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21
УДК 94(477.62-2)''1800/1917''(045)
V. Volonits, S. Novikova
THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF MARIUPOL DURING THE NINETEENTH - THE
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES
The industry of Mariupol in the course of the nineteenth - the early twentieth centuries has two stages in its development. The industry was underdeveloped on the first stage until 1870s. It provided the only domestic demand of the region and it was dependent on the pace of agricultural development. Crop failures and frequent agricultural crisis of the period affected the quantity and enterprise size as well as their volume of output. There were a number of fish, leather, candles, soap and tobacco enterprises as well as malt and grain distilleries, flour-millings and food industry enterprises in the city. They were owned mostly by the Greek and Jewish, and sometimes - by foreign merchants.
Fishing was one of the most profitable businesses during this period. The largest number of companies (up to 56) was working in the field. They had highest gain (up to 100 000 silver's rubles per year). The local Greek merchant held a monopoly on this area.
Since 1860 - 1870s the situation began to change. There was a permission to settle in Mariupol for representatives of other nationalities. Mariupol got back the status of a county town, it had a rather favorable geographical location. The process of industrialization was in a full swing across the state. All the abovementioned caused a rapid development of industrial works in such fields as: the construction, the metallurgy as well as the mechanic engineering and attractedforeign investment.
As it was during the previous period Greek entrepreneurs invested their mainly into the agri-foodstuffs industry and into the construction industry. But the Jewish businessmen started to occupy the leading positions in many spheres. It was they who built up a business such as a big modern enterprisers in the flour-milling and metallurgical industries as well as in.
Besides, the impact of foreign manufacturers on the economic life of the city was increasing during the period. Foreign capital was invested into the following industries: food processing and engineering, especially into the metallurgical industry. The construction of two huge even according to the world standards steel plants in Mariupol as well as the construction of sea port and railways revived the development in various areas of the city. These transformations in the early twentieth century made Mariupol to play a key role in the economy of the Russian Empire All the transformations formed a modern industrial city.
Key words: Mariupol, the Mariupol's county, fishing, industry, metallurgical industry.
Problem statement. The contemporary Ukrainian economics being under reforms demands reasonable organizational and economic measures with prospective social and economic outcomes for the state and community. At present the country continues the process of strengthening market relations, advancement of particular regions and cities' social and economic structure, intensification of overseas economic ties. In our opinion, nowadays under the market economic development the imperial experience of capitalist relations establishment in the XIXth - early XXth centuries is of particular interest as to the industrial production development and modernization. The reference to the historical context of the economic sphere in the local scale of a particular region or a political unit tracing the main mechanisms of development is an essential constituent of the weighed social and economic regional policy formation. In this regard it's expedient to consider the history of the economic development of
Mariupol as of the important multiethnic industrial and agricultural center of the North Pryazovye.
Analysis of the scientific researches. The industrial development of Mariupol region in the XIXth - early XXth century is elucidated chiefly in two topically oriented historiographic trends. They are historical researches on the regional history or the history of a peculiar ethnic group and the resumptive works on the history of imperial period industry. Such division is typical of the historiography of the XIXth - early XXt centuries as well as of the Soviet and contemporary state of the problem's examining. The studies by E. Avgustovich, I. Alexandrovych, O. Druzhynina, Y. Ivanova, D. Hrushevsky, N. Terentyeva, A. Hedyo belong to the first trend. The second one is represented by the works of I. Ozerov, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, S. Strumylin, P. Ryndzyunsky, T. Lazanska.
The history of industry in the Russian Empire taken as a whole and in its particular regions is examined insufficiently. That is due to the fact the sources on the topic, unfortunately, are not always complete and systematized. It's also related to the issue of Mariupol's industrial development peculiarities in the course of the XIXth - early XXth centuries since the data of the official government statistics used by the contemporary researchers of this issue are fragmentary and disputable. They most thoroughly represent the state of the peculiar industrial branches of the city only over the period of the last quarter of the XIXth - early XXth century. Therefore the source database of the publication comprises various types of sources. Historic and statistical information is contained in the annual reference publications of the Statistics Committee of Katerynoslavska province entitled "Record Book of Ekaterinoslavskaya Province". The data of 1867, 1875, 1889, 1894 and 1912 were analyzed. Baron B. Kampengauzen's topographic descriptions "Topographic and Statistical Description of the Commercial City of Mariupol and the settlements belonging to it" and staff-captain M. Drachevsky's "Military and Statistical Review of the Russian Empire. Ekaterinoslavskaya Province" are information-rich. In certain chapters of these descriptive and statistical explorations the materials concerning Mariupol industry formation and development in the XIXth century is presented in a systematized way. Nowadays these data along with the information of the provincial statistics committees are almost the sole full-fledged and representative information sources of the official documents.
