also called the two-dimensional theory of tourist motivation, developed by S.E. Iso-Ahola [35]. The basic principle behind the theory of optimal arousal is that a person seeks the level of stimulation that works best for him I her as a person, partner and professional. If a individual's life is "too quiet" and motionless, he or she may look for incentives to change through activity. If there are too many things happening in the person's world, he tries to turn off the stimulation and find a calmer environment. Tourism is an excellent means of meeting human needs for the optimal level of stimulation. Someone whose daily life is domineering may choose a secluded and peaceful place to withstand pressures at home and at work. Someone whose work and life are boring may want to take a vacation that brings adventure and excitement (Iso-Ahola, S. E., 1984) [35].

Another very impotent in tourism studies theory is St. Plog's psychocentric-allocentric model (Plog, St., 1973-

2004; Cruz-Milán, O., 2017) [28; 43; 44]. This model is very important in the development of a unified theory of travel motivation. St. Plog (1973-2018) published one of the first "psychographic" scales of types of tourists, it includes several types (psychocentrics — near psychocentrics — mid-centrics — near allocentric — allocentrics). At one end, the psychographic scale includes individuals traveling alone or with a partner or friend. Such travelers tend to leave their own routes and travel at their own rhythm and pace, they want to be independent and active, tend to avoid typical tourist sites and take an interest in the local population and its culture, as well as nature and its inhabitants) .These people usually trying to move away from standards, they can be called the allocentric part of the lifestyle scale. The other end of the scale is a profile of people who do not want any problems before or during their vacation, they like to have everything organized for them, and they want total relaxation. They take care of their own body and therefore their interests are in the areas of relaxation, health care and I and beauty. They do not show much interest in the locals or their culture, as well as in nature, he is psychocentric. There are three more intermediate groups, a total of five: close to psychocentric, middle and close to allocentric. Recently the typology has been changed and the dimension of traditionalists — sightseers and travelers — pioneers is added. Most tourists are located between these extremes, so the differences between "mass" tourists on both sides of the center are small, may not be noticeable, and change (Figures №1,2).

Figure №1. Psychographic types of tourists (Plog, St., 1991, 2001, 2004)

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a.

b-

Figure №2. Psychographic types travel offers / destinations and tourists (Plog, St., 1991, 2004) [43; 44]

St. Plog proposes a breakdown of travel offers (and destinations) and tourists by psychological segment, highlighting five main personality types and types of travel products. For this, St. Plog (Plog, St., 1973) used a psychometric scale to classify tourists into allocentric, midcentric and psy-chocentric, depending on the individual's relative orientation to their culture and the culture they visit. Psychocentric tourists like good facilities; good pools; well organized trip; dinners in the pub. They do not seek to leave their comfort zone. Allocentics, on the other hand, are interested in new experiences and new cultures. The personality scale helps explain why the popularity of destinations rises and falls. In particular, the personal characteristics of tourists determine the nature of their travels and preferences. The psychocentric person is conservative about travel and prefers "safe" directions. The allocentric person loves adventure, preferring "new" directions and discovering these new directions (Plog, St., 2001) [43].

Another model is suggested by Er. Cohen. Er. Cohen proceeds from the phenomenological distinction that tourists let go of the orientation of their everyday world and

focus on the other and unknown Tourist travel is a specific interweaving of alienation from everyday life and longing for another place I time. The degree to which a person tends to separate from the familiar world ("center", center) and join the world elsewhere ("center-out-there", center-out-there) can vary significantly and lead to a "continuum" of experiences ... The needs and motives underlying travel differ greatly among (potential or real) tourists, which indicates the importance of psychological distance from the usual world in tourism, but only just physical one [25-27]. In E. Cohen's theory, there are several types of tourists (Table №1).

Let's give the examples of comparison of tourist typologies (table №2).

Based on the five orientations (that allocated by of Er. Cohen) B. Elands and J. Lengkeek identified five modes of existence of tourists (Elands B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012) [28]: from an entertainment mode, in which people go beyond the usual in search of entertainment, to an initiation mode, in where the alienation from ordinary life is so strong that it even gives rise to the search for new everyday life, after the tour.

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Table№1. Types of tourists in E. Cohen's model (Cohen, £., 2003) [24].

