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Section 9. Agricultural sciences
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-162-167
Jurayev Umid Anvarovich, researcher, Department of Irrigation and Melioration, Bukhara Branch of Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Balla Dagmar,
professor, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF),
Muncheberg, Germany Khamidov Muhammadkhon Khamidpovich, professor, Department of Irrigation and Melioration, Tashkent Institute
of Irrigation and Melioration, Uzbekistan.
Khamidov Ahmad Muhammadkhonovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Melioration, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration, Uzbekistan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Improvement of drainage water quality through biological methods: a case study in the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan
Abstract: Agriculture is major sector in the economy of Uzbekistan, which uses about 92% of available water. Due to the country's climatic conditions, almost all agriculture depends on irrigation. Emerging climate change issues have led to the decline of water availability to local farmers. Therefore, the current paper focuses on the effective use of available irrigation water in the period of water scarcity. By decreasing salinity of drainage water we would have a chance to use water for irrigation again. This paper identifies the analysis of the research work on the use of different methods of irrigation to effectively use irrigation water. Particular attention is related to the decrease of drainage water salinity in the Bukhara oasis by biological methods, i. e. by growing Lemna minor water plants.
Keywords: Drainage water, dry residue, Lemna minor, salinity, water plants, water scarcity.
Introduction
Today there is a lack of water resources in the countries engaged in farming, including in Uzbekistan. Along with the increase in population in the globe, as well as environmental issues gain increasing demand of healthy food and clean drinking water. The population of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1990 was 20 million. Man. Today this figure has reached 31.5 million in the country. People (2016) or if it is expressed as a percentage of increased for 1.5 times. Based on this water saving and rational use, and the exact same creation of additional water sources is one of the most pressing problems.
In Uzbekistan, the area of irrigated agriculture is 4.3 mln. hectares, while there is lack of water, because of this, arise great difficulty in irrigating of fields. To prevent the water insufficiency, reduced water salinity using algae, which are output from the collector drains biological way, then the resulting water is mixed in such a way the river water is used for irrigation of crops. This method creates an effective opportunity that provides sustainable harvest in agriculture.
It is sufficiently known that the salinization of the soil and water resources in the mainly cotton producing agricultural areas of Uzbekistan is limiting both the fertility of land and the utilization of water. During the last 50 years, irrigated areas were expanded largely without considering resource conservation.
Salinity is closely related to drainage conditions. Groundwater tables are too high because of excessive irrigation intensity and
often insufficient drainage systems. Therefore, the Government of Uzbekistan decided a State program (2013-2017) which is focused on new ways for sustainable usage of water resources and the improvement of living conditions for the rural population [2, P. 1-3].
One of the irrigation regions in Uzbekistan is the Bukhara oasis which is covered by 275,000 ha irrigated land. Amelioration systems with drainage and irrigation channels are set up for 219 000 ha. The total length of open channels amounts to 7,045 km. The main natural water source is the Amudarya River, which gets the surface water from the Tajik highlands and discharges into the Aral Sea region. In transit, water is removed for irrigation and is distributed into the channel system (Fig. 1). To control the groundwater tables of the irrigated land as measure against the groundwater salinization, percolation water is discharging back to the main water course or into lakes via drainage systems. In consequence, the salinization level is increasing across the water course and in the open water bodies with serious problems for the environment [6, P. 171-175].
The focus of this research is the Bukhara region, in central Uzbekistan. The Bukhara region was also selected as it contains a diverse ethnic population (e. g. Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmens), and suffers from frequent water shortages, severely salinized soil and groundwater, and extensive waterlogging. Its geographical proximity to an ecologically catastrophic zone, the Aral Sea, also makes it worthy of study.
Figure 1. Location The sharp decline in the fertility of soil salinity of care plants, crops and needs a lot of funds for crop production. Scientists noted that the yield of agricultural crops decreases harvests by the degree of salinity, at the low salinity fields decreases 20-30%, at the average salinity40-60% and at the heavy salinity fields decreases by 70-80% of harvests. According to the plant to reduce the harmful effects of the salts in the saline land crops, agricultural activities and irrigation system maintenance order to develop their own methods.
Scarcity of water resources in Central Asian countries, such as the Republic of Uzbekistan will also impact significantly. After all, among the countries of the region's growing population and the natural ecosystems of social, economic and environmental needs to ensure the sustainable development of water demand remains high [1, P. 23-24].