The purpose of the article proposed is examining industrial development of Mariupol in the course of the XIXth - early XXth centuries.
Presentation of the basic material. It should be mentioned that the pace of industrial development of Mariupol as well as of the state taken as a whole over the examined period was very slow compared with the leading countries of Western Europe. The majority of the city's industrial branches virtually up to the end of the XIXth century remained in their early stages and was represented by the small-scale handicraft enterprises and crafts. Those enterprises chiefly processed agricultural products to meet the needs of the locals. Such situation was typical since the first years of the city's existence.
The following factors slowed down industrial development in Mariupol even greater: during 1807 - 1870 the city was the center of Mariupol Greek district that had strict limitations on residence for other nations' representatives because of privileges granted to the Crimean Greeks after their resettlement in Pryazovye. Mariupol Greek community had trade and agricultural economic development character that had arisen before the resettlement and remained for a long period. The capitals were invested mostly in trading, service sector and particular agricultural branches development and at the bottom of priority there was industrial development. Owing to such closure the city's population growth had been very slow until 1880ies when it became rapid. This factor also had impact on local industry development that had been small-scale for a long time until the very 1880ies when sufficiently large enterprises appeared.
In the course of the whole period examined one of the leading branches of economy was fishing. In accordance with the Patent of 1779 granted to the Greeks of Mariupol by the Imperial government it wasn't taxed. Therefore it yielded a significant profit and became the basis for immense fortune of the merchant Greek families as well as of common dwellers'. The first plants were founded by the representatives of the Greek merchant class immediately after their resettlement from the Crimea in the outskirts of Mariupol - in Bilosarayska and Zintseva foreland. Within Mariupol uyezd area fishing was carried out near Pishchana, Bilosarayska, Vynogradna, Komyshevata and Petrivska foreland. According to baron B. Kampengauzen's evidences in 1807 there were no other plants but fish ones in the city and its outskirts. There were 29 such plants on the seashore. The support of fishing cost its owner annually 2 000 rubles on average while the profit was 4 000 rubles [19, p. 25].
The traveler G. Titov in his sketches and M. Zuyev, the head of the expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences exploring the Azov sea region in the middle of the XIXth century, noted that the main occupations of Mariupol Greeks were fishing and salted fish trading. Hausen, sturgeon, stellate surgeon, sterlet and fish products (caviar, fish oil) were delivered in considerable amounts to the old Mariupol port at the mouth of the river Kalmius. Annually about 10 000 carts with fish came there. Fish products were sold abroad, in the Western provinces of the Russian Empire and Poland [6, p. 73].
Every fish "plant" employed an ataman or a foreman, an assistant and approximately 20 workers. Along with this, the Greeks themselves weren't engaged in fishing directly but employed Ukrainians and Russians coming in search of a job. The profit was divided into halves: one half passed to the plant's owner, the second was divided equally between the workers. They fished with the help of nets, seines and hooks and that was reflected in the plants' names and affected profit. When using seines an artel employed 25-50 workers, when using hooks it employed no less than 3 workers. The processing of fish and fish products was carried out by salting and drying methods, preserves virtually weren't produced [29, p. 3].
The typical example of such plant is a small enterprise of V. Arnautov on Bilosarayska foreland. It included a seine boat with two seines, an adobe brick building with a tile roof, a wooden barn covered with reeds equipped with the appliances for salting, tubs and other facilities, a wooden utility room and a barrack near it. All the structures occupied the total square of 25 sq. sazhens [7, p.4].
The number of fish plants in the city's outskirts varied over the second half of the XIXth century and at different times amounted to from 45 to 56 enterprises. Those variations were determined with the unsuccessful market conditions and small hauls. The largest plants belonged to the representatives of the Greek merchant class I. Karakurkchi (625 silver rubles of net profit per year), I. Likaki (215 silver rubles), S. Kurkchi (600 silver rubles), A. Chebanek (194 silver rubles) and to the Greek settlers I. Kiritsev (7 plants, 755 silver rubes), P. Shapovalov (6 plants, 2 816 silver rubles) [18, p. 25]. In 1870ies an annual turnover of all Mariupol fishing plants was 100 000 silver rubles. On account of such substantial profits fights and bloody scuffles involving cold and fire arms occurred while fishing [5, p. 17].