Tourist roles between familiarity and novelity

Institutionalized tourists / Институционализированные туристы Dealt with routinely by the tourism industry — toor operators, travel agents, hoteliers and transport operators Non-institutionalized tourists/ Неинституционализированные туристы Individual travel, shunning contact with the tourism industry except where absolutely necessary

Organized mass tourist / Организованный массовый турист Low on adventurousness he / she is anxious to maintain his / her environmental bubble' on the trip. Typically purchasing a ready-made package tour of-the-shelf, he / she is guided through the destination having little contact with the local culture or peoples Researcher, explorer / Исследователь The trip is organized independently and is looking to get off the beaten track. However, the comfortable accommodation and reliable transport are sought and, while the environmental bubble is abandoned on occasion, it is there to step if things get tough.

Unorganized mass tourist, individual mass tourist/ Неорганизованный массовый турист Similar to the above but more flexibility and scope for personal choice is built in. However the tour is still organized by the tourism industry and the environmental bubble shields him / her from the real experience of the destination Tramp, drifter / Бродяга All connection with the tourism industry are spurned and the trip attempts to get as far from home and familiarity as possible. With no fixed, he drifter lives with the local people, paying his / her way and immersing him/ her their culture.

Table №2. Examples of comparing tourists

Authors' Value orientations (metaphors)

typologies

Identity Traditional active Mass passive tourist Tourist consumer of Tourist traveler / Post-tourist,

types tourist goods and services pilgrim consumer and experience maker

J. Boorstin Tourist Traveler

E. Cohen Individual mass tourist Organized and individual mass tourist Organized mass tourist Researcher Tramp

J. Urry Tourist co-presence Community tourist Tourist — visitor to places Tourist implications Tourist — kinesthetic

Z. Bauman The player, his Vagrant, his Pilgrim, his leading Tourist, his Flaner, its flagship

leading concept is «risk» flagship concept is «mobility» concept — «place / territory» leading concept is «experience» concept is «freedom»

I.V. Zorin Travel as an Travel — Travel — change of Travel cognition Travel — discovery

opportunity to go communication place and search for

beyond everyday life novelty

M. Tourist events Tourist camping, Beach hedonist Traveler — Esthete — flannere

Matskmy tourist center, club discoverer of the unknown

0. Lysikova Practicality Traditional rest Prestigious Curiosity Novelty, freedom

(«constructor», «pragmatist») («traditionalist», «epicurean») consumption («consumer», «hedonist») («researcher», «skeptic») («kinesthetic», «clinic»)

M.R. «Having fun» «Resting» «Business» «Romantic» «Seeker»

Arpentieva

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These shifts in modes or orientations refer to two oth- p

er frequently used terms: travel motives based on escape p

and search, respectively. Some tourists may adhere to their p

own habits and traditions, while others are more open to t

different sociocultural environments: the tendency to stay f close to or distance from what is familiarly known as a "disTable №3. Key characteristics per experience mode (Elands, B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012 and GisolfM., 2017) [28; 29]

position" that affects the immediate and retrospective experience of travel situations. Typologies of subjective interpretations and experiences of the tourist experience have been summarized by a number of researchers (Elands, B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012; Gisolf M., 2017) (Table №3) [28; 29]:

Mode: Amusement Change Interest Rapture Dedication

Subjective Distance Close by Going away from Going to Far away Immerse

Subjective Time (Short) break Another sense of time As long as you can Unanticipated Permanent

Space Familiar, symbolic and physical Elsewhere Vistas, Gaze, Liminal Really different, high level of liminality Backstage world

Sociality Familiar social groups Free onself from home environment Stories Open to the unknown Authentic otherness

Impact sources Main Impact sources Main & Side impact sources Any experience clue Mainly shared impact sources Local life

Expectations Specific — physically oriented Well documented Mixed Broad The unknown

We can try to connect the modes of tourist experience of a person with concepts such as needs, expectations and liminality (GisolfM., 2017) [29].

1. Recreational orientation: The stories and metaphors of the travel experience are well known and do not create any tension with everyday reality. Tourists want to be entertained and do not try to move away from their roles.

2. Distracting orientation — refers to the real difference between the tour and everyday life, connected with the need to break away from it, "recharge". There is a genuine search for the unknown and tourists deliberately distance themselves from their home social life. However, many do not seek to deviate from the beaten path here.

3. Empirical orientation refers to much stronger tendencies to compare one's own and another's: the unknown must be experienced, the break with one's own world is completed, zones of liminality are deliberately introduced. Metaphors refer us to the mystical feeling that there is more

between heaven and earth than we can understand.

