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PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOWELS1
Aliyeva T.
Aliyeva Tamilla - Student, ENGLISH LANGUAGE FACULTY № 3, UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The phonetic criterion used in distinguishing the vowel phonemes is not sufficient theoretically, as it cannot clarify the relation between the phonemes in the entire system and the character of existing phonological oppositions their quality and quantity.
Commonly, the phonemic system of English vowels can be divided into two subsystems: a) the stressed vocalism, which includes the vowels under stress, occurs in the stressed position and b) the unstressed vocalism, which includes all the vowels and so called neutral vowels /a/ and /i/. The unstressed vocalism is richer than the stressed vocalism, in which the vowels /a/ and unstressed /i/ do not take part.
English has a complex system of vowel phonemes, among which we distinguish ten short and long monophthongs, two diphthongoids and nine diphthongs. All these vowel phonemes may be established using the commutation test: /bi:t/ - /bit/ - /bet/, /bst/, /bo:t/, /bAt/, /bu-t/, /beit/, /bait/, /baut/ etc. However, first we should discuss the phonemic status of the diphthongs and the vowel /3/ and the phonetic features long - short, tense - lax, checked -free, which are closely connected with each other.
There are two approaches to the phonematic value of the vowel-length in English. Only a few linguists admit the phonematic value of the English vowel-length. Summing up the ideas of British linguists Ch.Barber writes: «English vowels vary in length according to the phonetic context - the degree of stress they bear, whether they are followed by a voiced or by a voiceless consonant, the number of unstressed syllables before and after them, and so on. However, given an identical phonetic context, some of the vowels are longer than others, and there is quite a considerable range of variation; /i:/ appreciably longer than /a:/, and /a:/ is a good deal longer than /e/, which is itself longer than /a/. It is convenient, however, to divide the vowels into two groups, the long and the short; the vowels usually considered short are /i, e, s, A, o, u/ and /a/ the remaining pure vowels and diphthongs are usually regarded as long» [1, P.49-50]. On the basis of the given explanation it is possible to make a phonological conclusion on the vowel-length. If we establish vowel pairs by such long -short features as /i: - i/, h: - 3/, /u - u:/, /a: - s/, /a: - a/ they seem to form proportional, even symmetric oppositions by long-short feature.
The vowels /i:/ and /u:/ are diphthongoids. They are pronounced as lui and /uu/. Thus, the vowels /i/ and /u/ are not in opposition to long vowels, but diphthongoids. The opposition /3: - a/ is specific of English, as /3/ occurs only in an unstressed position and therefore it is included in the subsystem of unstressed vocalism, whereas /3:/ occurs mostly
1 Abduvahabova M.A. (Scientific advisor, the senior teacher at the English language faculty 3).
75
in a stressed position and rarely in an unstressed position. Usually /a:/ is opposed to /A/ but in reality should be paired with /s/. Only the pair /3 : - 3 / form an opposition by the longshort feature. Even in this pair the shortened /3:/ may be perceived not as /i/but as /u/. Thus, long-short feature is non-distinctive and in many cases it cannot preserve its recognitive function (when the shortened /o:/ is perceived not as /3/ but as /u/).Most American linguists also negate the distinctiveness of the vowel-length in English. H. Kurath states [2, P.18]: «Length is not a distinctive feature in the vowel system of MnE. It is automatic in the sense that the actual length of any English vowel depends upon a variety of factors. In general, (1) both checked and free vowels are longer under full stress than under half-stress or weak stress (2) low vowels are longer than mid-vowels, and midvowels are longer than high vowels; (3) free vowels are longer in a free position than in checked one; (4) both checked vowels and free vowels in a checked position are longer before voiced consonants».
Distribution is regarded, therefore one of the distinctive features of the English vowel system. This conclusion may only be proved phonetically, but phonologically, a distinctive-relevant feature does not depend on the phonetic context. According to H.Kurath long-short is a phonetic feature which is substituted by the phonological feature checked-free. In further analysis he distinguishes separate sets of checked and free vowel phonemes and the «unique» unstressed vowel /9/.
Most linguists state that long vowels are tense and short vowels are lax. Usually tense-lax feature is associated by the degree of muscular tension. Nonetheless, tense-lax does not show any consistent opposition isolately. Therefore, B. Tmka regards long-short and tense-lax features as a «concomitant» phenomena as long-short feature may be different in various positions, but tense-lax preserved. In fact nobody could explain the traditional definition of the tense and lax pairs of vowels. Even the authors of the dichotomic phonological theory admit that this feature requires further investigation [3, P.21].
References
1. Barber Ch. Linguistic change in Present-day English. London, 1994. p. 49-50.
2. Kurath H. A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English. Ann Arbor. The Univ. Of Michigan Press, 1993, p. 18.
3. Tmka B. A Phonological Analysis of Present-day English. Univ. of Alabama Press, 1998, p. 21.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ
Содикова Г.Ш.
Содикова Гуландом Шавкатовна - ассистент, кафедра информационно-коммуникационной технологии, Ташкентский государственный аграрный университет, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в статье представлен инновационный подход к информационной среде
развития образовательного процесса.
Ключевые слова: вычислительная, автоматизация.
Современный период развития общества характеризуется сильным влиянием на него компьютерных технологий, которые проникают во все сферы человеческой деятельности, обеспечивают распространение информационных потоков в обществе, образуя глобальное информационное пространство. Неотъемлемой и важной частью этих процессов является компьютеризация