Evidently, watching water scarcity in Uzbekistan, prevention and the creation of additional sources of water used in irrigation is one of the pressing issues facing the country. Today, in the Republic 55-56 billion m 3 consumption of local river water ofAmudarya and Syrdarya rivers, 92% of this water is used for irrigated farming. This 50% of the used water sticks under the earth itself, and out of the territory through the collector-drainage areas. In particular, the average annual consumption of irrigated areas of the Bukhara Region (4.2-4.6 billion m 3) of water, this indication about 50%, or at least 1.9-2,3 billion m 3 of collector-drainage through the expulsion from the territory of the region [10, P. 39-41].
The aim of research: The current issue is using agriculture water of high salinity collector-drainage waters in Bukhara oasis. This collector-drainage waters with high salinity, and with using this water for agriculture in water scarcity period leads a lot of serious problems. The main objective of the research work is growing
of the study region Lemna minor water plant in mineralization about 3-5 g/l collector-drainage waters, and decrease drainage waters' mineralization. With irrigating variety of cotton "Bukhara-6" reduced mineralization of collector-drainage waters get stable and high yield of cotton and to identify the impact of soil salinity.
Materials and Method
In general, desalination removes dissolved salts from water to certain extent depending on the method applied: distillation in evaporators (thermal method), the ion-exchange method, electro-dialysis, or the reverse-osmosis (membrane) method. Besides these technological, cost-intensive methods for water purification it also may be possible to adapt some low-cost measures like bioremediation [14, P. 114-116]. Although these measures could be less effective than technical methods, and depend strongly on climatic and natural conditions, they could play an important role for the environment [12, P. 24-25].
Methods of phytoremediation of nutrients by plant uptake are used throughout the world, mainly in natural and constructed wetlands. Examples of the main groups of plants used for these eco-technologies are submerged plants such as algae, surface-floating plants such as duckweed (Lemnaceae) and water hyacinths (Eich-hornia sp.), emerged plants such as reeds (Phragmites australis) and bulrushes (Typha latifolia) or, in the subtropical and tropical zones, papyrus sedge (Cyperuspapyrus) [3, P. 146-149].
Sewage treatment with the small aquatic plant duckweed (Lemnaceae) has undergone a revival during the last decades. There is a wealth of literature about its purification behavior (e. g. nutrients, trace metals, toxic substances), and technical solutions for the adaptation of duckweed for waste water treatment. The advantages of duckweed are its fast growth, worldwide occurrence, ease of maintenance and high protein content as fodder.
Growing Lemna minor water plant in mineralization about 3-5 g/l collector-drainage waters in Bukhara oasis in the period of water scarcity, decrease collector-drainage waters' mineralization by biological method, with the result of irrigating variety of cotton "Bukhara-6" reduced mineralization of collector-drainage waters and identify soil salt regime, the growth of cotton, development and productivity. To conduct observations in the Bukhara region, the Bukhara district flows "YULDUZ" drainage canal was selected and carried out a small pond dug, the pool water is re-
moved from the ditch and water plant Lemna minor on drainage waters was grown.
The experiments have been conducted in 2012 and 2013 under the real climate condition. Thus, because of high temperatures during the experimental period the evapotranspiration was to be considered by measured water loss if estimating the salt uptake by plants.
For field investigations in the Bukhara district (Yulduz collector, "Muhammad Choruqiy" farm territory) a cleaning pond was excavated (length: 30 m, width: 5 m) (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Excavated cleaning pond (left) and flow chart of the implementation with collector, and baffles within the cleaning to prolong the retention time (right)
Pool's width is 6.0 m and the length is 120 m, whereas the pond water depth is 2.5 m. Research in the cotton field was done during 2013-2015 on the basis of the adopted methods by the Uzbek Cotton Research Institute's "field of experimental methods" (UZCRI Tashkent-2007) and the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany.