By the end of the XIXth century fishing in Mariupol uyezd started to decay chiefly because of the destructive use of the Azov sea resources. Still over 20 fishing plants continued their work though their amount and number of workers were variable.
In the course of the XIXth century in Mariupol and its outskirts the enterprises related to processing agricultural products were the most successful in their development. Those were tanneries, candle and soap factories. Their distinctive feature was their small size, wage labour, poor technical equipment and quick capital turn-over.
As early as 1780 the Greek migrants founded a tannery in Mariupol. It produced black saffian leather and later the shoe soles. As to the data of 1864 its existence was no longer recorded [22, p. 73]. Tanning industry in the city was recommenced in 1867. The only factory
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was owned by a well-known business family of Tomazo. It had 6 workers and produced goods equal to 12 000 rubles per year. Since the late 1860ies there was also a harness factory of S. Brodsky [13, p. 142].
Soap and candle production in Mariupol was accumulated chiefly in the hands of the Jewish entrepreneurs. The first candle factory - Dikarev's factory - was founded in the city in 1850. In 1862 Fayn's factory producing soap and tallow candles appeared. The owners of candle factories in the early XXth century were S. Ignatov, V. Vasylenko, V. Stepanov, F. Popov. In 1872 I. Segal's factory started to produce soap. It specialized in production of yellow, mottled and marine soap. Small soap factories appeared in the end of the XIXth century were owned also by E. Golman and M. Mamiof. They had 3-4 workers, their output equaled 10 000 - 12 000 rubles per year [26, p. 103].
Owing to rapid industrial development in the South of the Russian Empire since 1840ies there was a substantial growth in milling industry in the southern provinces and in the seaports' outskirts. Steam mills on shares appeared there. In the middle of the XIXth century this branch took form of a commodity production and expanded greatly enough especially in the Black and the Azov sea regions. In 1870-80ies it had a significant upsurge and in 1890ies there was a certain decline associated with an extremely poor grain harvest in this period over the entire Russian Empire.
The greatest number of watermills in the Northern Azov sea region in this period was concentrated notably in Mariupol uyezd. In the end of the XIXth century they amounted to over 800, their total annual income was 97 000 rubles and 1 084 people were employed there. Practically all those mills functioned to meet the local requirements.
Milling business development in Mariupol was due to Jewish entrepreneurs. In 1882 Sokolovsky built a steam mill. In 1886 it passed into the ownership of Bron brothers. There were 2 shifts at the factory, 8-10 workers each. Flour was delivered to Berdyansk, Yeysk, Kerch and Feodosiya [10, p. 247]. Another steam mill that was not far from the city was possessed by the one of the largest business family - the Tregubovs. This mill began functioning in 1885 and produced 4 600 poods of flour per day, annually to the amount of 500 000 rubles [15, p. 148]. In 1892 the entrepreneur Baranov built one more steam mill in the city.
In the early XXth century 5 mills operated in the city. They were owned by M. Balaban (5 workers, output equaled 12 000 rubles), A. Sangvineti (leaseholder M. Zannes, 3 workers, output equaled 12 000 rubles), A. Rotenberg (4 workers, output equaled 40 000 rubles), V. Semenivsky (4 workers, output equaled 27 000 rubles) and M. Tregubov (41 workers, output equaled 250 000 rubles) [1, p. 82].
Pasta production was directly related to flour milling. In Mariupol there was one pasta factory founded in 1830 by the representative of the Italian merchant class S. Galiano. In 1874 another Italian entrepreneur A. Sangvinetti took the possession of it. 12 wage labourers mostly from Kurska province worked there. Its efficiency amounted to 16 000 poods of pasta valued 43 000 rubles per year. In the early XXth century the factory passed into the ownership of A. Tregubov. 4 workers worked there and its output equaled 14 000 rubles [14, p. 135].
In 1902 under the agreement between the excise tax manager and the governor of Katerynoslavska province the state wine warehouse No. 7 carrying out bottling and selling spirits was opened.
