CC BY
41
UDC 616.22-002-008.5-057:37.011.3-051]-084
https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2020.3.214858
I.V. Savushina 1, O.I. Pavlenko 1, Y.V. Zos'ka 2
2
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL LARYNGITIS IN TEACHERS
SI "Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Industrial Medicine" 1 Vinohradova str., 40, Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk Region, 50096, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Classical private university 2
Zhukovskoho str., 70 b, Zaporizhzhia, 69002, Ukraine e-mail: [email protected]
ДУ «Укратсъкий науково-до^дний incmumym промислово'1 медицини» 1 вул. Виноградова, 40, Кривий Рг Дтпропетровсъка область, 50096, Украша Класичний приватний утверситет 2 вул. Жуковсъкого, 70б, Запорiжжя, 69002, Украша
Цитування: Медичт перспективы. 2020. Т. 25, № 3. С. 161-168 Cited: Medicni perspektivi. 2020;25(3):161-168
Key words: working conditions of teachers, morbidity of teachers, chronic laryngitis, voce load, prevention of occupational laryngitis, therapy of occupational laryngitis
Ключовi слова: умови прац1 вчителiв, захворюванкть вчителiв, хротчний ларингт, голосове навантаження, профтактика професшного ларингiту, лщвання професшного ларингту
Ключевые слова: условия труда учителей, заболеваемость учителей, хронический ларингит, голосовые нагрузки, профилактика профессионального ларингита, лечение профессионального ларингита
Abstract. Prevention of occupational laryngitis in teachers. Savushina I.V., Pavlenko O.I., Zos'ka Y.V. The
number of people in need of phoniatric help is constantly increasing. People with voice problems are of working age. The object of researche: lowering risk of progression of vocal pathology based on a comprehensive system of management of teachers' occupational risks. Hygienic, epidemiological, sanitary-statistical, in-depth medical examination method and mathematical-statistical methods were applied. Working conditions of teachers are characterized by complex effects of harmful production factors, which can reach 3d degree of 3d class of harmful work by intensity (according to the calculated points 3,63), 2nd degree of 3d class of harmful pressure on vocal apparatus (27,52±3,54 hours), 1st degree of 3d class of harmful by equivalent noise level and unfavorable microclimate. The most widespread pathologies of the vocal apparatus are chronic hypertrophic laryngitis (190,20±22,61) and chronic catarrhal laryngitis (131,00±15,07 cases). Almost 70% of occupational laryngitis cases are in the age group of 46-60 years. The critical length of service influenced by voice load is 10-19 years. The length of service more than 20 years in conditions of voice load increases the etiological percent of occupational pathology causes to 81,8%. Therefore, an age of 45,8±0,5 and older is dangerous for the occupational laryngitis progression and requires a special approach of development and implementation of preventive measures aimed at maintaining of occupational health. Suggested complex of measures increase the healthy life by 7,3 years and reduce the loss of healthy life years determined by the impact of voice activity by 7,1 years. At the same time for physical health component (PH) by 4,5 and 4,3, and the psychological health component (MH) by 10,3 and 10,1 years QALYrespectively.
Реферат. Профшактика професшного ларинпту у вчшегав. Савушина 1.В., Павленко О.1., Зоська Я.В.
Коло оаб, як потребують фонiатричноi допомоги, у наш час постшно збыьшуеться. Люди з патологieю голосу перебувають у працездатному вiцi. Метою до^джень було: зниження ризику розвитку професiйноi патологи голосового апарату на пiдставi обтрунтування комплексно'1' системи керування професшним ризиком у вчителiв. Шд час до^джень був застосований гiгieнiчний, епiдемiологiчний, сантарно-статистичний метод поглибленого медичного обстеження та математико-статистичний метод. Умови працi вчителiв характеризуются комплексним впливом шюдливих виробничих факторiв, ят можуть досягати 3 ступеня 3 класу шюдливого за напружетстю пращ (згiдно з розрахованими балами 3,63), 2 ступеня 3 класу шюдливого за навантаженням на голосовий апарат (27,52±3,54 години), 1 ступеня 3 класу шюдливого за еквiвалентним рiвнем шуму та несприятливим мжро^матом. Найбтьш розповсюдженою патологieю голосового апарату у вчителiв е хротчний гiпертрофiчний ларингт (190,20±22,61) та хротчний катаральний ларингт (131,00±15,07 випадка). Майже 70% випадюв професшного ларингту припадае на вшову групу 46-60 роюв.
