3PROBLEMS OF READING AND TRANSLATING TEXTS IN ENGLISH AT TEXNICAL UNIVERSITIES OF UZBEKISTAN
Guldora Salokhiddinovna Mustaeva
Associate Professor, Tashkent State Transport University
Yusup Khaytbayevich Kushakov
Senior teacher, Tashkent State Transport University
ABSTRACT
At present, it is often vitally important for technical specialists to have the ability to read and translate texts in English. This need is due to the fact that domestic enterprises use a large amount of foreign equipment that requires competent handling, maintenance and repair. In addition, Uzbek specialists quite often travel to foreign countries for training in order to improve their own professional qualifications, which requires proficiency in English. In this article, the authors have made an attempt to systematize the most promising technologies for teaching technical students to read and translate texts in English.
Keywords: English language, method, reading, students, technical specialties, teaching texts, translating texts, teaching technologies
INTRODUCTION
English is the Language of International Communication. "Although English is not the most spoken language in the world, it is the official language in 53 countries and is spoken as a first language by around 400 million people worldwide"[11]. But that's not all, it is also the most common second language in the world. Communication plays a vital role in an individual's success and career growth. Therefore, learning English can increase their opportunity of getting employed in multinational companies across the world, and it can be said that English makes you more desirable to employers. Many young Uzbeks strive to master the English language. At many universities across the capital, Tashkent, many Uzbek students enroll in English language courses. For many, the English language is a break from the past and represents a new future. For young men, English language is a natural step in their business endeavors. As one male student mentioned, "The English language will help me establish strong business connections and make my business wealthier." [12] As we know teaching English is becoming very popular at most part of technical universities
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of Uzbekistan. Technical texts do not use various stylistic features that impart expressive coloring or emotionality. The translation of such a text must be carried out in strict accordance with existing standards in order to maintain accuracy and not interfere with the clarity of the presentation of thoughts. Many scientists deliberately seek to use metaphors to enrich their research lexically and further impart theoretical significance to the information. In modern scientific and technical articles, more and more metaphorical terms are found, such as: "pillow block - bearing pillow, flywheel - flywheel, wing pump - blade pump, fatigue crack - fatigue cracking, necking behavior - deformation characteristic, worm gears - worm transmission, butterfly valve - a two-leaf valve, a blade root - the tail of a turbine blade, etc.[5]
METHODS AND LITERATURE ANALYSES
According to L.S. Barkhudarov "Literal translation is a translation carried out at a lower level than the one that is sufficient to convey an unchanged plan of content while observing the norms of the translating languag.". [1] According to the statements of A.D. Schweitzer, "translation must correspond to certain communicative conditions and tasks"[9] It should be noted that, despite its stylistic distance from the spoken language, which is saturated with expressive means, the scientific and technical text uses phrases of a technical nature, as well as special terminology characteristic of a certain branch of knowledge: beyond design basis accident - "beyond design basis" accident, decay heat removal - removal of residual heat, pebble-bed reactor - bulk reactor, power response - power sensitivity, transient analysis - non-stationary analysis, etc. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. believes that scientific texts contain many terms that can only be understood with appropriate training. For successful translation in the scientific field, knowledge and ability to operate with terminology are needed more than translation skills.[4] According to Retzker Ya.I "there are two sources and two types of literalism. The first, more primitive type, a kind of "childhood disease" of beginning translators, is rooted in the external similarity of foreign and Russian words, graphic and phonetic similarity"[6]. The main feature of a scientific text is its saturation with special terminology used in the technical and technological field in which the specialist translating the text works. The terminological base refers to certain terms that convey exact names or describe scientific concepts, phenomena or processes used in a particular branch of scientific knowledge.
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RESULTS
W have got the following results.Terms make it possible to convey the content of a scientific text in the most concentrated and accurate manner, which ensures a correct understanding of the scientific phenomenon or process that is described in the text. In this connection, it is very important to have the ability to correctly interpret and translate terminology texts. For example, in the field of vacuum technology, terms such as positive displacement pump are used, roughing / backing pump, reciprocating compressor, isentropic efficiency. etc., which are understandable only to specialists in this field. [3] However, it should be noted that English scientific and technical texts are characterized by a certain complexity in terms of their grammatical and syntactic structure. The use of complex grammatical structures in scientific text, such as: The Absolute Participle Construction, Complex Subject, Complex Object, as well as Conditional Sentences and Subjunctive Mood causes great difficulties for students when translating professional texts, which sometimes leads to a misunderstanding of the content of the text being presented, and sometimes even to a distortion of the meaning of an entire sentence.[2] Thus, when learning to translate special texts from English into Uzbek at a technical universities, special attention should be paid to solid mastery students of the grammar of the target language and, in particular, those grammatical phenomena that which have no analogues in their native language. To do this, it is advisable to work out and consolidate this material using a system of carefully designed exercises.
