CC BY
11
*-
Circuits and Systems for Receiving, Transmitting and Signal Processing
DOI: 10.18721/JCSTCS.13403 УДК 621.373.52
PHASE NOISE OF A MICROSTRIP MICROWAVE OSCILLATOR WITH VARACTOR FREQUENCY TUNING 6-12 GHz
A.B. Nikitin, E.I. Khabitueva
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
This work presents the results of a study of the microwave oscillator's active device biasing influence on the oscillator phase noise. The paper considers a hybrid voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an octave frequency tuning (6—12 GHz), based on a low-noise SiGe-heterojunction transistor. The simulation of the VCO in the AWR Design Environment (AWR DE) allowed one to evaluate the choice of the transistor operating point influence on the oscillator phase noise. Based on the data obtained, an experimental study of the fluctuation characteristics of several samples of the hybrid microwave VCOs, differing in the operating mode of the active devices, was carried out. The results of the research carried out make it possible to determine a number of conditions (the value of the collector current, the ratio between the currents of the transistor base and the resistive divider, determining the mode of the active device), which provide the best oscillator characteristics. It is shown that the smallest average level of the phase noise power spectral density is —95 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset from the carrier with a minimum change in its level in the tuning range within ± 2.5 dB.
Keywords: microwaves, voltage-controlled oscillator, VCO, phase noise, fluctuation characteristics.
Citation: Nikitin A.B., Khabitueva E.I. Phase noise of a microstrip microwave oscillator with varactor frequency tuning 6—12 GHz. Computing, Telecommunications and Control, 2020, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 34-43. DOI: 10.18721/JCSTCS.13403
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
ФАЗОВЫЙ ШУМ МИКРОПОЛОСКОВОГО СВЧ-ГЕНЕРАТОРА С ВАРАКТОРНОЙ ПЕРЕСТРОЙКОЙ ЧАСТОТЫ 6-12 ГГц
А.Б. Никитин, Е.И. Хабитуева
Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого,
Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация
Описаны результаты исследования влияния режима работы активного элемента СВЧ-генератора, управляемого напряжением (ГУН), на его флуктуационные характеристики. Рассмотрен автогенератор с октавной перестройкой частоты выходного колебания (6-12 ГГц), выполненный на основе гибридной технологии на базе малошумя-щего SiGe-гетеропереходного транзистора. Проведённое моделирование ГУН в среде AWR Design Environment (AWR DE) позволило оценить влияние выбора рабочей точки транзистора на уровень фазового шума автогенератора. На основе полученных данных проведено экспериментальное исследование флуктуационных характеристик нескольких образцов перестраиваемых генераторов, отличающихся режимом работы активного элемента. Определён ряд условий (величина коллекторного тока, соотношение между токами базы транзистора и резистивного делителя, определяющего режим активного элемента), обеспечивающих наилучшие флуктуационные характеристики. Показано,
что наименьший средний уровень спектральной плотности мощности фазовых шумов (СПМ ФШ) составляет —95 дБн/Гц на частоте отстройки от несущей 100 кГц при минимальном (в пределах ±2,5 дБ) изменении СПМ ФШ в диапазоне перестройки.
Ключевые слова: СВЧ, генератор, управляемый напряжением, ГУН, флуктуационные характеристики, фазовый шум.
Ссылка при цитировании: Никитин А.Б., Хабитуева Е.И. Фазовый шум микрополоскового СВЧ-генератора с варакторной перестройкой частоты 6—12 ГГц // Computing, Telecommunications and Control. 2020. Vol. 13. No. 4. Pp. 34-43. DOI: 10.18721/JCSTCS.13403
Статья открытого доступа, распространяемая по лицензии CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creative-commons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Introduction
Design of a stable wideband microwave source based on frequency synthesizers with phase-locked loop (PLL) implies the use of low-noise voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with ultra-wide band (octave or more) frequency tuning range in such systems [1—7]. At the same time, fluctuation characteristics of VCOs are to a significant degree determined by the choice of oscillator's active device. For example, in hybrid microwave oscillators is advisable to use SiGe-heterojunction bipolar transistors characterized by the lowest levels of phase noise with oscillation frequencies up to 10—15 GHz [7].
In addition, oscillator's operation heavily depends on the mode of the active device related to the choice of the transistor's operating point and bias circuit. Thus, for example, in the simplest circuit with fixed current bias, the operating point position, and therefore, the oscillator's characteristics are significantly affected by the specific transistor and environment temperature [8].