4. Experimental orientation is largely self-directed. Tourists are immersed in the atmosphere of their holiday in search of new values and experiences. Liminality is consciously sought and experienced, its presence acquires an existential character. Here we are talking about deep religious beliefs, amazement and delight. The tourist is ready to undergo transformation at all levels.

5. Existentialist orientation, its motives primarily relate to the self. Liminality is fully experienced, and the tourist is seriously considering the option of overcoming the threshold in order to try to enter the destination socio-cultural environment on an ongoing basis. Metaphors refer to the role of nature for the planet, its immensity. Religious experiences are also common experiences.

A strictly psychological approach to understanding the problem of tourism motivation meets us in the tourism

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experience model (TEM) of J. Gnot and his followers. G. Gnot and H. Matteucci (Gnoth, J., and Mateucci X., 2014) believe that experiences I impressions depend not only on how a person perceives the activity in which he participates, interacts with his environment, but also on that the goal provides him with the keys to understanding experience [30]. A person either imposes on new times, spaces, people and situations old, stereotyped or transference understandings,

or is open to new impressions and experiences. TEM is based on two axes. The model distinguishes two scales: the scale of consciousness (self-awareness of oneself as a person and self-awareness of oneself as an individual) and the scale of activity (activity axis, focus on the world, or consciousness axis I passivity, focus on oneself) in tourist activity (Figure №3).

Existential authenticity, экзистенциальная аутентичность

Re doscoverer, переоткрыватель

= human being , бытие человеком+being, пребывание/ проживание

Re-creationai. self-directed, рекреационный и самонаправленный

Existential authenticity, экзистенциальная аутентичность

Holist, холист

= human being, бытие человеком+becoming, становление

Exploratory, other-directed, исследовательский и направленный на мир

Re-creational. self-directed, рекреационный и самонаправленный

Egoistic pleasure seeker, эгоистический искатель удовольствии

= person, персональное бытле+being, пребывание/ проживание

Role-based authenticity, ролевая аутентичность

Exploratory, other-directed, исследовательский и направленный на мир

Knowledg seeker, искатель знаний

- person . inddvidual being, персональное. индиеидульное 6bmie^becoming, становление

Role-based authenticity, ролевая аутентичность

Figure №3. The space of tourist typology

in the model of J. Gnoth and H. Matteucci (Gnoth, J., and Mateucci X., 2014) [30]

Thus, at the intersection of the axis of activity (a person moves along a continuum from a consolidating and self-directed orientation to an exploratory orientation and focus on something else) and the axis of consciousness (a person moves from role authenticity, being an individual to existential authenticity, being a person — a member of society, an inhabitant of the Earth, comic creature). These axes form four intersecting areas: the egoistic pleasure seeker, the discoverer I rediscovery, the knowledge I wisdom seeker, and the holistic.

Selfish pleasure seeker: a tourist experiences certain impressions, he is able to predict what impression a moderately new environment may make on him and others. He changes their intensity by making decisions and making choices. (Re)discoverer, re-discoverer: the tourist begins to rediscover himself as he I she seeks to put some effort into recovering or appropriating certain skills and knowledge, status, etc. A seeker of knowledge: the tourist's search for novelty goes beyond self-satisfaction, the tourist

becomes an explorer, and he or she is looking for life wisdom related to other people and the world. Holist: The exploratory behavior of this type of tourist is spontaneously playful, experimental. The tourist is looking for an existential, psychological convergence, the activity becomes creative and holistic, since moments of experience, situations are experienced as gestalts, and not differentially experienced details.

M. Gilsof and many other researchers criticize personally, narrowly psychologically oriented typological and other theoretical approaches (Gisolf M., 2017) [29]. He writes that the tourist destination itself is important as the physical and psychological time-space turns into a relational place when the tourist interacts with it. He can identify the types of agents that the destination includes in interaction with him and other tourists, which lead him or her to the question of how one can live and influence the destination and the world as a whole. Destination is a "humanized space-time", experienced by tourists in different ways. What is import-

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ant is that "An isolated tourist profile does not exist without context... one cannot separate the experience of a tourist from a tourist destination ... The involvement of tourists in a destination depends on their personal predisposition, which can be typified on the basis of psychological or socio-psy-chological grounds." External factors can influence a tourist's choice of a tour that deviates from his usual profile, and the very behavior in the destination can change in relation to the predicted one in the context of various factors. So, for example, there is tourism zapping (Gisolf M., 2017) [29], the phenomenon of overtourism is also described as the fatigue of the destination and adjacent territories I waters and their inhabitants (flora, fauna, people and their organizations)

from tourist visits [51]. This idea generally corresponds to the ideas of St. Plog (Plog, St., 1973-2004) that, as there are types of tourists, there are also types of tourist products, tourist destinations, in varying degrees typical for different regions at different times [16; 43; 44].

