Природоохранная значимость дендрофлорьi горного массива Пирин (Болгария) Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

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Ташев А.Н., Цавков Е.И. Природоохранная значимость дендрофлоры Пирина

УДК 581.9 : 502.75 (234.423.2)

ПРИРОДООХРАННАЯ ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ ДЕНДРОФЛОРЬІ ГОРНОГО МАССИВА ПИРИН (БОЛГАРИЯ)

А.Н. Ташев, Е.И. Цавков

Ключевые слова

дендрофлора

систематическая структура географические элементы флоры

природохранная значимость горный массив Пирин Болгария

Аннотация. Представлена характеристика систематической и экологической структуры дендрофлоры горного карстового массива Пирин, расположенном в юго-западной части Болгарии. Проанализированы географические элементы флоры, согласно классификациям Стефанова и Вальтера, адаптированным к условиям Болгарии. Показано распределение численности древесных растений Пирина по вертикальным поясам. Показана природоохранная значимость исследуемой дендрофлоры. Представлен полный систематический список дендрофлоры, содержащий 216 видов из 87 родов и 41 семейств, информацию по их распространению по флористическим подрайонам - Северному и Южному Пирину.

Поступила в редакцию 10.11.2014

INTRODUCTION

Pirin is a part of Rila and Rhodopes massif on the Balkan Peninsula, and is situated in the southwestern part of Bulgaria, between the deep valleys of Struma and Mesta (Fig. 1.). The main orographic roof of Pirin is oriented northwest -sout-southeast and is closer to the northeastern periphery of the mountain. Northern part of the mountain is separated from Rila Mountains [15] by the saddle called Predela (1140 m a.s.l.), the southern border is Paril saddle (1170 m a.s.l.) separating it from Slavyanka Mountains

[12]. The mountain length is about 80 km, and width - up to 40 km, with an area of 2585 km2, more than 30% of which being above 1600 m

а. s.l. Pirin is the second highest mountain in Bulgaria (after Rila) and third on the Balkan Peninsula (after Olympus in Greece). Morphographiccally, the territory of Pirin is subdivided into three unequal parts: Northern Pirin - 74% of the total area, Central Pirin -

б, 7%, and Southern Pirin - 19,3% of the total area. There are three peaks higher than 2900 m. The mountain has typical configuration with acute peaks in the north, becoming more rounded and less steep to the south.

The climate of Northern Pirin is influenced by the high altitude and its affiliation to the Continental-Mediterranean climatic zone (Bondev, 1997). Figures 2 and 3 represents climatograms for the region of the city of Bansko, situated at the foothills north of the mountain, and Vihren hut, situated below the Vihren peak, in the northern part of the mountain, at 1950 m a.s.l. According to the information of climatic station of Vihren hut, (Fig. 3), the mean annual temperature in the region is 3,5°С, maximum one is 12,2°С (August) and the minimum one is -4,7°С (January). Often penetration of wet Mediterranean air masses during the winter causes abundant rainfalls. The mean annual rainfall is about 1500 mm with maximum during the autumn-winter season and minimum during the summer. Pirin is the mountain with highest snowfall in Bulgaria - 472 an, measured in the region of Vihren hut (1950 m a.s.l.). The July isotherm 10о for the northern slopes of Pirin passes at about 2300 m a.s.l., which determines the alpine tree line in the region (Panayotov,

2006). The relatively low annual temperature

© 2014 Ташев АН, Цавков Е.И.

Ташев Александр Николаевич, канд. биол. наук, проф. кафедры дендрологии факультета лесного хозяйства, Лесотехнический университет; 1797, Болгария, София, б-р Климент Охридски 10; altashev@mail.ru; Цавков Евгений Иванович, глав. ассистент кафедры дендрологии факультета лесного хозяйства, Лесотехнический университет; tsavkov@abv.bg

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amplitude is determined by the high air humidity and abundance of streams, rivers and lakes (176 lakes), as well as the strong solar radiation. The deep river glacial valleys and circuses provide conditions for isolation of populations of plant species, which leads to speciation processes. The plant cover of the mountain is subdivided in five altitudinal belts (above the belts of xerothermic oak forests typical for the valleys of Struma [10] and Mesta [13] (Nikolov et Jorda-nova, 2013).

The diversity and distribution of geolements and plant communities is determined by the large altitudinal range and by the two types of bedrock - marbles, mainly in the northern part, karst on the northeastern slopes and granites and crystalline schists in the central part, where there are two marble peaks - Orelek and Sveshtnik.

