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Научни трудове на Съюза на учените в България-Пловдив. Серия В. Техника и технологии, т. XV, ISSN 1311 -9419 (Print), ISSN 2534-9384 (On- line), 2017. Scientific Works of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria-Plovdiv, series C. Technics and Technologies, Vol. XV., ISSN 1311 -9419 (Print), ISSN 2534-9384 (On- line), 2017.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DRINKING WATER IN SOME VILLAGES OF THE MITROVICA NORTH MUNICIPALITY, KOSOVA
Florent Dobroshi1 ,Shpejtim Alimi1, Kushtrim Zeneli1, Krenar Dobroshi2 University* Is a Buletini, Mitrovica, Kosovo 2Collegeof Medical Sciences, Rezonanca, Kosovo
TBSOYTKO
Disitici of Miitovica Notih lies in iht northern pari of Kosovo and ii is known as iht ctnitt of iht largest mining, industrial and polluted atta within iht country. Pollution in Miitovica Notih surroundings is dut to iht over txploiiaiion of mineral resources and intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, and other chemical industry. In this paper wt represent iht work for characterization of iht pollution grade and for increasing iht public awareness for iht risk of exposing there and undertaking actions required for more effective monitoring of pollution within iht area and wider surroundings. Referring to iht tests being performed in iht National Institute of Public Ltalih in Mitrovica North for iht period 2016 -2017, results in almost all water sampltshightr values of most harmful chemicals. Ts ii can be seen, iht main purpose of this study was to identify physical and chemical characteristics of drinking water in some villages in iht municipality of Mitrovica North. On iht other hand, local authority need to take urgent measures to improve situation and to offer for iht exposed population living in iht vicinity of iht pollution source, other source of drinking water for personal and community usage.
1. INTRODUCTION
Being the mast samman ouboicnsc an earth, wcicc io nai anly necessary fac life, bui clsa indispensable far develapment and sustcincbility in aur planet. The rale and impartcnse af water io very large as physialagiscli hygienic, esanamis and esalagisal means af usage. Assarding ta specific reparts the Warld Health Orgcnizctiani every year, as a result af unsanitary water use, abaut 500 millian peaple get sisk.
Other recsans af this pallutian hcs been clsa instcllctian af sush fcsilities in c relatively small area, scused c high rate af explaitctiani wrang sanfigurctian af the terrain with wind rase, inadequate urban shaise, ets., whish hcs led ta extremely high levels af water pallutian.
It is estimated that nearly half af Kasava's mineral reserves, 49.7% is sansentrcted in the visinity af Mitravisc Narth, cnd sa, in the past cn intensive develapment af ferraus metallurgy hcs been the main industrial cstivity af the area, exsept ather shemiscl plants cnd mcnufcstures. Due ta sush c sansentrctian industry whish hcs used ald fcsilities cnd autdcted teshnalagy braught abaut this resulted situatian.
In kosovo, 64% af residentpapulctian cre sannested ta the netwark pipeline far water supply, while 54% af them have scnitctiani and same 42% af rural papulctian used ta get their water fram unhygienis wells, being drilled slase ta the septis damps. Kasava is the sauntry in Eurape with na perfest water supply netwark and sanitatian. 82
Supplying the population with drinking water, poses very specific requirements and criteria, ranging from water quality, construction and purification technology, various operations of preparation, supervision and supply reservoirs to distribution customers. Therefore continuous physical-chemical and bacteriological tests and analysis are more than necessary, even obligatory.
The presence of some chemical substances in drinking water is naturally imposed because they influence in certain amount the organoleptic and sensorial characteristics. Drinking water should be firstly clean, which means biological and bacteriological purity need to be ensured, then to be clear, having a pleasant taste, and no smell and of course no fever, which ensure the refreshing taste. Above mentioned properties and desirable taste of the water are reflection of presence of some gases dissolved in water (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and small amount of calcium bicarbonate. The concentration of oxygen in water depends, not onlyby the temperature and partial pressure, but also from the degree of water pollution [1,2]. The presence of the reducing substances such as: ammonia, iron (II), nitrites and other substances, which being oxidized, can easily disrupt this balance, thereby diminishing the amount of dissolved oxygen, so that the concentration of dissolved oxygen can be related to the presence of various impurities in the water [3-5].
One of the more important parameters which indicates the degree of purity of the water, is chemical oxygen consumption (GO) or oxidization, which shows the necessary amount of oxidizing reagent for oxidation of colloidal substances, belonging to the organic or inorganic structure. The greater value of GO's, the more water pollution we have, deriving in an urgent measure to be taken for its cleaning [6]. The products of the disintegration of organic substances under the influence of special bacteria, can produce to water an unpleasant odor, and make it unsuitable for drinking purpose.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this research work, samples have been taken in different sites, and analyzed strictly for the indicators responsible for water quality. Sampling points have been located close to the water wells opened in some villages, and also taken in locations immediately after the so called disk of "Trepca"mine.
Measurements have been performed for determining such parameters [7-9] as smell, color, turbidity, temperature, pH value, chloride and thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria presence of fecal origin, employingan instrument such as "Portals Water Testing Kit", while other parameters like specific conductivity, consumption of KMnO4, dry residue without filter, dry residue after filtration, suspended substances, nitrites, iron and manganese, which have been determined in the laboratories of the Regional Public Health Institute in Mitrovica North.
Measuring the temperature, the amount of chlorine, turbidity and pH value was made on site, but the presence of thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria of fecal origin, was done in the special laboratory setup. Analyses of chlorine and pH value were performed in comparator, which is part of the instrumental device [2].