In general, many studies, including the study of Sh.D. Ma and colleagues (Ma Sh., Kirilenko AP, Stepchenkova S., 2020) subject to empirical testing the main idea I hypothesis of D. Weaver (Weaver D., 1999) and colleagues, created at the end of the 20th century, that mass tourism is significantly different from tourism with special interests (table №4) [37; 57].

Table №4. Comparative analysis of mass and niche tourism according to D. Weaver (Weaver D., 1999) [57]

General Interest Tourist

Special Interest Tourist

Personality

Centricity, reluctance to adapt to local cultural conditions

External centeredness, willingness to adapt to local cultural conditions_

A cc om mod a t io n

Large-scale and intensity

Based on the local architectural style, sparse and scattered accommodation

Pull Items

Artificial pull items, a vacation isolated from local people and the eulture

Authentic pull items, the warm relations between visitors and hosts

Economy

Interest in Imported and nonlocal products_

Interest in local and authentic products

Effect

sensitivity to the carrying capacity_

Cultural, social, economic sensitivity to the carrying capacity_

Source: Weaver, 1999

The fact is that earlier, in the twentieth century, the still partly distinguishable border between different tourism products, in the modern world of diversification and downsizing of the tourism business became blurred (Akinci, Z. & Kasalak, M., 2016) [21]. In the opinion of some scientists, it was — often — speculative, since in any group of mass and any group of niche tourism tourists with different types of needs can be encountered.

B. Trauer conceptualized many issues of niche tourism (Akinci, Z. & Kasalak, M. 2016, p.185; Trauer, B., 2006), many other researchers rely on her models [21; 54] (Figure № 4, 5; table №5).

Typically, researchers, comparing mass and niche tourism, identified two types of tourists: opportunists and hardcore (opportunists, atypical and hardcore, typical). However, as the more recent data show, the motivational profile of these tourists is similar, it is just that most of the tourists involved in what is traditionally understood as tourism activities of special interests demonstrate behavior and profile characteristic of mass tourists, on the one hand, actively seeking novelty but, on the other hand, are well

aware of the risks and importance of comfort (Trauer, B, 2006) [54]. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about a tourist career, about the movement of a tourist from the choice of mass familiarization tours to mixed and special (niche) ones.

Different forms of alternative tourism, to varying degrees, take into account the needs of tourists for individualism and identity, as well as the interests of communities, culture and the environment (Brasales E.D., Tapia PH., & Koroleva I.S., 2020) [4, p.3]. Niche or alternative tourism is involves tourist trips aimed at organizing, conducting and participating in recreational, recreational, educational and developmental, mediation and other activities in direct contact with the natural and cultural wealth of the planet and its regions, providing an opportunity for self-expression and self-realization of all subjects of tourism, activities that envelop people with relationships and obligations to be aware, respect, enjoy and participate in the preservation and enhancement of natural and cultural resources (Brasales E.D., Tapia PH., & Koroleva I.S., 2020) [4, p. 6].

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Figure №4. Leisure-Tourism Interest Cycle (Trauer, В., 2006) [54]

Figure №5. Travel career in tourism (Trauer, В, 2006) [54].

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Generally speaking, it is possible to propose a systemic generalization of the problem of motivating niche tourism in the context of the "pyramid of needs" model by A. Maslow (2012) [39]. The point is that different types of niche tourism meet different systems of needs — types of clients of travel agencies. Where the central needs of clients are the needs of the vital level, the leading orientations of niche tourism are the corresponding types, from gastronomic tourism to rural and ethnic tourism. This can also often include tourism, sexual sports, medical, recreational and health. At a relatively "high" level of development of the needs of (potential) tourists, ecological and ethnic tourism is more in demand. People with creative needs, formed hobbies and

professional orientations actively demand art tourism, business and hobby tourism. In the case of a person turning to the motives and values of self-realization and self-realization, pilgrim tourism turns out to be the most significant.

But we must not forget about the compensatory and developmental functions of tourist activity, that it allows a person to experience states of relaxation and recreation, to comprehend himself and the world anew. A person needs this in order to reach a new way of being, or at least outline it as a project that meets the essential aspirations of a person in his formation and development as a person, a partner and a professional (Table №6).