A large protected territory was declared in Pirin in 1962 — «Vihren» peoples’ park, which

was renamed to «Pirin» in 1975 and in 1998 was re-categorized as Pirin National Park. Its territory had been continuously enlarged and is currently 40332,4 ha, which is 15,6% of the total mountain area. Also, there are four nature reserves on the territory of Pirin — Bayuvi Doupki-Dzhindzhiritza (1934 — for conservation of natural relic forests of Pinus peuce and P. hel-dreichii), Tisata (1949 — for conservation of Juniperus excelsa), Orelek (1985 — for conservation of primary beech and P. peuce forests) and Yulen (1994 — for conservation of forest, subalpine and alpine ecosystems). The forests cover about 40% of the Park territory and the broadleaved occupy only 3%. The most widespread species is Pinus mugo — 5962 ha, followed by Punus peuce — 5415,8 ha, Picea abies — 2379,2 ha, Fagus sylvatica — 1098 ha and Pinus hel-dreichii — 893,4 ha (Pirin National Park..., 2004-

2013).

Флористические районы Болгарии (по: Бондев, 1966)

1. The Black Sea coast (North-South), 2. North-Eastern Bulgaria; 3.The Danubian Plain; 4. The Predbalkan (West -East); 5. Stara planina Mt. (The Balkan — West, Central, East); 6. Sofia region; 7. Znepole region; 8. Vitosha region; 9. West Frontier Mt.; 10. The Struma Valley (North-South); 11. The Belasitza Mt.; 12. The Slavianka Mt.; 13. The Mesta Valley; 14. The Pirin (North-South); 15. The Rila Mt.; 16. Sredna Gora Mt. (West-East); 17. The Rhodopes (West, Central, East); 18. Thracian Plane; 19. The Tundja Hilly Plain; 20. The Strandzha

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Ташев А.Н., Цавков Е.И. Природоохранная значимость дендрофлоры Пирина

Fig. 2. Climate diagram for the region of Bansko - at the foothills of Pirin

Климатограмма района города Банско у подножья массива Пирин

Fig. 3. Climate diagram for the region of Vihren

hut - below the Vihren peak

Климатограмма района под вершиной Вихрен

Table. Distribution of the species of Bulgarian and Pirin flora and dendroflora by divisions and classes (Magnoliophyta only)

Систематическая структура флоры и дендрофлоры Болгарии и массива Пирин

Divisio Flora Dendroflora

Bulgaria Pirin Mt. Bulgaria Pirin Mt.

Equisetophyta 8 6 - --

Lycopodiophyta 8 5 - -

Polypodiophyta 43 30 - -

Pinophyta 19 13 19 13

Classis Liliopsida 804 413 6 2

Classis Magnoliopsida 3220 1667 407 201

Magnoliophyta Total 4024 2080 413 203

Total 4102 2134 432 216

Special studies focused on the Pirin dendroflora are not known. All the information had been gathered and presented within the framework of studies on the Pirin flora, or Bulgarian dendroflora. One of the first floristic and forestry studies was the expedition in 1897 initiated by the Bulgarian Prince Ferdinand I, with the participation of the forest inspector Konstantin Baykushev and the Austrian gardener Johann Kellerer. The plant list accompanying the report of Baykushev contain many interesting species, some of them new to science, for example, Saxifrnga ferdinadi-koburgii (Stanev, 2012; Tsavkov, 2013). During the expedition the forest inspector K. Baykushev found a very

old individual of Pinus heldreichii in Banderitza valley, which is considered today as the oldest coniferous tree in Bulgaria, with a height 22 m, perimeter 7,8 m (more than 2 m in diameter) and an age more than 1300 years.

The papers reporting floristic studies in Pirin are numerous, but no summarizing information about the arboreal species was published. Kozu-harov et al. (1988) describing the phanero-phytic genepool of Bulgarian flora report for Pirin 160 arboreal species. In the «Flora of Pirin» of Kitanov et Kitanov (1990) we were able to find 169 species of 83 genera and 41 families.