One of the ways to eliminate this negative effect is to use bias circuit with emitter resistor, that provides (be means of serial DC-coupled negative feedback in the circuit) stability of the operating point position, and therefore, the oscillator's parameters in a wide range of temperatures. This also allows to replace an active device without the consequent replacement of the whole circuit [8].
It should be noted that in scientific publications, this kind of circuit is most frequently considered in terms of its application not in oscillators, but in various amplifiers [9—14]. Indeed, paper [14] presents general recommendations as to the choice of the bias circuit parameters and describes their influence on operation of amplifiers built on the basis of bipolar transistors.
In the papers devoted to the topic under consideration, the authors, in general, describe monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) oscillators. In addition, the study of hybrid microwave VCOs permitting the use of simpler manufacturing process is usually restricted to considering devices intended for operation in the frequency range significantly less than an octave [1, 15—20]. At the same time, the tuning of VCOs in wide and ultra-wide band (octave or more) frequency range results in a considerable change in the conditions of active device operation which hinders the choice of the mode providing the best fluctuation characteristics.
Moreover, publications often present results of analyzing the influence of active device circuit and mode on oscillator's characteristics (frequency response, fluctuation, etc.) without any experimental verification which puts limitations on practical application of such data [1, 21, 22].
This article contains study results on the dependence of phase noise power spectral density S(F) of octave microwave oscillator in the 6—12 GHz range on active device operating mode [23, 24]. The tunable oscillator is hybrid based on low-noise SiGe-heterojunction bipolar transistor NESG3031M14 [25].
Computation of VCO parameters
Fig. 1a shows a layout of the microwave oscillator under consideration. Fig. 1b presents a fragment of its simplified circuit which contains a transistor and resistive elements determining active device operating mode (R , R2 h Re). Fig. 1c shows characteristics of the VCO.
b)
c)
f GHz
15
10
P, dBm
p
!
f
-5
-10
11 13 Uvar, V
Fig. 1. VCO: a — layout; b — simplified circuit without frequency control elements; c — dependence of oscillation frequency f and power P on control voltage Uvar
To compute resistance values of resistors Rl, R2 and RE, determining transistor mode VT (Fig. 1), we use the following expressions [1, 14]:
n _ UR1 _ Udd — UR 2 _ Udd — UR 2
Rl-T—T—uT' (1)
R Ur^ U«e + URe + Ul
^ l2 l2 (k - l)iy ( )
U U - n0
n _ Re _ Udd UCE
RE- — - ¡0 +10 ' (3)
where Udd is supply voltage of the VCO; UR1, UR2 and U are voltage across resistors R1, R2 and RE, respectively; I1, I2 and IE are current across resistors R1, R2 and RE; I°B and iC are base and collector current of the transistor; U0BE and U°E are base-emitter and collector-emitter voltages of the transistor; k is coefficient of proportionality between I. and IB values.
S(F = 100 kHz), dBc/Hz
-75
-80
-85
-95
-100
J
/ 2 /
3
10
12
f GHz
Fig. 2. VCO's simulation characteristics
To minimize possible unwanted spectral components in the output oscillations, the value of UCE needs to be approximately half of the VCO supply voltage. Moreover, for the NESG3031M14 transistor, IB and IC values should be more than 20 |A and 6 mA, respectively [8].
To enhance bias voltage stability supplied to the transistor base (using voltage divider R—R2, see Fig. 1), it is advisable that the value of the current across resistors R: and R2 was sufficiently high, which requires increasing k parameter value (expressions (1), (2)). However, one should make allowance for the fact that excessively high divider current may result in inadequate power consumption and, consequently, a drop in efficiency.
Keeping in mind these remarks, as well as parameters of NESG3031M14 transistor used in the 6—12 GHz VCO [25], we obtained several options of oscillator's circuit configuration corresponding to different positions of the operating point. As an example, in Fig. 2, we demonstrate a diagram of dependence of S(F = 100 kHz) on VCO's frequency values obtained as a result of modeling in AWR DE [26], for several options of transistor point position.
The dependencies presented in Fig. 2 correspond to the following cases:
• curve 1: I0C = 11 mA, U°CE = 2 V, I0B = 40 |A, U°BE = 0.845 V, k = 5 (R1 = 5.8 kOhm, R2 = 22 kOhm, Re = 240 Ohm);
• curve 2: I0C = 20 mA, U°CE = 2 V, I0B = 80 |A, U°BE = 0.87 V, k = 5 (R1 = 2.9 kOhm, R2 = 11 kOhm, Re = 130 Ohm);
• curve 3: I0C = 30 mA, U0CE = 2.5 V, I0B = 140 |A, U°BE = 0.875 V, k = 5 (R1 = 2.3 kOhm, R2 = 5.5 kOhm, Re = 75 Ohm).
