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CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF SOME RARE AND ENDEMIC CREPIS
(ASTERACEAE) TAXA IN TURKEY
Huseyin Inceer*, Nursen Aksu Kalmuk
Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey *e-mail: inceer@ktu.edu.tr
Received: 29.05.2019. Revised: 12.07.2019. Accepted: 01.08.2019.
Red Listing is a valuable tool for raising the awareness about those taxa which face the risk of extinction. It is the first step towards highlighting the problem of species decline and loss, as well as encouraging policy makers. In this study, a new or revised threatened status of five rare and two endemic Crepis taxa from Turkey were presented, based upon IUCN red list categories and criteria. The following taxa are analysed: Crepis amanica, C. aurea subsp. olympica, C. bithynica, C. dioscoridis, C. foetida subsp. glandulosa, C. rubra, and C. syriaca. The area of occupancy (AOO) has been calculated for each taxon using the software GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool) and according to 2 x 2 km grid cell size. A distribution map has been drawn with ArcGIS version 10.3. Current IUCN red list categories and criteria were used to assess the conservation status of the taxa. New field observations and the population sizes were presented for each taxon. The taxa were placed into the group of critically endangered or endangered because of their small geographical distribution, narrow habitat specificity and non-abundant within the territory of Turkey. Based on the IUCN categorisation, our results show that all the taxa studied are directly and/or indirectly threatened by human activities, such as tourism, agriculture, grazing, pollution or urbanisation and competition with woody or invasive plants.
Key words: Cichorieae, distribution, IUCN, Red List, threatened
Introduction
The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red Lists are recognised worldwide as very powerful instruments for the conservation of threatened species (Lamoreux et al., 2003; Rodrigues et al., 2006; Maes et al., 2015). IUCN Red List categories and criteria are constructed to assess the threatened status of species or lower taxa on global or sub-global (national or regional) level as a means of classifying the relative risk of extinction of the concerning taxon (Gardenfors, 2001; Miller et al., 2007; Tomovic et al., 2007; Mace et al., 2008; Kahraman et al., 2012; Orsenigo et al., 2016; Khapugin et al., 2017a,b; Fenu et al., 2018; Kaky & Gilbert, 2019).
Crepis L. is a large, critical and taxonomi-cally difficult genus in the tribe Cichorieae of the family Asteraceae. It comprises over 200 species (Bremer, 1994), mainly distributed throughout the northern hemisphere and Africa (Enke, 2009). It is thought that the origin of the genus Crepis is in the Altai/Tien Shan region in Central Asia (Bab-cock, 1947). The genus presently has its highest species diversity in the circum-Mediterranean area (Enke, 2008). The genus is represented with 40 taxa in Turkey, of which eight are endemic (C. amanica Babc., C. armena DC., C. aurea subsp. olympica (L.) Cass., C. bupleurifolia (Boiss.) Freyn & Sint., C. dioritica Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss., C. hakkarica Lamond, C. macropus Boiss.
& Heldr., C. palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm. subsp. babcockii Inceer & Aksu-Kalmuk (Lamond, 1975; Inceer & Kalmuk, 2018). In addition, C. al-pestris (Jacq.) Tausch, C. aurea subsp. olympica, C. bithynica Boiss., C. amanica, C. rubra L., C. palaestina (Boiss.) Bornm. and C. dioscoridis L. were indicated as rare taxa in the Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands (Lamond, 1975).
Ekim et al. (2000) presented the conservation status of five rare (C. aspera L., C. purpurea (Willd.) M. Bieb., C. pusilla (Sommier) Merxm., C. rubra, C. syriaca (Bornm.) Babc. & Navashin) and seven endemic (C. amanica, C. armena, C. aurea subsp. olympica, C. bupleurifolia, C. dioritica, C. hakkari-ca, C. macropus) taxa of Crepis in Turkey based on the IUCN 1994 categories and criteria in the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants. After that some authors have presented IUCN threatened category for C. bupleurifolia (LC), C. dioritica (LC), C. hakkarica (EN), C. macropus (LC), C. palaestina subsp. babcockii (CR), and C. purpurea (CR) (Adiguzel et al., 2006; Turkmen, 2014; Eker et al., 2015; Ertu-grul & Tugay, 2018; Inceer & Kalmuk, 2018). However, no evaluation of conservation status of some rare and endemic taxa of Crepis has been carried out at regional level after Ekim et al. (2000).