In 1847 in Mariupol uyezd a distillation plant employing 32 workers came into operation. It produced alcohol equaled 56 000 - 76 000 rubles per year. Its rectifying factory, set up in 1881, produced multi distilled alcohol totally valued 9 000 - 12 000 rubles per year employing 2 workers [10, p. 245]. The plant was held on lease by a well-known merchant family from Mariupol - the Tregubovs. In the early XXth century it was one of the largest enterprises of this type in the uyezd.
Since 1795 tobacco-plant cultivated by Mariupol Greeks was processed by 21 "factory", in 1860ies only one of them remained and in the end of the XIXth century the tobacco industry almost fell into decay. It was accounted for by the reduction of tobacco plantation areas and a poor raw material quality.
Owing to the foreign businessmen's activity the food industry represented by confectioneries, sausage factories and breweries advanced in the city. In 1886 in Mariupol the Czech businessman J. Kucher founded the brewery with output of 123 000 liters of beer per year totally valued 18 000 rubles. The enterprise employed 10 workers. It used German technologies in the production process. The brewery produced honey as well. In the early XXth century it passed into the ownership of Alexander Siber who possessed several beer-shops in the city. Approximately at the same time the plant of the joint-stock partnership "Myunkhen" started operating [15, p. 171].
Since 1888 the confectionery industry advanced. In the early XXth century the owners of the 4 confectioneries were I. Goryelov, I. Lytvynov, Sh. Eydinov and I. Fuks. "Candies and ring-shaped rolls" factory of Israel Gorelov was the largest, it employed 42 workers, its output equaled 42 000 rubles per year. In 1899 the sausage factory of the Czech businessman V. Karasek, which was the sole not only in Mariupol but for some time even in Katerynoslavska province as well, started operation. 8 workers were employed there and its output totaled 32 000 rubles per year [15, p. 169].
Since the second half of the XIXth century brickworks and tile works were the most numerous plants in Mariupol and Mariupol uyezd. The first enterprise of this type was the brick and tile manufactory that started its operation in the city in 1780. "Cameral Description of Mariupol city ant the pastures of 1826" provides data on three brick and tile works. In the course of the first decades of the XIXth century they produced the so-called tatarka tile (of semicircular shape) the production of which wasn't technologically difficult.
The local entrepreneurs - the owners of such enterprises - since the last quarter of the XIXth century persistently addressed the municipal authorities to obtain financial assistance for expansion of production. That was due to the fact that the demand for building materials grew owing to a rapid development of Mariupol particularly in 1880-1890ies. Thus in the early 1850ies there were 6 brick and tile works and 1 limestone factory in the city. By the end of 1860ies there were 10 enterprises of this type, in the early 1890ies their amount increased to 31 and in the early XXth century totaled 30. In the late 1880ies lime was produced by 6 stoves and in 1908 - by 9 ones [2, p. 105].
A well-known Mariupol entrepreneur D.O. Kharadzhayev was the owner of Olexandrivsky brick and tile works, which was the largest in the city. He leased 10 dessiatinas land in the upper Zintseva Balka for constructing these works. The works had a steam boiler and electric lighting. In 1904 the works employed 75 workers, in 1907 there were 82 workers, the output equaled 15 000 rubles per year. Olexandrivsky works produced one of the best in Katerinoslavska province Marseilles tiles. The works' production (Marsellies, Dutch and striped tiles) was exhibited at the South Russian regional agricultural, industrial and handicraft exhibition in 1910 in Katerynoslav and it was awarded with the major silver medal [1, p. 75].
The enterprises of A. Vorobyov founded in 1898 (46 workers, output equaled 22 000 rubles), I. Likaki (53 workers, output equaled 36 000 rubles), S. Chentukov (50 workers, output equaled 26 000 rubles) and of F. Sychykhin (50 workers, output equaled 25 000 rubles) were also large. The production of all the brick and tile works was specifically stamped [15, p. 108].
In 1998 (or in 1900) the German subject Otton Shenveld founded the cement works employing 20 workers with the output equaled 20 000 rubles per year. In the early XXth century the total of the workers employed at the plants increased to 40 and the output was equaled 60 000 rubles per year. This enterprise produced coloured cement flags unrivaled throughout the South of the Russian Empire [11, p. 10].
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Metallurgy industry began its development in Mariupol in 1886 with the foundation of I. Uvarov's iron and engineering works producing agricultural machinery, chiefly reapers. They employed 20 workers, their output equaled 20 000 rubles. In 1891 V. Soyfer's iron and engineering works producing iron and boiler equipment came into operation. They employed 80 workers and had the output equaled 75 000 rubles. As early as 1904 they employed 176 workers and their output increased up to 100 000 rubles. The works had a steam boiler and electricity. The major product was agricultural and mining equipment the output of which ranked sixth among the similar works in Southern Russia.
