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Hamidov Fayzullo Ramazonovich, doctoral student of Tiiame, Bukhara branch of Tashkent institute of irrigation and agriculture mechanization engineers
Uzbekistan E-mail: mr.harris@mail.ru
THE ROLE OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION OF RATIONAL USE AND PROTECTION OF LAND RESOURCES
Abstract: The article examines the role of land management in the organization of rational use and protection of land resources in conditions of irrigated agriculture.
In the conditions of a market economy, the republic faces a difficult task: to organize the use and protection of natural resources, including land, so that on the one hand, the processes of deterioration of the fertile soil layer, land degradation, restore and improve them, and, on the other hand, achieve increase the efficiency of agricultural production through the proper organization and conduct of rational land tenure and land use.
Keywords: land plots, erosion, agrotechnical, forest-meliorative, hydrotechnical, sprinkler technology, irrigation schemes, groundwater salinity, methods of drainage.
It has been proved by practice that the tasks set can and introduce contour processing of soils; plan erosion
be solved with the help of many measures, including land management, the main purpose of which is to organize the rational use and protection of lands, create a favorable ecological environment, improve natural landscapes and implement the tasks set by the land legislation documents.
It is known that in the course of design and survey works on land management, such an organization of the territory is formed, which corresponds to the current level of development of production (land) relations and productive forces in various subjects, i. e. in specific organizations, enterprises, institutions or households, which is common to all land management projects. At the same time, in areas with developed water and wind erosion of soils, the organization of the territory must be anti-erosion, which requires land management support for the design of a complex of anti-erosion measures: organizational-economic, agrotechnical, forest-meliorative, hydrotechnical.
In this regard, the boundaries of land plots are designed taking into account the terrain; select the appropriate structure of sown areas, introduce soil protection rotations; conduct inside the field device of the territory with the placement of separately processed working areas, forest belts, erosion hydraulic structures, roads
control of the territory of fodder lands.
In areas where intensive work is carried out to irrigate land massifs, crops, technical measures to develop new lands and improve soil fertility, the organization of the territory planned in the course of land management should take into account the regulatory requirements for the placement of irrigation and drainage channels, the irrigation schemes used (open method and sprinkling), types and types of sprinkler technology, methods of drainage, land reclamation or improvement of land plots, etc.
In areas where there is radioactive contamination of the territory, and land pollution production of waste and other substances and compounds, in the course of land management and address the issues of purification of soils, restoration of their original properties or conservation of land, plan the organization of the territory, which contributes to reducing the negative impact of pollution or contamination at obtained in the course of agricultural production products.
The organization of grounds and crop rotations is one of the main components of the project of intraeconomic land management of agricultural organizations and households in areas of irrigated agriculture. In the organization of land and crop rotation definitively set the boundaries
of irrigated lands, determine the area irrigated and rain-fed land, size of irrigated crop rotation, placing them, tracing the permanent on-farm (group) the valves supplying water to crop rotation areas and grounds.
At this stage of the project agree on the boundaries and area of rotation with boundaries and space that was previously allocated for surface irrigation. In the process of organizing the fields and crop rotations determine:
• economic the purpose and use of each plot of land;
• the intensity of use of certain types of land and land plots;
• the crop rotation system, improvement and conservation of land, conservation and reproduction of soil fertility, reclamation, conservation and erosion control planning area;
• regulations, modes and types ofpermitted use ofeach plot, the system ofwater use for each land and crop rotation.
Under the organization of land and crop rotations imply the establishment of a reasonable composition ratio, the economic expedient of stationing and differentiated use. This involves the solution of the following inseparable elements of the project:
• establishing the composition ratio (structures) land, regime and conditions of their use;
• transformation, improvement and occupancy of the land; organization of a system of crop rotation.
The main objective of the organization land and crop rotation - improving the intensity and revealing of reserves of growth of efficiency of use of land and irrigation water on the basis of the economic interests of landowners and land users. It is necessary to strictly comply with environmental requirements, as otherwise, will decrease soil fertility, to develop the processes of irrigation erosion, degradation, salinization.
Organization of land and crop rotation is crucial in the projects of farm land, as this composite part determined by the direction of the use of land and irrigation water, the irrigated areas of placing and dispensing irrigation moisture. Irrigate all suitable for this purpose, land - cultivation, long-term plantings, pastures and hay fields located in areas command economic or efficient allocators supplied with irrigation water, which is a limited natural resource. Quantity limit-setting composition, the type and area of irrigated land. However, proper use of irrigation water depends on the reasonable organization of land and crop rotations.
• Here are developing a system of irrigated and non-irrigated lands and crop rotations to determine their spatial arrangement and transportation of irrigation water, establish the amount, manner and time of filing. The irrigation water influences the organization of land and crop rotations using the conditions of its delivery to the place of consumption the plant root system. This is reflected in the economic and technical requirements for distribution through on-farm canals, pipelines on the territory of crop rotations and grounds. In the organization of land and crop rotations in the farms of irrigated agriculture, there are new requirements related to the design of irrigation systems, proper irrigation water use, irrigation network and water supply of crops. Therefore, in addition to place on-farm irrigation network (group of valves) and develop a water use plan.
• comprehensively. On the organization of land and crop rotation, located on the irrigated lands have an impact:
• terrain, slope, slope exposure;
• number and sizes suitable for irrigation sites;
• remoteness and ease of location of the irrigated plot relative to water sources and irrigation channels, settlements;
• granulometric composition of soils, permeability of soils;
• the groundwater level, forecast to rise with regular irrigation;
• groundwater salinity, salinity of soils;
• settling of soil;
• technical and economic requirements for placement;
• internal valves, zone command;
• organization of the revolving (rotary) to use waste water for irrigation of additional areas;
• the possibility of irrigation with effluents of livestock farms.