The objective of this study is to assess the threat category of two endemic and five rare taxa of Crepis in Turkey according to the current IUCN Red List categories and criteria at regional level.
Material and Methods
Study area
Turkey is located between 36°-42°N and 26°-44°E in the northern hemisphere, near the junction of European, Asian and African continents. It is situated in the Mediterranean basin, with a total of 780 600 km2 land area, and surrounded at three sides by water, from the Mediterranean, the Aegean and the Black Sea. Turkey is in the temperate zone with various climate types in different regions. A continental climate prevails in inland regions, a semi-arid climate in Central and Southeastern Anatolia, a temperate climate with high precipitation in every season along the Black Sea coast and a Mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean and Western Anatolian regions of Turkey (Akman, 1990; Avci, 2005; Türe & Böcük, 2010).
Floristic studies
The floristic data were mainly obtained from field studies undertaken between 2011 and 2015 as a part of the taxonomic revision of Crepis in Turkey. During the extensive field surveys, the type and other known localities of the studied taxa, as well as a number of other potential distribution sites, were visited. The data on habitat, population size, distribution, the number of mature individuals, phenological and ecological features, GPS co-ordinates, and threat factors were recorded in the field. The herbaria ANK, BULU, EGE, GAZI, HUB, ISTE, ISTF, and VANF were also visited for possible records of the studied taxa in Turkey. The individuals of the studied taxa were collected in the field from native populations in Turkey. At the same time, general and detailed digital photographs of each taxon were taken in the habitat (Fig. 1). Vouchers were deposited in the herbarium at the Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Biology (KTUB).
The threat categories of seven Crepis taxa were revised and reassessed according to the recent version of the IUCN Red List Categories, version 13 (IUCN, 2017), based on field surveys, newly discovered localities, all relevant literature and the data from herbarium collections. The AOO was calculated for each taxon using the software GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool, according to Bachman et al., 2011), available in http://geocat.kew.org/ and the IUCN recommended grid cell size 2 x 2 km.
The distribution of native vascular plants was described by the Grid System of Davis
(1965-1985) for the first time in the Flora of Turkey. Since then, all floristic and systematic studies have been based on this system (Türe & Böcük, 2010). In the current study, the same system has been used due to the ease of data integration. Distribution maps have been drawn by ArcGIS version 10.3 software (Fig. 2). The details of the threats have been presented for each taxon.
Results and Discussion
Crepis amanica Babcock
Distribution in Turkey: S and SW of Turkey. Crepis amanica is endemic to Turkey (Lamond, 1975), and it is a rare species. It has been known so far only from two localities. C6 Adana: Amanus, Mt. Dumanly, 700-1200 m a.s.l., Haradjian 3719 (G); C5 Adana: Misis Nur Dagi above Kizildere, 200 m a.s.l., 17.04.1957, Davis 26732 (E); C5 Adana: Misis Nur Dagi, 200 m a.s.l., 18.05.2013, In-ceer 989 (KTUB) (Fig. 1A, Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Habit of Crepis: A - C. amanica; B - C. aurea subsp. olympica; C - C. dioscoridis; D - C. bithynica; E -C. syriaca; F - C. foetida subsp. glandulosa; G - C. rubra.
Fig. 2. Distribution of studied Crepis taxa in Turkey.
New chorological data, published here for the first time: C7 Sanhurfa: Between Akcakale and Ceylanpinar, 400 m a.s.l., 10.06.2014, Inceer 1087 (KTUB), Fig. 2.
Phenology: Flowering - from early May to early June and fruiting - June.
Habitat: Crepis amanica grows on grassland, roadsides and cultivated areas, 200-1200 m a.s.l.
Population information: The populations in Misis Nur Dagi (province of Adana) as well as in the province of Sanliurfa are estimated to a few hundred individuals, while the population in Amanus has not recently been checked in the field.
Threats: The main threats to this species are grazing which leads to habitat degredation, as well as soil pollution, e.g. due to pesticide use.
Previous assessment: The species was previously assinged to Vulnarable (VU) category at regional level (Ekim et al., 2000).
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 8 km2.
a) Number of locations: Two locations (Adana: Misis Nur Dagi and Sanliurfa)
b) Decline is estimated in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv) and number of mature individuals (v) and expected to continue in the future.