The sufficient upsurge in metallurgy, mining and railway industry in the Russian Empire in 1870ies resulted in Mariupol conversion to an important industrial center. Economically advantageous location near Kryvorizky and Donetsk basin and seaport status made it attractive for large domestic and foreign investments.
A well-known industrialist S. Mamontov had a significant impact on the development of Mariupol transport infrastructure. In 1882 the sidetrack of Donetsk coal railway, owned by Mamontov, was built up to Mariupol. In the course of 1886 - 1990 a new seaport designed chiefly for exporting coal and metallurgy industry production was constructed. Mamontov himself considered that port should serve not only Mariupol's needs, but the ones of the South of the state. The port's facilities were designed for turnover totaled 320 000 tons per year. But as early as 1913 its turnover amounted 1,9 million tons that made it one of the six largest seaports of the Russian Empire [2, p. 92].
At that time the city's new facilities began to attract foreign businessmen. In 1896 the German A. Rotshtein and the American E. Smith founded Nikopol-Mariupol mining and metallurgical joint-stock company with the capital of 6,75 million rubles. That summer the metallurgic works construction was started not far from the city. For that purpose the whole works were purchased, dismantled and carried by ships from Seattle. In February, 1897 the tube-welding mill was put into service [23, p. 14]. In 1899 all the components of that enterprise (blast-furnace, open-hearth furnace, founding and engineering, rolling mills for producing cast iron of different grades, section steel and tubes) were in operation. So "Nikopol" works equipped to meet the highest standards of the time came into operation. It was the only metallurgical enterprise of the Russian Empire that had the certificate for production of metal plates for Lloyd's shipbuilding company. L. Laude was appointed director of the works.
In 1897 the Belgian joint-stock company "Providans" founded the subsidiary joint-stock company "Russkiy Providans". It purchased the land from Mariupol city duma and in 18981899 constructed the works producing cast iron, rolled products, plate iron, tubes, bars and so forth. The products were of lower quality than the ones of "Nikopol". The enterprise was headed by M. Morel [26, p. 75].
In the first decades of the XXth century the both enterprises alike the majority of others throughout the world were overcoming the consequences of the grave world economic crisis. "Russkiy Providans" stopped operation of 1 blast and 60 coke furnaces, and of 3 rolling mills. In 1903-1910 "Nikopol" stopped cast-iron production, 100 coke furnaces operation and significantly reduced steel production. During that period Mariupol works had to join the syndicates "Prodamet" and "Truboprodazha" [3, p.97]. The situation stabilized just before WWI, the production began to grow because of the government's military orders.
Conclusions. Thus Mariupol's industry in the XIXth - early XXth centuries had two stages of development. The first one continued up to 1870ies and was characterized by its poor development. During that stage it chiefly served the domestic regional needs and was directly dependent on the agricultural development pace. Poor harvests and frequent agricultural crises of that period were reflected on the number and size of enterprises and volume of their production. There were fish plants, tanneries, candle and soap factories, tobacco factories,
distillation plants, flour mills and food industry enterprises that were owned chiefly by the representatives of the Greek, Jewish and occasionally of the foreign merchant class.
In 1860 - 1870ies the situation started to change. The permit for settling in Mariupol for other nations' representatives, recovering the status of the uyezd city, the advantageous geographical position, the industrialization process carried out rapidly all over the country caused an impetuous upsurge of sufficiently large enterprises of the factory-and-works type in the building, metallurgy and engineering industry of the city. It also attracted foreign investments. Owing to those transformations in the early XXth century Mariupol started to play a significant part in the economic life of the Russian Empire. All those transformations practically formed the present-day industrial character of the city.
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20. Рындзюнский П. Г. Крестьяне и город в капиталистической России второй половины XIX в. / П. Г. Рындзюнский.- Москва : Наука, 1983. - 269 с.; Ryndzyunskiy P. G. Krestyane i gorod v kapitalisticheskoy Rossii vtoroy poloviny XIX v. / P. G. Ryndzyunskiy.- Moskva : Nauka, 1983. - 269 s.