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The main information sources for the present paper were Conspectus of the Bulgarian vascular flora Assyov et Petrova eds. (2012) and the developed by the authors’ database for the Bulgarian dendroflora (Tashev et Tsavkov, 2008). The information was updated using publications containing new information (Kitanov et Kitanov, 1990; Tashev et al., 2013; Zhelev et Aneva, in press). The presence of Juniperus exelsa, Ficus carica and Platanus orientalis in the mountain, as indicated by Kitanov et Kitanov (1990) was not accepted. We consider that these species could be classified to the floristic region of Struma valley [10], characterized by lower altitudes and warmer climate with well-expressed Mediterranean influence.

The information in table shows that Pirin flora contains 52% of species, 67.7% of genera and 76.1% of the families of Bulgarian flora (Assyov et Petrova, eds., 2012).

To date the dendroflora of Pirin was not subjected to complete and detailed study. The objective of the present study was to characterize the indigenous and introduced dendroflora in the Pirin massif and to present information about the species of conservation importance.

Based on the database on the Bulgarian den-droflora developed by us (Tashev et Tsavkov, 2008) we found that the arboreal plants of the Pirin are 216 species of 87 genera and 41 families. This accounts for 5.3% of the species, 9.5% of the genera and 27.1% of the families of Bulgarian flora and 50 % of the species, 58.8% of the genera and 70% of the families of the Bulgarian dendroflora. The divisio Pinophyta is represented only by 13 species, and Magnoliophyta -by 203 species, of which 2 species belong to classis Liliopsida, while the remaining 201 species belong to classis Magnoliopsida. The first ten most numerous families regarding the arboreal plants include 152 species, or 71.4% of the all dendroflora of the Pirin. These are Rosaceae - 56 species (25.9%1), Fabaceae - 27 species (12.5%), Salicaceae - 14 species (6.5%), Fa-

gaceae- 12 species (5.6%), Pinaceae Caprifo-liaceae and Lamiaceae - 8 species each (3.7%) etc. Sixteen families are represented by only one species. The most represented genera are Rubus - 18 species (8.3%), Rosa - 15 species (6.9%), Quercus, Chamaecytisus and Salix- 10 species each (4.6%), Sorbus and Genista - 7 species each (3.2%) etc. Fourty six genera are represented by one species only.

Systematic list of the species of Pirin dendroflora

Pinophyta

Cupressaceae

Juniperus communis L. (N, S1 2)

J deltoides R. P. Adams (N, S)

J pygmaea C. Koch (S)

J sibirica Burgsd. (N, S)

Pinaceae

Abies alba Miller (N, S)

A. borisi-regis Mattf. (N, S)

Picea abies (L.) Karst. (N, S)

Pinus heldreichii Christ (N, S)

P. mugo Turra (N, S)

P. nigra Arnold (N, S)

P. peuce Griseb. (N, S)

P. sylvestris L. (N, S)

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata L. (N, S)

Magnoliophyta

Aceraceae

Acer campestreL. (N, S)

A. hyrcanum Fisch. et C.A. Mey. (N, S)

A. negundoL. (N, S)

A.platanoidesL. (N)

A. pseudoplatanusL. (N, S)

A. tataricum L. (N, S)

Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. (N, S)

Pistacia terebinthus L. (N, S)

Rhus coriaria L. (N, S)

1 The percentages are calculated regarding the number of species of Bulgarian dendroflora

2

N in brackets means that the species occurs in Northern Pirin floristic subregion, and S - the species occurs in Southern Pirin floristic subregion

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Ташев А.Н., Цавков Е.И. Природоохранная значимость дендрофлоры Пирина

Apocynaceae

Vinca majorL. (N, S)

Araliaceae Hedera helixL. (N, S)

Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris L. (N, S)

Betulaceae

Alnusglutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (N, S)

Betulapendula Roth (S)

CarpinusbetulusL. (N, S)

C orientals Mill. (N, S)

Corylus avellana L. (N, S)

C. colurna L. (N, S)

Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. (N, S)

Brassicaceae

Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. (N, S)

Iberis saxatilis L. (N, S)

I. sempervirensL. (N, S)

Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire (N, S) Caprifoliaceae Lonicera caerulea L. (S)

L. etrusca Santi (N, S)

L. nigra L. (N, S)

L. xylosteum L. (N, S)

Sambucus nigra L. (S)

S. racemosa L. (N, S)

Viburnum lantana L. (N, S)

V opulusL. (N, S)

Celastraceae

Euonymus europaeusL. (N, S)

Eu. latifolius (L.) Mill. (N, S)

Eu. verrucosus Scop. (N)