Table №5. The Tourism Interest Continuum (Akinci, Z.&Kasalak, M. 2016) [21, p. 186].

t

O

¡/i cc

D £

I—

l/l LU CU LU

I-

< cu

LU

z

LU

C>

constitute the majority of the travelling population,

tend to be primarily drawn from the lower/lower-middle socio-economic segments of the population,

are relatively price sensitive,

are relatively inexperienced and unsophisticated travellers,

would tend to be mainly psychocentric, in terms of psychographic types,

either have not developed a special interest are not eager to pursue such an interest on their holiday,

have a desire to visit "fashionable" destinations which are sources of social value,

look for consistency in their patterns

of trip and destination choices, especially in relation to their social

reference frames at home,

optfor generally accepted behaviors and codes which are viewed as "normal" in relation to the destination

visited,

demand relatively high quality accommodation facilities

i/i CU D

te

¡r

LU

F

û LU X

have experienced, no longer enjoy, general interest tourism,

are willing to make changes in

their holiday choices, but perhaps are not totally different type of holiday,

are undergoing a period of transition and change in their tourism preference,

desire to be more adventurous, betfeel a need to maintain the social acknowledgement and approval for their

choice of holiday amongst the social groups to which they belong,

are still attracted to "fashionable" destinations as status symbols,

can have developed special interests, but are not sufficiently resolute to devote their holiday choices to such interests,

are still attracted to and influenced by, the quality of accommodation facilities when making their holiday choice decisions

t

LH

CH D

P

I-

m

u

LU CL

LH

constitute a minority of the travelling populations,

are usually from middle to upper-middle socio-economic groups,

are generally less price sensitive than general/mixed interset tourists,

tend to be experienced and sophisticated travellers,

have high expectations in relation to the activity/interest, but not necessarily in terms of accommodation facilities,

are adventurous, allocentric, types of people who do not like to follow the majority,

have no specific social obligations for their holidays, and do notfeel the need to choose "socially acceptable" holidays,

are likely to see the special interest holiday as an extension of their home-based leisure and activities,

view alternative destinations as contexts for the pursuit of their special interest

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Table №6. Author's model of motivation for tourist activity

Development stages Identity type Career features Contents of the development

Becoming a person Personal identity Self-realization Individuation, personalization, choosing yourself and / or oversocialization, depersonalization, refusal of choice

Becoming a partner Interpersonal Identity / Role Affiliate (friendship, love) and family careers Inclusion, relevance independence and autonomy or alienation, dependence, / insignificance

Becoming a professional Professional identity Professional career Professionalization, creativity and craftsmanship, reference or deprofessionalization, burnout and deformations, non-reference

Quasi-professional development (hobby) Hobby identity Hobby career

Becoming a tourist / traveler Tourist identity Travel career Awareness, purposefulness, involvement of travel in development or unconsciousness, lack of involvement in development and lack of purpose

Becoming a member of a large group Ethnic, religious, etc. identity Social career (religious, ethical, etc.) Sacralization, dedication, service, mentoring or desacralization, corruption, egocentrism and sociopathy

Becoming a cosmic being Cosmic identity Self-fulfillment/ self-actualization Humanity, responsibility, freedom of choice or inhumanity, irresponsibility, lack of freedom or compulsion

Based on this model (Table №6), we believe that tourists differ in the type of attitude towards tourist travel: someone uses tourist travel in order to "escape" from ordinary life and someone in order to change their "ordinary life". Obviously, being in the living conditions typical for an "average" city dweller, a tourist will see some travel opportunities and directions as more attractive than others: isolation, encounter with "wild nature" and other more "special" including "elite" ways of constructing space and travel time. If a person lives in circumstances that are far from the mass "urban routine", then he can undoubtedly be attracted by objects, situations and products inherent in this routine for someone. A tourist career develops as a variant of a hobby career, and, after passing through the stages of professional and hobby self-determination, it can be used by a person in order to begin to consciously build himself in other identities (social, cosmic). The motivation of a tourist trip in this case will be different: at the stages of becoming a person, a partner and a professional, a tourist career does not exist in itself, it develops in a certain period of time when a person is already able and strives to choose the direction of his movement in the space-time of building social and space career. The travel career of a mature person, a client of special interest tourism, is part of these larger careers. In other cases, it will be difficult to find special differences between tourists of different types of tourism (mass and niche).