IUCN threatened status (in Turkey): Endangered - EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v).
Crepis aurea subsp. olympica Lamond.
Distribution in Turkey: NW of Turkey. Crepis aurea subsp. olympica is endemic and extremely rare
in Turkey (Lamond, 1975). A2 Bursa: Uludag, 2000 m a.s.l., 19.06.1959, E. Hennipman c. s. 2034 (E); A2 Bursa: Uludag, 1950 m a.s.l., 27.07.1984, O. Secmen 11 & Y. Gemici & H. Tabata & Yasuda (EGE); A2 Bursa: Uludag, 02.07.1944, M. Basarman 3873 (ISTF); A2 Bursa: Uludag, 2035 m a.s.l., 29.07.2013, Inceer 1043 (KTUB) (Fig. 1B, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - from early to late June and fruiting - July.
Habitat: Crepis aurea subsp. olympica grows in marshy alpine meadows, 1950-2035 m a.s.l.
Population information: This taxon is known only from the type locality in Uludag National Park, Bursa. The population size of C. aurea subsp. olympica is very small and consists of less than 50 individuals.
Threats: It is threatened by trampling, grazing, degradation and fragmentation. Despite the fact that the habitat of C. aurea subsp. olympica is found in Uludag National Park, its population is prone to extinction in the near future, unless in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are established as soon as possible.
Previous assessment: It was assigned to the category Endangered (EN) in the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants at regional level (Ekim et al., 2000).
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 4 km2.
a) Number of locations: One location (Bursa: Uludag).
b) Continuing decline has been observed in the area of occupancy (ii), extend and quality of habitat (iii) and the number of mature individuals (v) and expected to continue in the future.
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Critically Endangered - CR B2ab(ii,iii,v).
Crepis bithynica Boiss.
General distribution: Crepis bithynica is a Balkan subendemic, distributed in the SW part of Asia Minor (Bithynian Olympus) and in the mountains of the S Balkan Peninsula (Yurukova-Grancharova & Dimitrova, 2006). This species was described from Turkey, and later recorded in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Greece, Bulgaria (Babcock, 1947), the Majella Massif (Central Apennines) (Ballelli, 1999), and was thus reported by Conti et al. (2005). According to Kamari (1991), its occurrence in Greece is doubtful and was not confirmed in Bosnia-Herzegovina by Bjelcic (1983).
Distribution in Turkey: N and NW of Turkey. Crepis bithynica is a rare species in the Turkish flora (Lamond, 1975). A2 Bursa: Uludag, Aug. 1942 Boissier, (G); A2 Bursa: Uludag, 1968, Quezel et al.; A2 Bursa: Uludag, 20.08.1945, M. Heilbronn, 39501 (ISTF); A2 Bursa: Uludag, summit calcareous rocks and ridges, 2210 m a.s.l., 30.07.2013, Inceer, 1045 (KTUB); A4 Kastamonu: Ilgaz Dagi, Kucuk Hacet, 1900-2000 m a.s.l., 16.08.2014, Inceer, 1115 (KTUB); A5 Kastamonu: Ilgaz Dagi, 23.07.1982, Sint. ibid., 2300 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1D, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - from early July to early August and fruiting - August.
Habitat: It grows on summit calcareous rocks and ridges, 1900-2300 m a.s.l.
Population information: The populations in the Turkish flora of C. bithynica are represented by not more than 150 individuals each.
Threats: The main threats to this species are grazing and soil erosion which lead to habitat degredation, as well as the disturbance of species by mountain activities.
Previous assessment: Crepis bithynica is a species with restricted distribution in Turkey and international conservation interest. It is included under the category «rare» in the Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Velchev, 1984) and the IUCN Red List (Walter & Gillet, 1998). The species has been recorded recently in Bulgaria, and assigned to category Critically Endangered (CR) and the criteria B2ab(ii,iii) (Petrova & Vladimirov, 2009). Within Turkey, the species has been recorded from two localities, in Bursa and Kastamonu (Lamond, 1975). However, there is no threat estimation of this species in the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2000).
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 8 km2.
a) Number of locations: Two locations (Bursa and Kastamonu).
b) Decline is estimated in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv) and number of mature individuals (v).
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Endangered (EN) - EN B2b(ii,iii,iv,v).