21. Соловьева A.M. Промышленная революция в России в XIX в. / А.М. Соловьева.- М.: Наука, 1990.- 269 с.; Soloveva A.M. Promyshlennaya revolyutsiya v Rossii v XIX v. / A.M. Soloveva.- M.: Nauka, 1990.- 269 s.
22. Статистические сведения о Екатеринославской губернии за 1864 год. -Екатеринослав : Типогр. Губернского правления, 1865. - 268 c.; Statisticheskie svedeniya o Yekaterinoslavskoy gubernii za 1864 god. - Yekaterinoslav : Tipogr. Gubernskogo pravleniya, 1865. - 268 c.
23. Статистический сборник по горнозаводской промышленности Южной России, других районов России и иностранных государств в 1897 - 1898 гг. / под ред. Н. фон Дитмар. - Харьков, 1899. - 42 с. ; Ctatisticheskiy sbornik po gornozavodskoy promyshlennosti Yuzhnoy Rossii, drugikh rayonov Rossii i inostrannykh gosudarstv v 1897 -1898 gg. / pod red. N. fon Ditmar. - Kharkov, 1899. - 42 s.
24. Струмилин С. Г. Очерки экономической истории России / С. Г. Струмилин. -Москва : Изд-во социально-экономической литературы, 1960. - 400 с. ; Strumilin S. G. Ocherki ekonomicheskoy istorii Rossii / S. G. Strumilin. - Moskva : Izd-vo sotsialno-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1960. - 400 s.
25. Туган-Барановский М. И. Русская фабрика в прошлом и настоящем. Историко-економическое исследование / М. И. Туган-Барановский - Москва : Наука, 1997. - 561 с.; Tugan-Baranovskiy M. I. Russkaya fabrika v proshlom i nastoyashchem. Istoriko-ekonomicheskoe issledovanie / M. I. Tugan-Baranovskiy - Moskva : Nauka, 1997. - 561 s.
26. Фабрики, заводы и рудники Южной России. Справочно-иллюстрированная альбомная книга. - Екатеринослав : Типогр. Губернского правления, 1904. -372 с.; Fabriki, zavody i rudniki Yuzhnoy Rossii. Spravochno-illyustrirovannaya albomnaya kniga. -Yekaterinoslav : Tipogr. Gubernskogo pravleniya, 1904. -372 c.
27. Фабрично-заводская промышленность и торговля России. С приложением общей карты фабрично-заводской промышленности Российской империи. - Санкт-Петербург : Типогр. И. А. Ефрона, 1896.- 636 с. Fabrichno-zavodskaya promyshlennost i torgovlya Rossii. S prilozheniem obshchey karty fabrichno-zavodskoy promyshlennosti Rossiyskoy imperii. - Sankt-Peterburg : Tipogr. I. A. Yefrona, 1896.- 636 s.
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Стаття надшшла до редакци 25.10.2015 р.
В.С. Волониць, С.В. Нов1кова
ПРОМИСЛОВИЙ РОЗВИТОК М. МАР1УПОЛЯ У Х1Х - НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТ.
Промислов1сть Мар1уполя у Х1Х - на початку ХХ ст. у своему розвитку пройшла два етапи. На першому, який тривав до 1870-х рр., вона була розвинена дуже слабо, забезпечувала в основному лише внутргшт потреби регюну i знаходилася у безпосереднт залежностi вiд темтв розвитку сшьського господарства. Неврожт та частi сшьськогосподарсью кризи цього перюду вiдображалися на ^bm^i та розмiрах тдприемств, обсягах гхньог продукцП У мiстi дiяли рибт, шюрят, свiчковi, миловарт, тютюновi, винокурт, борошномельш тдприемства, тдприемства харчовог галузi, власниками яких в основному були представники грецького та еврейського, а тколи -тоземного купецтва.
Одним з найбыьш прибуткових у цей перюд був рибний промисел. Саме у цт галузi дiяла найбшьша кшьк1сть тдприемств (до 56) та отримувався найвищий прибуток (до 100 000 руб. срiблом на рт). Монопол^том у цт сферi було м^цеве грецьке купецтво.
З I860 - 1870-х рр. ситуащя почала змтюватися. Дозвш селитися у Марiуполi представникам тших нацюнальностей, повернення йому статусу повтового м^та, вигiдне географiчне розташування, процес iндустрiалiзацiï, що вiдбувався швидкими темпами по вст державi, призвели до стрiмкого злету у мiстi достатньо великих тдприемств фабрично-заводського типу у будiвельнiй, металургтнт галузях та машинобудувант, притягнули тоземш твестицп.