During the research of cotton variety "Bukhara-6" recommended by the Bukhara Branch of Cotton Research Institute of Irrigation, soil moisture LiFCW (Limited field capacity wet) 70-75-65% compared to mineral fertilizers N250, P175, K100 kilos/hectares care. Experiments were carried out on 1 tier, 5 options and 3 repetitions. The amount of water used for irrigation of cotton "STAR" collector mineralization dry residue of 3.9 g/l, Cl-0.374 g/l, SO4-1.348 g/l, HC03-0.476 g/l, Ca-0.228 g/l, Na-0.367 g/l and Mg-0.412 g/l,
after growing Lemna minor water plant on "YULDUZ" collector, decreased mineralization by biological method the amount of salted water residue of 2.8 g/l, the amount of Cl 0.291 g/l, SO4-1.084 g/l, HC03-0.246 g/l, Ca-0.174 g/l and Na-0.311 g/l, Mg-0.284 g/l was equal respectively. Biological treatment of cotton through a variety of methods of irrigation water in the ditch, "Bukhara-6" is carried out irrigation works, cotton growth, development and yield.
Experience in the field of irrigation options for the installation of the regime of the soil 1-meter layer of soil (0-30, 30-70, 70-100 cm) samples at the beginning of the growing season, and after each irrigation and irrigation period, as well as an option at the end of the growing season, soil samples and taken soil samples from the soil Cl; HCO3; SO4; and determined the amount of dry residue (% of the dry weight of the soil) (Table-1).
Table 1. - System of the Experience
Variant number Irrigation soil mois-ture% LiFCW (Limited field capacity wet) Measures of mineral fertilizers Method of irrigation Names of organized events
1-variant 70-75-65% N250; P175; K100. River water for irrigation River water for the area with cotton applied the accepted mode.
2-variant River water irrigation ditch water to the biological treatment (50/50%) The river water is mixed with the water of the ditch cleaned with biological cotton for the region during the growth of the watering regime.
3-variant Salted water to river water for irrigation (50/50%) River water drainage water mixed with cotton applied the accepted modes of irrigation for the region.
4-variant Biological peeled salted water for irrigation Biological peeled salted water with cotton applied the accepted modes of irrigation for the region.
Results and Discussions
The cultivation of agricultural crops should be select watering regime exactly to one type of plant one climate condition needs to provide the necessary water regime. Cotton growth and its development, collecting harvest, the opening duration of cotton bolls and its
quality depends on irrigation terms and times, irrigation schemes, the duration of watering, irrigation at the period of cotton growing, and seasonal irrigation. As well as depending on the phases of developing cotton selecting optimal sustainable irrigation times, and timely irrigation cotton leads to high yield.
By years of experiences irrigation in cotton fields was carried out by system which accepted special for Bukhara district Bukhara province. At the same time, options selected the duration and principle of irrigation depending on the moisture content in the soil. At all options first irrigation moderate in determining soil moisture at 70 cm, then at the next irrigations identified soil moisture in 1 metric layer.
Cotton irrigation limits were calculated by the formula of S. N. Ryjov.
m = 100 ■h ■ J iWLiPCw-Wnw ) + K m3/ ha
Here: WLiFCW - capacity of the field is limited compared to the weight of the soil moist,%;
WNW - weight of the pre-irrigation soil moisture, %;
J - weight fraction of the soil moisture, g/cm 3;
h - value of layer, m;
K - consumption of water used for evaporation, m 3/ha (layer due to sufficient moisture 10%).
The amount of water given to each field test area, bullet - installed on top of the water in the waterway were measured using a device for measuring the water "Chipoletti" BH-60. Based on the results of 2-table. Conducted experiments in the areas of irrigation on 1-3-1 system and 5 times watered.
On the period of research studied the methods of irrigations' effects of salt accumulation in the soil. Salinity of soils declines fer-
tility of plants, to care of plants and a lot of funds for crop production. According to these, in order to reduce harmful effects of salts to plant in the saline land crops irrigation system implementation and maintenance of order will have to develop their own methods [8, P. 87-90].
Research methods for cotton irrigation watering seasonal salt accumulation in the soil analyzed. During the experiments, the amount of salt by taking samples of the soil before the seeds before drilling laboratory analysis. The analysis%, HC03-0.033%, the amount of S04 0.048%, and the dry residue amount was equal to 0.128%. At the end of the validity period of growth can be seen an increase of the value of all salts in the soil, only the amount of HC03 decreased compared to the first position by the end of the vegetation.
At the end of the vegetation chlorine (CL), if we analyze the changes in the amount of land irrigated with river water 1 variant arable (0-40 cm) layer of chlorine, which is equal to the amount of 0.014%, plowing the ground (40-70 cm) layer, the first to result from the amount of chlorine exceed 0.003%, 0.014%, 0.015% at the end of the vegetation in the 0-100 cm layer, the company said. Research has 2options, that cleared the water of the river biologist fields irrigated by water from the ditch to the soil arable (0-40 cm) layer of chlorine amounted to 0.015%, plowing the ground layer of 0.014%, 0-100 cm layer of this amount was equal to 0.015%. This is 1 option 0,001-0,002% increase in the amount of chlorine.