DISCUSSION
Currently, teaching students of technical universities to translate scientific and technical texts in accordance with their specialty is one of the most important tasks of the educational process. According to the State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, a student must be proficient in one foreign language at the level of social and professional communication, have the knowledge, skills and abilities to use special vocabulary and professional terminology of the English language. Let us consider the currently used methods and technologies for teaching technical students to read and translate texts in English. We analyzed translations made by students of Tashkent State Transport University in various areas of their professional activities. In English lessons, senior students were asked to translate a text, paying special attention to the translation of specialized vocabulary in a certain field of knowledge, for example, in the field of audio and digital data transmission. Based on the analysis of student work, the following conclusions can be drawn: it is a mistake to give a
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literal translation of such terms as, for example, "transmission of audio data", which some students translated as "audio data transmission", instead of "audio data transmission" or "audio compression techniques " - "audio compression technique" instead of "sound compression methods".[10] The term "audio processing function" was translated as "audio processing function" instead of "sound processing function", which is completely unacceptable in translation.[7] An authentic translation does not mean a literal translation. Such a translation must first of all comply with the norms of the Russian language, understandable to the reader, while observing the terminology used by specialists in this industry. This is etymological literalism. External similarity does not always mean identity or even closeness of meaning. Such words, similar in spelling or sound, are usually called "false friends of the translator (For example: specific heat - specific heat release, candidate material - promising material, revolution per minute - revolutions per minute, void fraction - volumetric vapor content, transient scenarios - transition modes, etc.).[8] Literal translation of words leads to a distortion of the meaning of the whole sentence. Therefore, the word graphically depicted on the letter is not a technical term. Similar words in English and Russian do not mean the same concept, i.e. have no general meaning. Authentic text has its own characteristics. First of all, this is an un adapted text and unprocessed by the teacher. There are no new words and phrases written before the text being studied, and grammatical structures that are difficult to translate are not understood, which is typical of an adapted text. A scientific text is full of information that can only be understood by a specialist in a certain field of science and technology. In translation theory, a distinction is made between the concepts of "equivalent" and "authentic" translation. Translation of scientific texts should be as close as possible to the original, i.e. authentic, and correctly convey not only the meaning expressed by the author, but also use the terminology accepted in this particular field of science. But the correspondence of the text to the original can be different; it is determined differently at different levels of language. In some cases, complete equivalence to the original is optional and sometimes undesirable. The concept of "equivalence" implies full reproduction of the text. However, according to Ya.I. Retzker, "in the theory and practice of translation there is a dual understanding of equivalent" [6]. Often, an equivalent means any correspondence to a word, or, in other words, any correctly found correspondence to a translation micro unit. An equivalent should be considered a constant equivalent correspondence, as a rule, independent of the context. Retsker Ya.I. notes that it is these units of translation, which have a constant correspondence in the native language, that first of all become clear in the mind of the translator and help him
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understand the meaning of the context and the entire utterance as a whole, even containing words unfamiliar to him. But a translation using only equivalents is not always authentic. The adequacy of conveying the meaning of the text is the main criterion for translating a scientific text from English into Russian. An accurate rendering of the meaning of a text may have some degree of equivalence, but at the same time, an equivalent translation is not always authentic. According to the statements of A.D. Schweitzer," translation must correspond to certain communicative conditions and tasks. Consequently, authentic translation requires not only a complete and accurate transmission of the meaning of the original, but also the correct transmission of the main communicative purpose, which leads to the formation of public consciousness and the exchange of scientific knowledge and information between people". [9]
CONCLUSION
English is the third most spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. The role and influence of English in today are gaining a higher speed in the world as well as in Uzbekistan. The main factors for this phenomenon include expanding communication with the world after gaining the independence and increasing speed and scope of information exchange in the global village. The dominant position in the internet space by the language of the published content is firmly held by English, which is a strong motivation to learn English for those who wish to promote their global competences. "As it was mentioned since the declaration of independence the importance of the English language has been increasing in all aspects of Uzbek people's life"[12]. Teaching English at universities in Uzbekistan is strongly connected with teaching of reading and translation English texts, properly. In conclusion it should be noted that there are several tasks to implement the main directions improving reading and translating technical texts in English. Nowadays it's crucial that teachers need to revisit the factors which are expected to improve the standards of higher education of English, the modernization of the content and structure of higher education of English. The specialists need to work out new internal mechanisms, applying the elements of other systems, to implement the best practices and recommendations on innovative educational technologies, to assess primary standards, to refresh educational process by means of
modernizing educational system personnel and developing
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international cooperation in the sphere of higher and specialized education of English.
REFERENCES
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11.https://bluedomes.net/2020/04/02/the-growing-importance-of-english-in-uzbekistan/
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