CC BY
190
УДК 57.033
Чарыев Р.Р.1, Исмаилова А.И.1, Мирзаев Г.Р.2
1Ташкентский государственный технический университет им. Ислама Каримова,
г. Ташкент, Узбекистан 2Оренбургский государственный университет, г Оренбург, Россия E-mail: [email protected]
ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОД ТАШКЕНТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН
Водные ресурсы имеют большое значение в жизни человека, для Республики Узбекистан водных ресурсов достаточное количество, но благодаря климатическим и географическим особенностям водные ресурсы распределены крайне неравномерно и являются ограниченными. В настоящее время, в связи с ростом численности населения, количеством городов, расширением орошаемых земель, развитием промышленности все это пагубно отражается на качестве воды. Промышленные сточные воды загрязняют экосистемы самыми разнообразными компонентами в зависимости от специфики отраслей промышленности. При этом объем сброса промышленных сточных вод во многие водные экосистемы не только не уменьшается, но и продолжает расти.
Выявлена причина всех имеющихся проблем: нерациональное использование общих водных ресурсов, в том числе подземных вод отраслями народного хозяйства и орошаемого земледелия. Исследования последних лет показали, что гидрохимический режим поверхностных вод меняется как под влиянием физико-географических факторов, во-первых, климатических факторов, так и антропогенных факторов: сельское хозяйство, ирригационные сооружения и промышленность. Результаты говорят о необходимости проведения фундаментальных исследований по выявлению закономерностей в гидрохимическом режиме поверхностных вод Ташкентской области Республики Узбекистан с учетом современных условий и базы данных, накопленных в гидрохимической лаборатории.
Ключевые слова: запас пресных подземных вод, водозаборные сооружения, мониторинговые наблюдения, загрязнение поверхностных вод.
UDC 57.033
Charyev R.R.1, Ismailova A.I.1, Mirzaev G.R.2
1Tashkent State Technical University of Islam Karimov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
POLLUTION OF SURFACE WATER OF THE TASHKENT REGION OF THE UZBEKISTAN REPUBLIC
The article considers the possibility of conservation of surface water resources, their rational using and prevention of depletion. The cause of all available problems is identified: irrational using of common water resources, including groundwater by branches of the national economy and in irrigated agriculture. The ways and methods of solution with a view to conserving surface water resources are proposed. At present, in connection with the growth of population, the number of cities, the expansion of irrigated lands, the problem of surface water pollution is associated with demographic and economic processes. Researches of last years have shown that the hydrochemical regime of surface waters varies both under the influence of physico-geographical factors (firstly it is climatic factors) and anthropogenic factors (agriculture, irrigation facilities and industry). It allows us to conclude that there is a need for fundamental research on the identification of regularities in the hydrochemical regime of surface waters in the Tashkent region of the Uzbekistan Republic, considering the modern conditions and the database accumulated in the hydrochemistry laboratory. If several decades ago the rivers flowed predominantly in the natural waters, now in the flat territory collector-drainage water takes a significant part of their source, the size of which within Uzbekistan is significant - their total volume is 23 km for the year. This is water, flowing from drains and collectors from irrigated territory and falling back into rivers or into various natural deepening: lakes, cavities, ravines. Since the vast majority of water resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan - 92%, is used for irrigation needs, and for all non-irrigation - 8%, then the main anthropogenic impact on surface and groundwater is provided by irrigation. The mineralization of these waters varies from 2 to 10 g/m in different regions of Uzbekistan.
Key words: reserve of unleavened groundwater, water intake equipments, monitoring observations, pollution of surface water.
On this particular background, it is possible to reveal the impact of cities on waterflows only on the example of such large industrial center as
Tashkent. Urban agglomerations are characterized by a high level of development of the territory, compact of living of people, developed commu-
Charyev R.R. et al._
nal economy and industrial production. Therefore, cities affect all components of the natural environment. The most important problem is the pollution of surface and groundwater due to the release of pollutants into them and their washout from urban territories [1]-[3].