Cistaceae

Fumana arabica (L.) Spach (N, S)

F. procumbens (Dunal) Gren. et Godr. (N, S) Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. (N, S) Rhodax alpestris (Jacq.) Fuss (S)

R canus (L.) Fuss (N, S)

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus holosericeus M. Bieb (N, S) Cornaceae

CornusmasL. (N, S)

C. sanguinea L. (N, S)

Empetraceae

Empetrum hermaphroditum L. (N, S) Ericaceae

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (N, S) Bruckenthalia spiculifolia Reichenb. (N, S) Vaccinium myrtillusL. (N, S)

V. uliginosum L. (N, S)

V vitis-idaea L. (N, S)

Fabaceae

Amorpha fruticosa L. (N, S)

Astragalus angustifolius Lam. (N, S)

A. gladiatusBoiss. (N, S)

Chamaecytisus absinthioides (Janka)

Kuzmanov (N, S)

Ch. albus (Jacquet) Rothm. (N, S)

Ch. ciliatus (Wahlenb.) Rothm. (S)

Ch. glaber (L.f.) Rothm. (N, S)

Ch. hirsutus (L.) Link (N, S)

Ch. jankae (Velen.) Rothm. (N, S)

Ch. lejocarpus (A. Kern.) Rothm. (N)

Ch. ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm. (N, S)

Ch. rochelii (Wierzb.) Rothm. (N, S)

Ch. supinus (L.) Link (N, S)

Chamaespartium sagittale (L.) Gibbs (S) Colutea arborescensL. (N, S)

Coronilla emerusL. (S)

Corothamnus agnipilus (Vel.) Klask. (N, S)

C. rectipilosus (Adam.) Skalicka (N, S)

Genista carinalis Griseb. (N, S)

G. depressa М. B. (N, S), G. januensis Viv. (N,

S)

G. ovata Waldst. et Kit. (N, S)

G. rumelicaVel. (N, S)

G. subcapitata Pane. (N, S)

G. tinctoria L. (N, S)

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (N, S)

Spartium junceum L. (N, S)

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa Mill. (N, S)

Fagus sylvatica L. (N)

Quercus brachyphylla Kotschy (N, S)

Qu. cerrisL. (S)

Qu. dalechampiiT. Ten. (N, S)

Qu. erucifolia Steven (N, S)

Qu. frainetto Ten. (N, S)

Qu. longipes Steven (S)

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Qu. pedunculiBora C. Koch (N, S)

Qu. polycarpa Schur (N, S)

Qu. pubescens Willd. (N, S)

Qu. virgiliana (Ten.) Ten. (N, S)

Globulariaceae

Globularia cordifolia L. (N, S) Hypericaceae

Hypericum olympicum L. (N, S) Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. (N, S)

Lamiaceae Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (N, S)

S. pilosaVelen. (N, S)

Teucrium chamaedrysL. (N, S)

T. montanumL. (N, S)

T.polium L. (N, S)

Thymus perinicus (Velen.) Jalas (N, S)

T.pulegioidesL. (N, S)

T. thracicusVelen. (N, S)

Loranthaceae

Arceutobium oxycedri (DC.) Bieb. (N, S) Loranthus europaeusJacq. (N, S)

Viscum album L. (N, S)

Oleaceae

Fraxinus ornusL. (N, S)

Jasminum fruticansL. (N, S)

Ligustrum vulgareL. (N, S)

Phillyrea latifoliaL. (N, S)

Pyrolaceae

Orthilia secunda (L.) House (N, S) Ranunculaceae ClematisHammulaL. (N,S)

C. recta L. (N, S)

C. vitalba L. (N, S)

Rhamnaceae Frangula alnus Mill. (N, S)

F rupestris (Scop.) Schur (N, S)

Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (N, S) Rhamnus alpinusL. (N, S)

Rh. catharticusL. (N, S)

Rh. saxatilisJacq. (N, S)

Rosaceae

Amelanchier ovalis Medicus (N, S)

C. integerrimusMedicus (S)

C. nebrodensis (Guss.) C. Koch (N, S) Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (N, S)

C. orientalis Pall. ex Bieb. (N, S)

Dryas octopetala L. (N, S)

Malus dasyphylla Borkh. (S)

M. praecox (Pall.) Borkh. (N, S)

M. sylvestris Mill. (N, S)

Prunus avium L. (N, S)