20/ Том XXV/ 3
Критичним стажем роботи в умовах впливу голосового навантаження е 10-19 роюв. Стаж роботи понад 20 роюв в умовах голосового навантаження збыьшуе етiологiчну частку в причинах виникнення профестноI патологИ до 81,8%. Тому вiк працiвника понад 45,8±0,5 е критичним у ризику розвитку професшного захворювання, що потребуе особливого пiдходу при розробцi та впровадженнi профыактичних заходiв, спрямованих на збереження професшного здоров'я. Запропонований комплекс заходiв збшьшить здорову частку життя на 7,3 року i зменшить втрати роюв здорового життя на 7,1 року, в тому чиШ для ф1зичного компоненту здоров 'я (PH) на 4,5 i 4,3 i психологiчного компоненту здоров 'я (MH) на 10,3, 10,1 рошв QALY вiдповiдно.
The problem of the occupational health of teachers in Ukraine is currently underestimated [1, 5, 12]. Although the national doctrine of educational development determines the accelerated, proactive and innovate educational development in the first quarter of the 21st century, which, accordingly, will increase the risk of occupational pathology of teachers [4]. This problem is not unique to Ukraine, but is being developed by scientists all over the world [7, 8, 10, 11].
The number of people in need of phoniatric help is constantly increasing. These include professional actors, singers, radio and television announcers, teachers, and service workers [2, 9].
People with voice problems are of working age (20-60 years), so voice rehabilitation is socially important to them [1, 3, 6].
Despite the number of scientific researches, the least studied question is lowering risk of progression of voce pathology based on a comprehensive system of management of teachers' occupational risks, which was determined as an object of research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Hygienic, epidemiological, sanitary-statistical, in-depth medical examination method and mathematical-statistical methods were applied in the research. The stages and scope of the research are shown in Figure 1.
The study and evaluation of conditions were performed by classical hygienic methods. The likelihood of occupational laryngitis was calculated according to a standard methodology for determining risk (Izmer N.F., Denisov E.I., 2003), based on the analysis of ambulatory charts of 63 teachers with voice apparatus disease associated with working conditions. The health of 93 teachers was assessed by determining the level of features of functioning of the circulatory system and the adaptive capacity of the whole organism according to the formula (Bayevsky et al., 1987). To identify and evaluate the risks of occupational pathology, an international methodology was applied (Murtonen M., 2004; Kalkis V., 2005). Standard DALY methodology was used to determine the effectiveness of the proposed measures (Homedes N., 1996).
To determine the statistical significance of the differences in the characteristics of the investigated independent samples with normal distribution, the parametric criterion t-student test for independent samples was used. In the case of distribution other than normal, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. Statistical processing of the material was performed using IBM's SPSS 20.0 software for Windows i Microsoft Excel 2003 (N HK9TK-GB4KD-3936D-8R6C8-DJTHD) Ta STATISTICA 6.0. (N 31415-9265-35897).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Working conditions of teachers in general educational institutions. Work of teacher belongs to the 2nd class of allowable by severity indicators (working position "standing", forced bending of the trunk more than 30°), and it belongs to 3d degree of 3 d class of harm by indicators of intensity (according to calculated points 3,63) according to Order N 248 of 08.04.2014 DSN-P «Hygienic classification of labor by indicators of harm and danger of industrial environment, severity and intensity of labor process».
The microclimate parameters of the teachers' workplace, both in the warm and cold year periods very greatly, which is related to the cabinet location (floor, corner office, the location of windows), the presence or absence of central heating and belong to 1st degree 3d class of harm.
While writing the materials on the blackboard, or in the case of wiping the board with a dry cloth, a dust cloud with calcium carbonate content may form, which is part of school chalk at a concentration of 0.012 mg/m3 to 0.068 mg/m3 with an average of 0.03±0.00 mg/m3 at the normative level -0.05 mg/m3, which belongs to 2nd class of allowable.
Equivalent level of noise at the workplace of scientific-natural lyceum teacher exceeds the allowable level by 35 dB, which refers to the 1st degree of the 3d class of harm.