In last decade The decline in industrial production has had a positive effect on the quality of surface water. At the same time, the emergence of numerous small companies, unauthorized dropping of various common and especially construction waste products into coastal sites and streams, the deterioration in the quality of cleaning urban areas, untimely removal of garbage and flushing of waste products from the surface of cities are powerful factors in the pollution of intracity waterways and reservoirs [4], [8].
Depending on the improvement of accommodation, its sewerage, the accordance of water supply systems with modern requirements, the specific water consumption varies in rather wide limits. In Tashkent, the highest specific water consumption is 250-300 liters per day, and by 2017 it was expected to achieve 340 liters per day by person. It should be noted that this amount includes water consumption by the food industry [5].
Unfortunately, the sewage systems of industrial cities, used in our country until recently, usually provide for the combination of industrial and domestic sewarage. The total sewarage flow of modern cities is, as a rule, a blend of domestic and industrial wastewater. The chemical composition of sewarage and domestic water is very diverse: it contains over 70 substances, but mostly they are contaminated with physiological waste (fecal water) [11]-[13].
The composition and concentration of polluting components in industrial wastewater depends to a large extent on the nature of the industry, the type of raw materials, which are used, the technology of its processing, the utilization of liquid and solid industrial wastes and the degree of purification. Among the types of industrial wastewater, the most complicated and toxic composition is water of the oil refining and chemical industries (for example, Chirchik factory «Electrokhimprom», «Caprolaktam», Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine). In the waste waters of the companies of non-ferrous metallurgy, carbonic, soda industries, the production of mineral fertilizers, there are mainly mineral substances and the most common are the
Pollution of surface water of the Tashkent region...
ions of calcium, magnesium, chlorides, ammonium sulfates, nitrites, nitrates, heavy metals-iron, copper, zinc, chromium and nickel [10].
On the territory of the Tashkent there are 600 large and medium-sized water users, as well as about 2600 objects of medium and small businesses, operating on the water objects of the city. Of these, 300 have water intakes or effluents into open reservoirs. One of the most significant water users in Tashkent and the provider of waste water to the network of canals and collectors is the Metropolitan, which takes 11265 thousand m3 by year from water sources. According to the Vodgeo Institute, 497.8 m3 by day comes to the sewer system, another 472.6 m3 by day is dropped through collectors and canals through special drainage systems. In addition, from the metro system, the pump is pumped out of wells with 28,272 m3 by day water wells, groundwater, which are also fed to the canals and collectors of the city with the help of special drainage systems - HEU. 5744 thousand m3 by year are located at the underground in the circulating water supply [6]-[7].
According to the City Committee for Nature Protection, a total of 6.74 million m3/year is dropped into the city's watercourses [9].
The influence of the city on the pollution of watercourses can be identified by considering the change ofthe concentrations of contaminants along the length of the watercourses from the entrance to the city before exiting it. Over 100 different canals pass through the territory of Tashkent, 48 of them are medium and large, their total length exceeds 240 km. All of them are provided with water river Chirchik, on the right coast of which is Tashkent. The irrigation department of the Tashkent regional control of water economy is involved in the exploitation of the city's canals.
The largest channels are Bozsy, Karakamysh, Kalhaus, Burzhar, Karasu, June and some of them have a centuries-old history. An extensive network of small canals irrigates not only the center of the city, but all its outskirts. Stabilized water consumption is impossible without a drainage system - vertical and horizontal, which operates in the city. The largest horizontal collector is the Salar, the draining center and the southeast of Tashkent [14]-[16].
In this way, in order to save the resources of surface waters, their rational using and prevent of depletion along with the measures taken by the government of the republic, the authors consider it necessary to:
BEOTHMK OpEHsyproKom moyMAPorBEHHom yhmbepomteta 2017 № 12 (212) 79
Biological sciences
1. Develop and implement measures to reduce and regulate discharges of collector-drainage and other sewarage (communal and industrial) into surface water courses, which are the main source of groundwater supply.
2. Gradually reduce the using of unleavened groundwater for various needs of industry and agriculture, for this purpose, replace them with poorly mineralized, especially in irrigated zones with a high level of groundwater, where vertical drainage along with meliorative effect will replenish the resources of irrigation water.