Crepis dioscoridis L.
General distribution: Throughout Greece and adjacent islands, Crete, Dalmatia, Barbey-Lydia, Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Hungary and Turkey (Babcock, 1947; Lamond, 1975).
Distribution in Turkey: SW of Turkey. Despite the fact that the taxon is widespread in the Mediterranean region, it is a rare species in the Turkish flora (Lamond, 1975). C1 Mugla: Datca, Knidos, 80 m a.s.l., 04.05.2013, Inceer, 984 (KTUB); C1 Mugla: d. Marmaris, Knidos, 30 m a.s.l., D. 41216 (E); C2 Antalya: Ali Dagi, Elmali, Pichler 424; C3 Antalya: 30 m a.s.l., Tengwall 670.
New and yet unpublished chorological data on C. dioscoridis in Turkey: C1 Mugla: Bodrum, Akyarlar Village, rocky places, 20 m a.s.l., 01.05.2015, Inceer, 1144 (KTUB) (Fig. 1C, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - from early to late April and fruiting - May.
Habitat: Crepis dioscoridis thrives in mainly rocky places and on limestone cliffs, 20-80 m a.s.l.
Population information: Some specimens of C. dioscoridis from Mugla province have been collected, while not any specimen could be collected from Antalya province during the field studies. The populations of this species in Mugla are represented by not more than 100 individuals, covering an area of a few square metres at one single locality.
Threats: Urbanisation, grazing and tourism development lead to the disturbance and draining of habitats, which has a negative impact on the populations of this species.
Previous assessment: No assessment has been found for this species at either global nor regional level.
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 8 km2.
a) Number of locations: Two locations (Mugla-Bodrum and Mugla-Datca).
b) Decline is estimated in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv) and number of mature individuals (v).
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Endangered (EN) - B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v).
Crepis foetida L. subsp. glandulosa (C. Presl) Arcang.
General distribution: Sicily (Babcock, 1947), Turkey.
Distribution in Turkey: SW of Turkey. Crepis foetida subsp. glandulosa was doubtfuly indicated by Ekim (2012) for the Turkish flora, but recently its occurrence in Turkey has been confirmed by Inceer et al. (2018). Crepis foetida subsp. glandulosa has a narrow distribution in Turkish flora. C3 Antalya: Konyaalti-Altinkaynak, 200 m a.s.l., 05.06.2011, Inceer, 860 (KTUB) (Fig. 1F, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - May, fruiting - June
Habitat: It grows in wet places and woodlands, 200 m a.s.l.
Population information: The population size is very small and consists of less than 50 individuals, the covering area of a few square metres.
Threats: This taxon is threatened by habitat loss due to competition from woody plants. The population of Crepis foetida subsp. glandulosa is prone to extinction in the near future, unless in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are established as soon as possible.
Previous assessment: This taxon had not been evaluated previously at either global or regional level.
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 4 km2.
a) Number of locations: One location (Antalya).
b) Decline is estimated in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), and number of mature individuals (v).
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Critically Endangered (EN) - CR: B2ab (ii,iii,v).
Crepis rubra L.
General distribution: S Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Thrace, Greece, Crete, Lesvos, and Asia Minor (Babcock, 1947; Lamond, 1975; Peev et al., 2009).
Distribution in Turkey: NW of Turkey, the region of Canakkale (Lamond, 1975). Crepis rubra is a rare species in the Turkish flora (Lamond, 1975). A1 (A) Canakkale: Erenkoy, 1856, Kirk. However, not any specimen could be collected from Erenkoy in the province of Canakkale during our field studies. We observed that urbanisation and agriculture activities were common in that area.
New and so far unpublished chorological data on C. rubra in Turkey: B1 Canakkale: Dümbrek Village, Dümbrek valley, 160 m a.s.l., 25.04.2014, Inceer, 1075 (KTUB) (Fig. 1G, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - from early April to early May and fruiting - May.
Habitat: It grows in meadows, wet places and woodland, 160 m a.s.l.
Population information: The population size is very small and consists of less than 50 individuals, the covering area of a few square metres.
Threats: It is threatened by conversion of natural habitats into arable land, as well as competition from woody plants. The population of this species is prone to extinction from the Turkish flora in the near future, unless in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are established as soon as possible.
Previous assessment: Vulnarable (VU) at regional level for Turkey (Ekim et al., 2000).