P. cerasifera Ehrh. (N, S)

P. cerasusL. (N, S)

P spinosa L. (N, S)

Pyrus amygdaliformisViM. (N, S)

P. nivalis Jacq. (N, S)

P pyraster Burgsd. (N, S)

Rosa agrestis Savi (N, S)

R caesia Sm. (S)

R. canina L. (N, S)

R corymbifera Borkh. (N, S)

R. dumalis Bechst. (N, S)

R gallica L. (N, S)

R glauca Pourret (N, S)

R heckeliana Tratt. (N, S)

R micrantha Borrer ex Sm. (N, S)

R myriacantha DC. ex Lam. et DC. (N, S)

R. pendulina L. (N, S)

R pulverulenta M. Bieb. (N, S)

R tomentosa Sm. (N, S)

R turcica Rouy (N, S)

R vosagiaca Desportes (N, S)

Rubus anoplocladus Sudre (N, S)

R caesius L. (N, S)

R. canescens DC. (N, S)

R crassus J. Holuby (N, S)

R discolorWeihe et Nees (N, S)

R euiyanthemusW. Watson (N, S)

R glandulosus Bellardi (N, S)

R guentheriWeihe et Nees (N, S)

R hirtus Waldst. et Kit. (N, S)

R idaeus L. (N, S)

R lloydianus Genev. (N, S)

R minutidentatus Sudre (N, S)

R miostilus Boulay (N, S)

R sanguineus Friv. (N, S)

R saxatilis L. (N, S)

R scaberWeihe et Nees (N, S)

R serpens Weihe ex Lej. et Court. (N, S) R thyrsanthusFocke (N, S)

Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz (N, S)

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Ташев А.Н., Цавков Е.И. Природоохранная значимость дендрофлоры Пирина

S. aucuparia L. (N, S)

S. chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz (N, S)

S domestica L. (N, S)

S. graeca (Spach) Kotschy (N, S)

S. torminalis (L.) Crantz (N, S)

S. umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch (N, S)

Rutaceae

Dictamnus albus L. (S)

Salicaceae

Populus alba L. (N, S)

P. canescens (Ait.) Sm. (N, S)

P. nigra L. (N, S)

P. tremula L. (N, S)

Salix alba L. (N, S)

S. caprea L. (N, S)

S. cinerea L. (N, S)

S. fragilis L. (N, S)

S. herbacea L. (S)

S. purpurea L. (N, S)

S. reticulata L. (N, S)

S. silesiaca Willd. (N, S)

S. triandra L. (N, S)

S. waldsteinianaWiUd. (N)

Santalaceae

Comandra elegans (Rochel ex Reichenb.) Rei-chenb. f. (N, S)

Saxifragaceae

Ribes alpinum L. (N, S)

R petraeum Wulfen (N, S)

Scrophulariaceae

Veronica kellererii Degen et Urum. (N, S) Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (N, S) Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara L. (N, S)

Staphyleaceae StaphyleapinnataL. (N, S)

Thymeleaceae

Daphne cneorum L. (N, S)

D. mezereum L. (N, S)

D. oleoides Schreb. (N, S)

Tiliaceae

Tilia cordata Mill. (N, S)

T. plathyphyllosScop. (N, S)

T tomentosa Moench (N, S)

Ulmaceae

Ulmusglabra Huds. (N)

U minor Miller (N, S);

Liliopsida

Liliaceae

Ruscus aculeatus L. (N, S)

R hypoglossum L. (N, S)

According to their biological type (life form) the arboreal plants in Pirin can be classified into 9 groups, five of them transitional. The groups are as follows: trees - 52 species (24.1%), trees or shrubs - 8 species (3.7%), shrubs or trees -22 species (10.2%), shrubs - 106 species (49.1%), vines - 4 species (1.9%), semi-shrubs - 9 species (4.2%), perennial plants to semishrubs - 8 species (3.7%), semi-shrubs to perennial plants and - 5 species (2.3%) and shrubs to semi-shrubs - 2 species (0.9%). According to the classification of Raunkiaer (1934) 172 species (79.6%) are phanerophytes (Ph), 23 species (10.6%) are chamaephytes (Ch) and the transitional categories chamaephytes to phanerophytes (Ch-Ph) are 5 species (2.3%), hemicryptophytes to chamaephytes (H-Ch) are 7 species (3.2%) and chamaephytes to hemicryptophytes (Ch-H) are represented by 5 species (2.3%).