As result of the study of sanitary and microbiological parameters of the working area air in the classroom, it was found that during the shift the total microbial number gradually increases from 569.33±174.55 microorganisms in a time from 8.00-8.30 to 2333.33±209.13 microorganisms at 14.15-14.45, but
it does not exceed the requirements of sanitary standards (4500 microorganisms/m3). Thus, there is gradual air pollution (during the work shift) of the teacher's working area with bacteria.
Summing up, working conditions of a secondary school teacher belongs to 3d degree of 3d class of harm according to general hygienic assessment (table 1).
Stage III - determining the risk of developing professional laryngitis in teachers
Fig. 1. Design, scopes and methods of research
Table 1
General hygienic characteristic of teachers working conditions
1 Chemical 2
2 Biological 2
3 Physical: noise 3.1
Microclimate:
4 - warm period of a year 3.1
- cold period of a year 3.1
5 Severity of labor 2
6 Labor intensity 3.3
7 General hygienic assessment 3.3
Structure and prevalence of general and occupational pathology of secondary school teachers. Chronic hypertrophic laryngitis is the most widespread pathology of the vocal apparatus in Kryvyi Rih (190.20±22.61), making is 30.39% and chronic catarrhal laryngitis (131.00±15.07 cases) making 20.93% and in total it makes up 51.32% of the total number of diseases of the vocal apparatus of teachers.
Functional changes of the vocal apparatus include: functional dysphonia, phonasthenia, aphonia, hypotonic and hypertensive dysphonia, mutational dysphonia, hemorrhage into the vocal cords with temporary disability, which are the precursors of the occupational pathology. Organic changes of the vocal apparatus include - exfoliation of the mucous membranes of the vocal cords, postoperative laryngeal fibrosis, chronic catarrhal laryngitis, chronic hypertrophic laryngitis, chronic hyperplastic laryngitis, benign conditions on the larynx, Crick's nodes, preganglionic state, monochords, that lead to persistent disability and require prolonged outpatient and inpatient treatment.
Almost 70% occupational laryngitis cases are in the age group of 46-50 years, 51-55 years and 56-60 years.
The critical length of service influenced by voice stress is 10-19 years. Thus 60% of occupational laryngitis cases occur exactly during this period.
Determining the risk of functial dysphonia progression and the voice stress adaptive capacity of teachers.
The features of the adaptive reaction and level of emotional stress essentially influence the quality of blood circulation of the vocal cords of teachers. Adaptive potential index increasing above the norm by 0.1 c.u. leads to the risk of vocal cords damage by 27.0%. Increasing of the teachers' adaptive capacity to the norm reduces the risk of damage of vocal cords by 45%. At the same time, for the workers with voice stress length of service up to 20 years by 22%, and for length of servise more than 30 years - by 51%.
It is possible to reduce the number of circulatory disorders in the vocal cords by 50% and tone by 24.8% by decreasing of stress level (S) to normal (Table 2).
The dose of noise caused by the teacher's voice has a high correlation with occupational vocal cords disease, with functional vocal cords disorders.
Determination of acceptable duration (dose) of teachers' voice stress. The voice stress dose of 64.2±0.7 dB can be considered as safe (the risk of getting functional voice disorders is zero), 64.4±0.7 dB - as the borderline dose (the risk of functional dysphonia is 0.034), and 65.2±0.7 dB or more - as dangerous (the risk of functional dysphonia is 0.407).
Table 2
Risk of the vocal cords discoloration depending on the level of stress received
S - level of stress received, relative units Risk AR Odds ratio OR Index x2 Significance P Criterion 9 by V. Cramer K Chuprov Bound power according to recommendations Rea & Parker
Less 1,12 0,22 - - - - -
More 1,12 0,44 2,8±0,6 3,0 p<0,084 0,236 average
Determination of teachers' occupational vocal apparatus pathology progression risk indicates that after 20 years length of service in conditions of voice stress at risk of laryngeal disease progression teacher's age prevails the voice stress and its etiological percent of causes the incidence of the disease increases from 67.7% to 81.8%. Therefore, an employee's age of 45.8±0.5 and older is dangerous for the occupational laryngitis progression and requires a special approach of development and implementation of preventive measures aimed at maintaining of occupational health.
The highest chances of transition of functional (initial) vocal apparatus changes into organic ones (occupational laryngitis) influenced by the voice stress occur after 15-19 years length of service and more. After 25 years of experience, the chances diminish giving place to the overall aging of the body.