Крiм грецьких тдприемщв, що вкладали сво1' каттали, як i у попереднт перюд, в основному у тдприемства з переробки сiльськогосподарсько'ï продукцП' та будiвельну галузь, провiднi позицïï у рiзних галузях промисловостi починають поЫдати еврейськ тдприемщ. Саме вони створюють велит, обладнанм за останшми техшчними вимогами того часу тдприемства у борошномельнт, машинобудiвнiй та металургтнт галузях.
У цей перiод посилюеться також i вплив тоземних промисловщв на економiчне життя м^та. 1ноземний каптал був задiяний у таких галузях, як харчова та машинобудiвна, а найбшьш повно - у металургтному виробництвi. Будiвництво у Марiуполi двох великих навть за свтовими стандартами металургтних заводiв,
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ISSN 2226-2830 В1СНИК МАРГУПОЛЬСЬКОГО ДЕРЖАВНОГО УНЮЕРСИТЕТУ СЕР1Я: 1СТОР1Я. ПОЛ1ТОЛОПЯ, 2015, ВИП. 13-14_
морського порту, зал1зниць значно пожвавило р1зн1 сфери життя Micma. Завдяки цим перетворенням на початку ХХ ст. Марiуполь став eid^paeamu помтну роль в економщ Ростськог iмперii, а уЫ ц перетворення практично сформували сучасний промисловий вид м^та.
Ключовi слова: Марiуполь, Марiупольський повт, рибний промисел, промислов^ть, металургтне виробництво.
РЕЦЕНЗЕНТИ: Гедьо А.В., дл.н., проф.; Молчанов В.Б., кл.н., с.н.с.
УДК 94:[37.014+008](477.75)
С.П. Зубченко
ОСВ1ТНЯ ТА КУЛЬТУРНА ПОЛ1ТИКИ В АР КРИМ: 1СТОР1Я Й
СУЧАСН1СТЬ
Розглядаються питання освiтньоi та культурно'i полтики в Автономнт Республщ Крим та роль державних оргатв влади Украши у ii формуванни Проаналiзовано тенденци, що характеризують освтню та культурну галузь в ^тор^нт ретросnективi та на сучасному етат.
З'ясована роль i м^це державних, громадських та мiжнародних оргатзацт у реалiзацli програм, спрямованих на становлення та вiдродження освти й культури в Криму. Подано рекомендаци щодо тдвищення ефективностi державног' освiтньоi та культурно'i полтики врегюни
Ключовi слова: Автономна Республта Крим, державт органи влади Украши, Концепщя державно1' полтики, освтня полтика, культурна полтика.
Сучасш KprooBi явища, що охопили eKOHOMi4Hy, полгтичну й сощальну сфери життя репошв Украши накладають вщбиток на галyзi безпосередньо залежш вщ них, а саме культуру й освгту. Освгтня i культурна сфера Автономно! Республши Крим не стала винятком, адже вщповщно до Конституцп Украши [1], Закошв Украши «Про затвердження Конституцп АРК» [2], «Про вибори депута^в Верховно! Ради АРК» [3] та «Про Верховну Раду АРК» [4] територiя Криму визнана - адмшютративно одиницею Украши. Нажаль, сучасною реалieю територш Кримського твострову е тимчасова окупащя Росшською Федеращею, цей факт визнаеться Укра!нською владою [5], Оргашзащею Об'еднаних Нацш [6], Свропейським Союзом та шшими свiтовими оргашзащями..
В силу iсторичних i геополгтичних обставин Крим являеться yнiкальним репоном, який завжди мав власну нащональну та культурну специфiкy, вирiзнявся конфесшною рiзноманiтнiстю. Але не дивлячись на те, що мешканщ пiвострова з давшх часiв представляли рiзнi нацп i етноси,сповiдyвали рiзнi релЫ!, протягом 24 роюв незалежностi Укра!ни стосунки мiж етнiчними спiльнотами грунтувалися на порозумшш, взаемодопомозi та творчiй ствпращ.
Сьогодення ж ставить перед можновладцями, науковцями, дослщниками та й просто перед переачними громадянами нашо! держави низку гострих проблем етнополгтичного характеру, яю безпосередньо впливають на розвиток освгти i культури в АРК. Вшськова агресiя Росп супроводжуеться шформацшною вiйною та нав'язуванням iсторичних мГфГв та стереотипiв [7].