The phytogeographic origin of the 216 species of Pirin dendroflora was determined by means of the Walter classification adapted to the Bulgarian conditions (Assyov et al., 2012). According to this classification, the most numerous are the geo-elements with Mediterranean component of origin - 104 species (48.1%). Among them predominate subMediterranean (subMect) - 45 species (20.8%), followed by the Euro-Mediterranean (Eur-Med) - 17 species (7.9%), Mediterranean ones (Med) - 15 species (6.9%) and Pontio-Mediterranean (Pont-Med) - 13 species (6.0%) etc. Second position keeps the group with the European component of origin - 72 species (33.3%). Among them predominate pure European ones (Eur) - 22 species (10.2%) followed by the Euro-Asiatic (Eur-As) - 18 species

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(8.3%) etc. Third position keep the elements with Pontian component of origin - 22 species (10.2%). Boreal and subBoreal elements are 21 species (9.8%). The species of Balkan origin are 22 (10.2%) - 9 of them are Balkan endemics (Bal) and 2 of them are Bulgarian endemics (Bul). The adventive geo-elements (Adv) are only 7 species (3.2%).

According to the classification of phytogeographic elements of B. Stefanoff (1943), the arboreal plants in Pirin can be classified as follows: 110 species (50.9%) are thermophytes, mesotherms and microtherms of the Mountainous Centre, 40 species (18.5%) are mesotherms and microtherms of Sylvic-Boreal Centre. The

thermophytes of the Mediterranean, Northern Continental and Southern Continental Centres are 27, 20 and 6 species, respectively, and the species belonging to other phytogeographic centres are only 7. In the classification according species mobility, the stationary plants completely predominate - 184 species (85.2%). These species are adapted to the more conserved habitats, followed by the mobile and secondary penetrated species - 17 (7.9%) and 14 (6.5%) arboreal plants, respectively. These results indicate the predomination of the autochthonous floristic elements and point out the relatively conserved from anthropogenic pressure dendroflora of Pirin.

Распределение численности древесных растений по вертикальным поясам

The vertical distribution of the studied species on the territory of Bulgaria revealed that the species inhabiting the altitudinal range 6001000 m a.s.l. - 183 species (84.7%), followed by the belt 1000-1500 m - 158 species, then 15002000 - 95 species, 2000 to 2500 m - 36 species and 2500-2900 m - 14 species altogether. Figure 4 represents the relationship between the vertical distribution of Pirin dendroflora by altitudinal belts. The empirical relationship is y = -46.3x + 236.5, where y is the number of species,

and x, is the altitudinal belt. Regression coefficient is R2=0.9733 (p=0.002).

A substantial part of the Pirin’s dendroflora is attributed to the species important from conservation point of view for Bulgaria and for Europe. Total 11 species (5.1%) are included in the Red Data Book of P. R Bulgaria (Velchev, ed., 1984), of them 8 species (3.7%) with a category “rare", and 3 species (1.4%) - with a category “threatened by extinction". In the Red Data Book of R. Bulgaria (Peev, ed., 2011) are included 7 species - Castanea sativa, Convolvulus

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Ташев А.Н., Цавков Е.И. Природоохранная значимость дендрофлоры Пирина

holosericeus, Daphne cneorum, Empetrum hermafroditum, Rhamnus alpinus and Thymus perinicus” with category “endangered and Taxus baccata with category “criticaly endangered. Nine species (4.2%) are protected according to the Biodiversity Act of Bulgaria

(2002), and after the amendment of the same Act (2007), 8 species became protected -Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis, Convolvulus

holosericeus, Crataegus orientalise Empetrum hermafroditum, Iberis saxatilis, Rhamnus alpinus, Taxus baccata L. and Thymus perini-cus. The highest conservation value of the species of Pirin dendroflora has Taxus baccata - a species that had been protected in all legislation documents from 1961 to 2007. Saturea pilosa is included in the “List of rare, threatened and

endemic plants in Europe” (1983) with a category “rare”. Pinus peuce and Thymus perinicus are included in the “1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants” (1998) with a category “rare”, too.The dendroflora of Pirin is richest in the ratio of tertiary relic species - 56, or 25.9% of all arboreal species and 4 species are glacial relic - Empetrum hermafroditumj Dryas oc-topetahj Salix herbacea and S. reticulata. The medicinal plants in dendroflora of Pirin are 124 (Tashev et Tsavkov, 2008) and meliferous plants are 159 (Tashev et Velinova, 2014).