Figure 3. The Process of analyzing experimental results holding field and laboratory work
Research on the 3-option chlorine quantity to soil structure by the ending of growth period, on arable layer 0.018%, on under arable layer 0.016% and on layer of 0-100 cm was equal to 0.017%. 5-option of researches, only salted water irrigated cotton field to the highest amount of salts in the soil. This option arable layer chlorine amount of 0.034%, plowing the ground layer of 0.031% and 0-100 cm layer is equal to 0.031%, compared to options 1 and 2 of the arable layer 0,019-0,020% of arable ground layer is 0.018% of chlorine increase.
Irrigation methods studied the effect of the amount of dry residue in the soil arable layer of the beginning of the validity period of growth 0.153%, plowing the ground layer is equal to 0.136% and 0-100 cm layer, which is equal to 0.128% by the end of the validity period of growth options residue 1 The amount of arable layer — growth period increased by 0.079% compared to 0.232%. Driving an underground layer of this value can be equal to 0.193%.
Experiences option-2 residue of the amount of arable layer is equal to 0.241%, 0-100 cm layer of the dry residue amount was equal to 0.178%. 3-version is that the water of the river drainage area of irrigated water to the soil compared to the results obtained in the first layer of dry residual amount of arable exceed 0.091%, indicates 0.244%, 0-100 cm layer, which is equal to 0.196%. Cotton biologist irrigated with water from the ditch cleaned only 4-variant the soil dry residual amount of arable layer 0.243%, plowing the ground layer is 0.210%, 0-100 cm layer of dry residue amount was equal to 0.185%.Experiments 5-variant, which is irrigated with water from the ditch, the amount of residual soil dry fields at the end of the validity period of growth arable layer of 0.283%, plowing the ground layer is 0.236% and 0-100 cm layer 0.244%. The results of the observations made in the years 2014 and 2015, similar to the above given experiments results.
Table 2. - The effect of the irrigation to amount of salts in the soil
A layer of soil, cm At the beginning of the growing season At the end of the growing season
Cl HCO3 SO4 dry residue Cl HCO3 SO4 dry residue
Irrigated with river water field (Option-1)
0-30 0,009 0,029 0,049 0,153 0,014 0,024 0,068 0,232
30-70 0,011 0,032 0,050 0,136 0,014 0,029 0,073 0,193
70-100 0,013 0,035 0,048 0,122 0,016 0,033 0,064 0,161
0-70 0,010 0,030 0,049 0,142 0,014 0,026 0,066 0,202
0-100 0,012 0,033 0,048 0,128 0,015 0,031 0,065 0,167
A biologist with the river water purified water from the ditch to the irrigated field (O ption-2)
0-30 0,009 0,029 0,049 0,153 0,015 0,028 0,068 0,241
30-70 0,011 0,032 0,050 0,136 0,014 0,031 0,072 0,206
70-100 0,013 0,035 0,048 0,122 0,016 0,034 0,065 0,166
0-70 0,010 0,030 0,049 0,142 0,014 0,028 0,066 0,208
0-100 0,012 0,033 0,048 0,128 0,015 0,032 0,067 0,178
River water and drainage water to the irrigated field (Option-3)
0-30 0,009 0,029 0,049 0,153 0,018 0,031 0,069 0,244
30-70 0,011 0,032 0,050 0,136 0,016 0,030 0,074 0,212
70-100 0,013 0,035 0,048 0,122 0,017 0,036 0,068 0,176
0-70 0,010 0,030 0,049 0,142 0,017 0,030 0,071 0,215
0-100 0,012 0,033 0,048 0,128 0,017 0,032 0,069 0,196
Biologists irrigated with water from the ditch, cleaned the field (Option-4)
0-30 0,009 0,029 0,049 0,153 0,016 0,029 0,068 0,243
30-70 0,011 0,032 0,050 0,136 0,014 0,030 0,071 0,210
70-100 0,013 0,035 0,048 0,122 0,016 0,035 0,067 0,170
0-70 0,010 0,030 0,049 0,142 0,015 0,029 0,069 0,211
0-100 0,012 0,033 0,048 0,128 0,015 0,031 0,068 0,185
Irrigated with water from the ditch field (Option-5)
0-30 0,009 0,029 0,049 0,153 0,034 0,056 0,127 0,283
30-70 0,011 0,032 0,050 0,136 0,031 0,062 0,148 0,236
70-100 0,013 0,035 0,048 0,122 0,029 0,0481 0,091 0,214
0-70 0,010 0,030 0,049 0,142 0,033 0,059 0,138 0,260
0-100 0,012 0,033 0,048 0,128 0,031 0,055 0,122 0,244
Conclusions
1. Nowadays often observed water scarcity in Uzbekistan for irrigation has been great difficulties. As a result, getting crops from these fields dramatically decreased.