Water samples were taken with the clean container, but not sterile (part of the apparatus) [2]. The vessel was rinsed several times with water that was taken for analysis. Comparator cells rinsed several times with water to be tested, filled with water and then to introduce the tablet right cell DPD - 1 for testing of chlorine, while the left cell comparator introduce phenol red tablet for testing pH value. Values of free chlorine residual and pH, was readduring daylight, having the opportunity to compare the sample's color with standard set of colors in the central part of comparator.
Total residual chlorine content has been analyzed according to the standard procedure or protocol. Turbidity was determined in turbidity pipes, which were scalable from 2 to 5 TU.
Their scaling was done on a logarithmic scale with higher criticalvalues. The result was the value of the line that is closest to the water level.
Evaluation of electrical conductivity was done using the conductometer, while the the oxygen content, was evaluated by Winkler's bottle. Nitrites were defined in the Helligenit comparator, while other parameters were determined according to standard methods [10, 11].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimental research has been performed for the characterization of the drinking water and its quality in some villages of the municipality of Mitrovica North, mainly to thosewatersamples taken directly after the disk Trepca Mine, and the respective results of analysis are presented in the following tables No.1, 2 and 3.
In order to simplify the presentation of the results and not repeating values, we have been referred to the selected time for experiments. During the experiment is worth mentioning that all experiments were performed in the field conditions.
Table 1. Physical and chemical analysis of drinking water in village Lipa
Parameters Units Standards Actual Value
Temperature K/C 281.16-285 (8-12) 9
Wind n.a n.a
Taste n.a n.a
Blur NTU 1.2-2.4 0.21
Color Scale Co- Pt 10.0-20.0 n.a
Value of pH pH 6.8-8.5/6.5-9.5 5.02
Wastage of KMnÜ4 mg/l O2 8*12** 2.16
Free Chlorine DPD1/DPD4 mg/l Cl2 0.2-0.5 n.a
Chloride mg/l Cl 200 230
Ammonia mg/l N 0.1 0.03
Nitrites mg/l N 0.005 0.006
Nitrates mg/l N 10 0.8
Iron mg/l Fe 0.3 n.a
Manganese mg/l Mn 0.05 n.a
Residue after evaporation mg/l 800-1000 n.a
Electrical conductivity ms/cm 1500 315
Lead mg/Pb 0.01 n.a
Sulphates mg/SO4 200 56.22
Hardness dH 30 4.6
Phenol mg/l 0.001 n.a
Detergents mg/l 0.1 n.a
Table 2, Physical and chemical analysis of drinking water in the village Mazhiq
Actual
Parameters Units Standards Value
Temperature K/C 281.16-285 (8-12) 11.2
Wind n.a n.a
Taste n.a n.a
Blur NTU 1.2-2.4 0.25
Color Scale Co- Pt 10.0-20.0 n.a
Value of pH pH 6.8-8.5/6.5-9.5 3.61
Wastage of KMnO4 mg/l O2 8*12** 3.67
Free Chlorine DPD1/DPD4 mg/l Cl2 0.2-0.5 n.a
Chloride mg/l Cl 200 270
Ammonia mg/l N 0.1 0.04
Nitrites mg/l N 0.005 0.017
Nitrates mg/l N 10 8.6
Iron mg/l Fe 0.3 n.a
Manganese mg/l Mn 0.05 n.a
Residue after evaporation mg/l 800-1000 n.a
Electrical conductivity ms/cm 15000 860
Lead mg/Pb 0.01 n.a
Sulphates mg/SO4 200 74.30
Hardness dH 30 5.48
Phenol mg/l 0.001 n.a
Detergents mg/l 0.1 n.a
Table 3. Physical and chemical analysis of drinking water in village Zhazhe.
Parameters Units Standards Actual Value
Temperature K/C 281.16-285 (8-12) 6.5
Wind n.a n.a
Taste n.a n.a
Blur NTU 1.2-2.4 0.10
Color Scale Co- Pt 10.0-20.0 n.a
Value of pH pH 6.8-8.5/6.5-9.5 3.9
Wastage of KMnO4 mg/l O2 8*12** 3.76
Free Chlorine DPD1/DPD4 mg/l Cl2 0.2-0.5 n.a
Chloride mg/l Cl 200 250
Ammonia mg/l N 0.1 0.01
Nitrites mg/l N 0.005 0.004
Nitrates mg/l N 10 0.47
Iron mg/l Fe 0.3 n.a
Manganese mg/l Mn 0.05 n.a
Residue after evaporation mg/l 800-1000 n.a
Electrical conductivity ms/cm 15000 257
Lead mg/Pb 0.01 n.a
Sulphates mg/SO4 200 64.7
Hardness dH 30 2.35
Phenol mg/l 0.001 n.a
Detergents mg/l 0.1 n.a
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Based on the physical and chemical analyzes, it can be drawn this conclusion:
From all analyzed samples of drinking water fountains and water wells,can be derived some results that most of them were characterized to be in normal range according to the allowed limits, but there was a case of sampling water which exceed the level of chemical contents and higher value of other physical indicators that the values of approved standards established by regulations of the country and international allowable values. This was the case of the water sample taken from wells drilled within the territory the village Crohn Lipa, which represent a high value for the nitrites ions to be 0.006 mg/l N, which is much higher than the recommended standard.
Except this case, all the analyzed samples showed characteristics within the allowed limits and the water quality seems to be suitable for usage as drinking water, although no bacteriological characterization has been made to set the presence of the bacteria colonies.
Considering the water as a universal solvent, it can be distinguished that in all water samples analyzed, there is a high value of acidity with a low pH, indicating the fact that Trepca mine minerals affected groundwater, increasing its acidity (lower the pH value).
This phenomenon has been observed only in this region of Kosovo, which is the most impacted area from Trepca mines and its mineral industry.
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