All of the above allows us to conclude that modern niche tourism needs specialists who are familiar with solving the problems of supporting the development of a person and his interests, a tourist career in the context of developing as a person, partner, professional and representative of humanity as a whole. Such specialists can be obtained in two main ways: 1) retraining or additional training of educational psychologists in the field of (niche) tourism; 2) retraining or additional training of specialists in the field of tourism in the field of psychological and pedagogical problems of support (coaching support) of the development and career of an individual.

Conclusion. The current perspectives of tourism research focuses on the understanding that human life is social and man is a social phenomenon. Tribes and other numerous small groups to which people belong are essential for their life, processes and results of accumulation, transformation and application of life experience, from individual (tourist and other) experiences to the experience of joint activities. The activity of consumption of tourism products and services helps an individual to build important relationships with himself as a person, with other people and with the educational, professional and hobby environment, with the natural world and the world of culture. Now a new paradigm in tourism research, including tourism consumption, is actively developing, which is directly addressed to such

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phenomena as niche tourism and other analogues of "tribal consumption". Niche tourism as tourism of special interests has arisen and is developing as a response to the problems of diversification and ensuring the quality and competitiveness of tourism products, the problems of developing customers and transforming their interests and motives of travel, the tourism businesses' awareness of their mission — cultural, professional, interpersonal and personal development of a person, and also the development of society (strengthening social ties as opposed to "easy sociality", retransmission of cultural norms — prohibitions and regulations, support for the development of culture and, thus, humanity) in general. Niche tourism as a field of tourism business is progressing annually, along with the progress of tourists. The need for niche tourism is associated with the emergence of a special group of tourists-travelers who strive to penetrate the veils of the familiar and understand the world and themselves, not being limited by the ordinary framework, tourists who have formed their own tourism career, which is a component of a "life-long" career, a person's path. Tourism, even taken as travel in the period of "inter-seasons", is an important part of human existence; it stands for this applies not only to esoteric tourism, but also too many other options for niche tourism, including even dark tourism I tourism of disasters and destruction, extreme tourism, etc. Old traditions of pilgrimages and religious tourism, traditions of extreme and sports travel, are supported by innovative technologies such as travel therapy, esoteric therapy, "dark tourism", etc. As a result, the niche type of tourism transforms itself and transforms other types of tourism (mass and mixed). It causes changes in supply and demand in the tourism market. The market itself is changing, turning from a market for services into a market for experiences (experiences). Thus, it has a significant impact on the development of a person in terms of working with his own and universal human experience, that is, it performs the functions of a psychological and pedagogical type. The niche type of tourism directly or indirectly fulfills the tasks of training, education, as well as psychological and spiritual support for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional. This type of tourism is intended for tourists with a special type of needs (focused on self-exploration, self-fulfillment and self-improvement), as well as for tourists who are no longer satisfied with the traditional framework of consumption of tourist products (images), and who are looking for new areas of self-realization and need help in supporting them. Family, professional, hobby and other careers includes through building, improving, devel-

oping a tourism career. Changes, innovations in tourism of niche and other types are also associated with changes in the system of motivation of tourists that occur during their travel career. The niche type of tourism is actively developing and developing tourists, their travel motivation. This type of tourism has great development prospects, since it activates the work of a person with his experience of internal and external relations: the organization of such work requires significant efforts on his part and on the part of the organizers of tourist travel.

To develop and understand the importance of developments in the field of diagnostics and orientation of tourism to satisfy more or less individualized systems of tourists' motives, the tourism business needs special efforts. Tourism of modernity and postmodernity needs specially modified tourist destinations, multicomponent and multivariate routes that allow satisfying the special needs of customers so that this type of business can fulfill its psychological and pedagogical functions, one way or another related to the mission of tourist trips in general and in each tourist company and destination separately.

Psychological and pedagogical comprehension of the phenomena, components and types, processes and results, subjects and objects of niche tourism focuses the attention of practitioners and theorists on the problems of a tourist career and motivation for participation in niche tourism, as well as on the problems of (psychological) types of tourists and tourist destinations. Working with the phenomena of a psychological and pedagogical level (a tourist's career, tourist motives, etc.) most often already requires the presence of specialists with a special psychological and pedagogical education. For the very same psychological and pedagogical education, turning to tourism and its possibilities is a significant development of teaching and educational technologies and means. The most productive options in this case are the creation of additional training areas: 1) in the field of niche tourism for teachers and psychologists, social workers and other specialists in helping professions, 2) in the field of psychological and pedagogical support I coaching of tourism activities for future and working guides and managers travel companies.

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