2. In conditions of the Bukhara region observed of water scarcity areas of high mineralization of collector-drainage waters with growing Lemna minor water plants, decrease water salinity by biological method, irrigation with added to the water of the river, will be economize 50% of the river waters.
3. In conditions of Bukhara region Bukhara district meadow alluvial soil, with irrigation cotton variety "Bukhara-6" yield
41,8 c/ha, adding to river water treatment by water plant Lemna minor by biological method yield of the cotton will be 40,1 c/ha respectively. Drainage water directly to the watered option irrigated with river water option, compared to 13.5 c/ha, and irrigated by river water salted water to the biological treatment option, compared to 11.8 c/ha.
Acknowledgment
This research has been funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) and was implemented by the coor-dinatorship of the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), for which Authors are highly indepted.
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Vegetable fat-composite mix for the production of flour products
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-167-170
Djuraeva Nafisa Radjabovna, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, scientific researcher-applicant, faculty of chemical technology E-mail: [email protected]. Isabayev Ismail Babadjanovich, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, professor, faculty of chemical technology E-mail:[email protected]
Vegetable fat-composite mix for the production of flour products
Abstract: Scientifically proved the reasonability of using vegetable-fat composite blends of animal fats, vegetable oils and wheat flour embryonic product positioned as functional additives, improvers of flour products. The compositions of composites and their cooking technology are worked out.
Keywords: vegetable-fat composite mixture, animal fat, vegetable oil, flour ofwheat germinal products, fatty acid composition, flour products.
At the present stage of development of oil industry the most promising direction of research and development is to create combination products are characterized by a balanced composition of fatty acids. The qualitative composition of fats is essential for the homeostasis of the human body processes. Inadequate dietary intake ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to cardiovascular disease, and structural and functional disorders of the organization of cell membranes [1, P. 20; 2, P. 5-6; 3, P. 287-291].
One of the most important areas in the development of new types of fatty foods is a possibility of formation of their functional properties due to the combination of traditional and non-traditional ingredients. Preferably creating vegetable-fat systems (VFS), balanced fatty acid composition (FAC) and fortified with essential nutrients. Synergistic combinations of vegetable supplements, fats and oils make it possible to obtain products with desired functional properties. Vegetable raw materials are natural source of biologically valuable substances. Using it, it is possible to create products preventive and improving orientation that ensures optimum psycho physiological adaptation to ecologically harsh environments.
As the plant fraction ofVFSis advisable to use non-defatted oil-containing vegetable raw materials. The most significant and prom-
ising is the embryo of wheat product (Triticum vulgare, Triticum durum), PUFA oils which are relatively balanced ratio of families w6 and w3. Triacylglycerols wheat germ contains a significant amount of w3, which is virtually non-existent in many common vegetable oils and fats [3, P. 151-153].
Special attention deserves wheat germ oil as a natural anti-oxidant,which properties are due to the content in it of tocopherols and carotenoids (provitamin A). It should be noted that the content of tocopherols is superior to all known natural sources (more than 400 mg /100 g oil). The composition ofwheat germ oil also includes octacosanol, which is a regulator of lipid oxidation, enhances the antioxidant effect of tocopherols and vitamin A. It is found that the blending of vegetable oils with a low content of vitamin E supplemental applicationof it becomes necessary [1, P. 21; 3, P. 300-303].
However, the direct use of embryonic product in order to take full advantage of the content of botanical oils and other biologically valuable ingredients is constrained due to its instability during storage, even after industrial processing (cleaning, drying, grinding). Therefore particular interest draws possibility ofusing of non-defatted flour from wheat embryo product as a component ofvegetable-fat composite mixes with anhydrous fats and vegetable oils are also