The information presented above outlines the unique relic character of the dendroflora of Pirin Mountains. It is of high conservation value for the flora of Europe, too.

References

Act for amendment and updating of the Biodiversity Act of Bulgaria. State Gazette, 94/2007. Available: http://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135456926 (in Bulgarian).

AssyovB., Petrova A (Eds.). Conspectus of the Vascular Flora of Bulgaria. Distribution maps and floristic elements. BBF, Fourth revised and enlarged edition, S., 2012, 490 p. (in Bulgarian)

BondevI Map of floristic regions of Bulgaria, in: Jordanov, D (Ed.). Flora of the PR Bulgaria. Vol. III. Publ. House of BAS, Sofia, 1966, 638 p.

Bondev I Geobotanical regioning, in: Yordanova M., Donchev D. (Eds.) Geographie of Bulgaria. Professor Marin Drinov Academic Publishing House. Sofia, 1997, 283-305 pp. (in Bulgarian)

Kozuharov S, Ancev M, Petrova A The phanerophytic genefund in Bulgarian flora. 10-th Dendrological congress, Sofia, 1988, pp. 128-137. (in Russian with English summary)

Lucas G. List of Rare Threatened and Endemic Plants in Europe. Strasburg, 1983, 358 p.

Nikolov V, Jordanova M. The Mountains in Bulgaria. Professor Marin Drinov Academic Publishing House, Sofia, 2013, 430 p.

Panayotov M. Study of the influence of ecological factors on the growth of the tree species from Pinaceae family at the treline zone, PhD thesis, Sofia, 2006, 190 p.

PeevD. (Ed.) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants and Fungi. IBEI - BAS & MOEW, Sofia, 2001, 848 p.

Pirin National Park. Management plan, 2004-2013, 213 p.

Raunkiaer C. The Life Forms of Plant and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934, 632 p.

Stanev S. Stars Fade in the Mountain. 5th suppl. ed. Let-era, Plovdiv, 2006, 231 p. (in Bulgarian)

Tashev A, Koev K, Tashev N. Reports. 122-129, in: Vladimirov V., Dane F. & Tan K. (Eds). New floristic records in the Balkans: 21. Phytologia Balcanica, 2013, 19(1), pp. 147-149.

Tashev A, Tsavkov E. Medicinal plants of the Bulgarian dendroflora. Phytologia Balcanica, 2008, 14(2), pp. 269-278.

Tashev A, Velinova E Richness of meliferous plants of the Bulgarian flora, Proceedings of the II scientific conference with international participation “Theory and practice in agriculture", Jundola, Bulgaria, pp. 3245. (in Bulgarian)

Tsavkov E. 150 years of description of Pinus heldreichii. Gora (Forest), 2013, no. 8, pp. 23-25. (in Bulgarian)

Walter K.S., Gillett H.J. (Eds). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 1998, Lxiv + 862 p.

Zhelev P, Aneva I. Floristic notes. Submitted to Phytologia Balcanica, 2014.

Фиторазнообразие Восточной Европы 2014, VTTT : 4

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CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE OF THE DENDROFLORA OF THE PIRIN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA)

Tashev Alexander Nikolaevich

Candidate of Biology, Prof.; Department of dendrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry; 10, Kliment Ochrid-sky Blvd., Sofia, 1797, Bulgaria; altashev@mail.ru

Tsavkov Evgeni Ivanovich

Senior assistant; Department of dendrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry; tsavkov@abv.bg

Key words dendroflora systematic structure flora geographical elements conservation value Pirin mountain Bulgaria Abstract. The paper presents systematic and biological characteristic of dendroflora in Pirin Mountains (Southwestern Bulgaria). The systematic structure of Pirin den-droflora is interpreted in comparison to the flora of Pirin and in Bulgaria. Biological spectrum and biological types of the Pirin dendroflora is presented. The geoelement are analyzed according to the classification of Stefanoff and to the classification of Walter adapted to the Bulgarian conditions. The distribution of tree species was studied regarding their distribution in vertical belts. The conservation importance of the dendroflora for Bulgaria and Europe was discussed according to national and international documents. The full list prepared includes 216 species of 87 genera and 41 families, with indication about their distribution -in Northern and Southern Pirin, respectively. Received for publication 10.11.2014