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 4 km2.
a) Number of locations: One location (Canakkale).
b) Continuing decline has been observed in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), and number of mature individuals (v).
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Critically Endangered (EN) - CR: B2ab (ii,iii,v).
Crepis syriaca (Bornm.) Babcock.
General distribution: Syria, Lebanon and Turkey (Babcock, 1947; Lamond, 1975).
Distribution in Turkey: S of Turkey. Distribution of C. syriaca is very local in Turkey. One locality for the species has been recorded in the Flora of Turkey (Lamond, 1975). C6 Maras: Ahir Dagi, 800 m a.s.l., Haradj, 1511; C6 Kahramanmaras: Ahir Dagi, 1390 m a.s.l., 18.05.2013, Inceer, 990 (KTUB) (Fig. 1E, Fig. 2).
Phenology: Flowering - from early to late May and fruiting - June.
Habitat: It grows in meadows, roadsides, rocky slopes and woodland in Turkey, 800-1390 m a.s.l.
Population information: The population is represented by several hundreds of individuals that grow in dense, but distant and fragmented subpopulations.
Threats: This species is threatened by habitat loss due to competition from woody and invasive plants.
Previous assessment: At regional level, the species was assigned to Vulnarable (VU) in Turkey (Ekim et al., 2000).
Criteria applied:
Criterion B: AOO: 4 km2.
a) Number of locations: One location (Kahramanmaras).
b) Decline is estimated in the area of occupancy (ii), extent and quality of habitat (iii), number of subpopulations (iv), numbers of mature individuals (v).
IUCN threatened status in Turkey: Critically Endangered (CR) - CR: B2ab (ii,iii,iv,v).
Conclusions
The present results reveal that the studied taxa of Crepis are critically endangered (CR) or endangered (EN) in Turkey because of their small geographical distribution and narrow habitat specificity. In addition, all the taxa studied are directly and/or indirectly threatened by several antropogenic pressures such as tourism, agriculture, grazing, pollution or urbanisation, and competition with woody or invasive plants. Besides, our findings show that C. aurea subsp. olympica and C. foetida subsp. glandulosa are prone to extinction in the near future unless in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are established as soon as possible.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank anonymous reviewers for comments which improved the manuscript considerably, and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBI-TAK, Project No.112T132) for financial support.
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ОЦЕНКА ОХРАНЫ НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕДКИХ И ЭНДЕМИЧНЫХ ТАКСОНОВ CREPIS (ASTERACEAE) В ТУРЦИИ
Х. Инсер*, Н. А. Калмук
Черноморский технический университет, Турция *e-mail: inceer@ktu.edu.tr
Составление Красных списков это ценный инструмент для повышения осведомленности о тех таксонах, которые находятся под угрозой исчезновения. Это первый шаг к освещению проблемы ухудшения состояния и исчезновения видов, а также поощрения политических деятелей в этом направлении. В этом исследовании представлены новые или пересмотренные статусы угрожаемости для пяти редких и двух эндемичных таксонов рода Crepis из Турции на основе категорий и критериев Красного списка МСОП. Были исследованы следующие виды: Crepis amanica, C. aurea subsp. olympica, C. bithynica, C. dioscoridis, C. foetida subsp. glandulosa, C. rubra и C. syriaca. Область обитания была рассчитана для каждого таксона с помощью программного обеспечения GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool) и с использованием сетки карты размером 2 * 2 км. Карта распространения была построена с помощью программы ArcGIS v. 10.3. Для оценки природоохранного статуса таксонов были использованы современные категории и критерии Красного списка МСОП. Новые полевые наблюдения, размеры популяций и новые или обновленные статусы угрожаемости были представлены для каждого таксона. Таксоны были распределены по группам «таксонов, находящихся на грани полного исчезновения» или «исчезающих таксонов» в связи с малым географическим распространением, узкой биотопической специфичностью и низким обилием на территории Турции. На основе категорий МСОП наши результаты показывают, что исследованные таксоны находятся под воздействием прямых и / или непрямых угроз со стороны человеческой деятельности (таких как туризм, сельское хозяйство, выпас скота, загрязнение среды или урбанизации), конкуренции с древесными или инвазионными растениями.
Ключевые слова: Cichorieae, Красный список, МСОП, распространение, угрожаемый