Substantiation of comprehensive system for managing the teacher's occupational laryngitis progression risk. Existing levels of occupational morbidity for chronic laryngitis, general morbidity among teachers of general education institutions that lead to disability and inability to fully engage in professional activity require the development and implementation of modern effective risk management measures to reduce morbidity, maintain high levels of working capacity and improve working conditions (Fig. 2).
Our modified complex of services for the treatment and prevention of functional disorders of the vocal apparatus relapses includes health aids (emoxipine, quercetin, stomatophyte A, instillations into the larynx of lemon essential oil, saline), physiotherapy treatment (massage of neck and collar zone with lavender oil, vibrational massage of the larynx and neck, coniferous and valerian baths (general) with hypo and hypertonic conditions, respectively, salt baths (foot) with hypertonic conditions, electrosleep), psychological (work with a psychologist), improvement of the general condition (spa treatment). The overall effectiveness of our
complex of services ranges from 14.39% to 28.14%, which indicates the high efficiency of the proposed measures to manage the recurrence of functional disorders of the vocal apparatus.
Our research indicated that increasing of the teachers' capacity to adapt to the norm reduces the risk of vocal cords damage by 45 %. In this case, teachers with length of service of up to 20 years -by 22% and with more than 30 years - by 51%. By reducing the stress level to normal the number of circulatory disorders cases in the vocal cords can be narrowed by 50% and the tone of the vocal cords by 24.8%.
According to the calculated indicators in Kryvyi Rih, teachers lose 378 years DALY. According to a typical city lyceum - 11.96 DALY, and teacher with occupational laryngitis - 5.98 years DALY. We should add years lost with acute illness, which precedes occupational disability.
The duration of a healthy proportion of teaching experience is almost halved compared to the control group in the presence of occupational disease. The presence of functional dysphonia reduces the duration of healthy teaching experience by 26%. In this case, the loss of a healthy proportion in the presence of occupational disease is five times more than in the comparison group, and with functional dysphonia - by 3.4 times.
Individualized preventive risk management measures increase the healthy life by 7.3 years and reduce the loss of healthy life years determined by the impact of voice activity by 7.1 years including physical health component (PH) by 4.5 and 4.3, and the psychological health component (MH) by 10,3 and 10,1 years QALY respectively.
One dollar invested in risk management (prevention) of voice stress gives an additional 14 days of a healthy life. For the psychological component (MH) this indicant is 29 days QALY. The benefit of prevention outweighs the cost of it (utility-to-value ratio>1) and the benefit of it is 2.5 times more than treatment.
Fig. 2. General algorithm of assessment system and risk management of teachers' occupational laryngitis progression
МЕДИЧН1ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ / MEDICNIPERSPEKTIVI
CONCLUSION
1. Teachers' working conditions are characterized by comprehensive impact of harmful production factors, which can reach 3d degree of 3d class of harm by indicators of intensity (according to calculated points 3,63), 2nd degree of 3 class of harm by vocal apparatus stressing, the total number of hours with the stressing of the vocal apparatus during the week (27.52±3.54 hours), 1st degree of 3 class of harm by equivalent noise level and adverse microclimate especially during the intermittent and cold seasons.
2. Chronic hypertrophic laryngitis is the most widespread teachers' pathology of the voce apparatus (190.20±22.61), which is 30.39% and chronic catarrhal laryngitis (131.00±15.07 cases) also, which is 20.93% and summarizing it makes up 51.32% of the total number of diseases of the vocal apparatus of teachers. Almost 70% occupational laryngitis cases are in the age group of 46-50 years, 51-55 years and 56-60 years. The critical length of service influenced by voice stress is 10-19 years. Thus 60%
of occupational laryngitis cases occur exactly during this period.
3. The length of service more than 20 years in conditions of voice stress increases the etiological percent of occupational pathology causes to 81.8%. Therefore, an employee's age of 45.8±0.5 and older is dangerous for the occupational laryngitis progression and requires a special approach of development and implementation of preventive measures aimed at maintaining of occupational health.
4. Based on the researche data the complex of scientifically-prevented and sanitary-prevented measures which increase the healthy life by 7.3 years and reduce the loss of healthy life years determined by the impact of voice activity by 7,1 years was developed. For physical health component (PH) by 4.5 and 4.3, and the psychological health component (MH) by allows the 10.3 and 10.1 years QALY respectively.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Стаття надшшла до редакцп 14.04.2020
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