In the organization of land and crop rotation in areas of irrigated agriculture to solve the following tasks:
1. Establish zones command valve manifolds.
2. Refinement of irrigated and rain-fed arrays
of transformation and improvement of land.
3. The definition of types, types, sizes, rotations, schemes crop rotations in them.
4. The negotiation of boundaries and areas of field crop rotations with borders and sizes of the irrigated plots.
5. The location of the irrigated and non-irrigated crop rotations.
6. The location of the valve manifolds supplying water to crop rotation arrays.
To solve these tasks, the engineer-land surveyor you must have the following additional data:
- the contract of water use zemleustroistvo management;
- the scheme of reconstruction of the irrigation network, the composition of irrigation events irrigation in zemleustroiteli agricultural organization or enterprise;
- statement of the distribution of land zemleustroistvo farms in zones with different regime of irrigation (for water allowance areas);
- recommended water allowance for each district the number standards, the timing of irrigation.
Constant concern about environmental protection and best use of land resources will contribute to the creation of the most favorable, healthy conditions for living and recreation. Its vital functions, especially the production people has a big impact on the natural environment, vegetable and animal world, water, air, soil, terrain and landscape. This influence can be negative, causing depletion of the natural environment and deteriorating health conditions, and positive, consisting in the restoration
and enrichment, and conversion.
If the minerals are eventually exhausted, and irreplaceable, natural resources, including land, if properly used, is practically inexhaustible. The natural environment is a very broad term. These include: land and water, atmosphere and biosphere, soil and subsoil, etc. In every natural environment there are certain processes associated with human activity, so in a period of scientific and technical progress, when the degree of human impact on the natural environment is expanding, with the increasing use of land resources, and increasing responsibility for their safety, the appropriateness of the current reforms.
Problems of protection of land and improvement of land use covers a wide range of issues and activities, some of which can be solved within the boundaries of the whole country, others within the borders of administrative districts, farms, or individual zones [1, p. 43]. However, the correct General solution of these issues will not improve the land resources use and their protection in a certain small area.
Currently, the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the land management service raises the question of the development of measures for land protection and rational use of natural resources, schemes of land management of the districts and regions.
According to prof. S. N. Volkov it is necessary to take into account the fact that in the preparation of schemes, not all issues can be resolved in detail, because the schema is the product of the preliminary surveys and preparation of these schemes makes it impossible to reach every farm [2, P. 249].
The range of issues addressed in the development of measures for land protection and improved land use, depending on the specific natural and economic conditions, should cover not only the rational use of land and water resources and their protection from pollution, clogging and depletion; protection and creation of parks and protected areas, forests, scenic areas, flora and fauna, places of rest and treatment and protect them from pollution and many other consequences.
In the opinion of prof. A. A. Varlamov [3, P. 122] timely and qualitative implementation of mandatory measures to improve land and protect the soil from wind and water erosion, salinization, water logging, flooding, desertification, desiccation, overconsolidation, littering, pollution and preventing other processes that degrade the quality of land and cause their degradation.
As we know the natural environment of the Republic is not the same everywhere. In some places it is very rich, in others less, in the third quite poor.
Enriching can be done by restoring and creating new forest areas, forest parks system for various purposes, systems of the green areas around settlements and within the settlements, industrial areas and industrial complexes of agricultural enterprises, along roads and canals. Enrichment of the natural environment will also contribute to the creation of artificial waterways and improving the use of existing ones.
All these raised in the article the issues are relevant at present, especially in the irrigated areas of Uzbekistan. As you know the further rational use of land in agriculture is impossible without intensification, and it is associated with irrigation, reclamation and chemicalization.
The waste water coming from agricultural land into water, will contain a large number washed out of the soil of natural salts. And also residues of fertilizers and pesticides,
which, gradually accumulating in water bodies, they interfere with the established biological and hydrochemi-cal regime and significantly impair the water quality and the conditions for the existence and development of such promising areas of farming like fisheries management. The elimination of this drawback in full or in part may be carried out by the relevant organization of the territory. Issues of planning in a mixed economy obtains current values.
In recent years, the country is significantly developing ecotourism. Many people spend their holidays in nature near the banks of rivers and lakes, surrounded by forests, located on tracts of land. The lack of special places for Parking vehicles and setting up tents leads to the fact that large areas of the coastal zone of rivers and lakes polluted. Besides illegally felled trees and shrubs. To prevent these and other undesirable consequences, it is necessary in projects of inter-farm land set aside special areas for these purposes and to establish procedures for their use.
From the content of the above-listed activities on conservation and improved use of land resources it can be concluded that many of them are directly or indirectly related to the organization of the territory is not only large tracts of land, but within the boundaries of individual farms. This does not exclude, and assumes the appearance of needs and a number of other events as legal, organizational, technological and other character associated with creating the most favorable conditions for work., life and recreation in the city or town and in the countryside.
Therefore, in our view, at this stage of development land development measures for the conservation and improvement of land resources should be an integral part of all land development projects. The detail and depth of these issues should be determined by specific conditions and objectives.
References:
1. Земельный Кодекс Республики Узбекистан. - Т.: Узбекистан, - 1998.
2. Волков С. Н. учебник. Землеустроительное проектирование. - М.: Колос, - 1997.
3. Варламов А. А. Управление земельными ресурсами: - М. Колосс, - 2004.