3. Overload the equipping of water intake facilities and water users with devices for recording
water using, and also restore and categorize reporting on the using of water.
4. Improve the pricing policy and payment for the using of water resources, which will stimulate their economical consumption.
5. Use bioagrotehnology in agriculture, increasing the content of humus in the soil, protecting groundwater from pollution.
6. Develop recommendations and technical offers on the rational using of water resources from underground sources and investigate the water intake system for the effective using of artesian pumping installations, in terms of energy and water conservation.
20.09.2017
References:
1. Glazovsky N.F. Aral crisis. Causes of emergence and ways out / N.F. Glazovsky - M.: Science, 1990. - 136 pp. : 1.50.
2. Investigation of environmental pollution in the Central Asian region. Methods of prediction and assessment of impact. - Moscow: Gidrometeoizdat, 1990.
3. Karimov I. Uzbekistan on the threshold of the 21st Century, 1997
4. Kupriyanov E. Water is turns out. Knowledge is a Power, No. 12, 1991
5. Minashina N. Ecological consequences of land reclamation and water building in the Aral Sea. Environmental Alternative / Ed. M.Ya. Lemesheva, Moscow: 1990, p. 350-371
6. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan No. 139 «About the National Strategy and Action Plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Conservation of Biological Variety» dated April 1, 1998 [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.lex.uz/pages/ getpage.aspx?lact_id=803874
7. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 212 «About the Program of Actions for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2008-2012» dated September 19, 2008 [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.lex.uz/ pages/getpage.aspx?lact_id=1392868
8. Problems of the environment and natural resources. № 10, 1990
9. Khidirov A.A. Researches of the state and using of groundwater resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan // Young Scientist. - 2016. -№ 12. - P. 438-441.
10. Chambarisov E.I. The study of collector-drainage waters of Uzbekistan for the purpose of their using in agriculture // The significance of the Turkmen lake «Altyn Asyr» in improving the ecological state of the region: Materials of the international scientific conference. -Ashgabat, 2010. - P. 229-233.
11. Chambarisov E.I., Nasrulin A.B., Lesnik T.Yu., Khojamuratova R.T. Experience of revealing regularities of migration of readily soluble salts in surface waters of large river basins of Uzbekistan // Problems of Rational Use and Protection of Biological Resources of Southern Priaralye: Materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference. - Nukus. - P. 106-107.
12. Shodiev S.R., Chembarisov E.I. Hydrochemistry of river and collector-drainage waters of the south-west of Uzbekistan // Issues of Geography and Geoecology Almaty, Kazakhstan. - 2010. - No. 1. - C. 40-48.
13. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). "Section 1:Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources". In Schmoll, O; Howard, G; Chilton G. Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water. IWA Publishing for WHO.
14. Smith, M; Cross, K; Paden, M; Laben, P, eds. (2016). Spring - managing groundwater sustainably. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-83171789-0.
15. Philips, P.J.; Chalmers, A.T.; Gray, J.L.; Kolpin, D.W.; Foreman, W.T.; Wall, G.R. (2012). "2012. Combined Sewer Overflows: An Environmental Source of Hormones and Wastewater Micropollutants". Environmental Science and Technology. 46 (10): 5336-43. PMC 3352270 Freely accessible. PMID 22540536. doi:10.1021/es3001294.
16. Pfunt, H; Houben, G; Himmelsbach, T (2016). "Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin". Hydrogeology Journal. 24 (6): 1343-1358. doi:10.1007/s10040-016-1418-7.
Сведение об авторах
Чарыев Р.Р., магистр Ташкентского государственного технического университета им. Ислама Каримова,
Узбекистан, г Чирчик.
Исмаилова А.И., магистр Ташкентского государственного технического университета им. Ислама Каримова,
Узбекистан, г. Чирчик.
Мирзаев Г.Р., магистр кафедры биологии и почвоведения химико-биологического факультета Оренбургского государственного университета E-mail: [email protected] 460018, г Оренбург, пр-т Победы, д. 13