Fig. 2 shows that reduction of S(F) (for the same value of k parameter) is possible if collector current IC is increased. Thus, for example, a change in IC value from 11 mA up to 20 mA allows to reduce the level of S(F) by (2—4) dB in the most part of the tuning range.
At the same time, it should be noted that voltage values between the collector and transistor emitter UCE = 2.5 V and UCE = 2 V do not provide the required octave (6—12 GHz) tuning range of the oscillator's output frequency.
Further research of the VCO revealed that reduction of S(F) (by several dB) is possible in case of an increase not only in the collector current, but in parameter k as well.
Thus, the modeling of several VCO circuits corresponding to different positions of the operating point performed in AWR DE showed that the phase noise reduction is connected with the increase of collector current and coefficient k. In addition, to provide the needed tuning range of the oscillator, it is necessary that UCE > 2.5 V
S(F = 100 kHz), dBc/Hz
-85
-90
-95
2 1 4
\ 5 7 \ 8 3
1.5
4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5
Uvar, V
Fig. 3. VCO's measured characteristics
Experimental study of VCO's phase noise
For the experimental study of the VCO samples, we used N9000A CXA series signal analyzer by Key-sight Technologies [27], designed for operation in the range from 9 kHz to 26.5 GHz.
In Fig. 3 we present measured VCO's fluctuation characteristics for several options of transistor point position.
The dependencies presented in Fig. 3 correspond to the following cases:
• curve 1: I°c = 11 mA, U°CE = 2 V, I°B = 40 pA, U°BE = 0.845 V, k = 5 R = 5.8 kOhm, ^ = 22 kOhm, Re = 240 Ohm);
• curve 2: I°c = 20 mA, U°CE = 2 V, I°B = 80 pA, U°Be = 0.87 V, k = 5 R = 2.9 kOhm, R2 = 11 kOhm, Re = 130 Ohm);
• curve 3: I°c = 30 mA, U°CE = 2 V, I°B = 140 pA, U°Be = 0.88 V, k = 5R = 1.65 kOhm, R2 = = 6.4 kOhm, Re = 90 Ohm);
• curve 4: I° = 20 mA, U°CE = 2.5 V, I°B = 80 pA, U°Be = 0.85 V, k = 5R = 4.02 kOhm, R2 = = 7.5 kOhm, Re = 75 Ohm);
• curve 5: I°c = 30 mA, U°CE = 2.5 V, I°B = 140 pA, U°Be = 0.875 V, k = 5 R = 2.3 kOhm, R2 = = 5.5 kOhm, RE = 75 Ohm);
curve 6: I°c = 30 mA, U°Ce = 3 V, I°B = 140 pA, UBe = 0.875 V, k = 5R = 3 kOhm, R,
= 30 mA, ^ = 3 V, I°B = 4.5 kOhm, RE = 56 Ohm);
• curves 7 and 8: I0 = 33 mA, U°CE = 3 V, IB = 160 pA, UBE = 0.88 V, k = 5 R = 2.7 kOhm, R2 = = 4.02 kOhm, RE = 51 Ohm).
Fig. 3 shows that:
1. For the voltage values across the transistor collector UCe < 3 V, it is impossible to provide the required frequency range tuning to the VCO: 6—12 GHz. Moreover, for UCe = 2.5 V in the lower end of the range (when Uvar < 1.4 V), we can observe a spectrum collapse. Therefore, in order to provide the oscillator under consideration with frequency tuning across the whole bandwidth, the operating voltage U 0E needs to be no less than 3 V.
2. The level of the phase noise power spectral density drops as the collector current I° increases. Taking this fact into account, as well as keeping the transistor data, limiting the maximum value of the collector current, the operating value of I 0 needs to be no more than 30 mA.
We carried out further experiments for the purpose of studying the influence of the ratio between the base current IB and resistive divider R—R2 on VCO's phase noise for the selected values of collector-emitter voltage and collector current: U 0E = 3 V, I 0 = 30 mA.
b)
Fig. 4. VCO's measured characteristics for different k values
Fig. 4 shows VCO's measured characteristics at UCE = 3 V and IC = 30 mA.
Fig. 4a shows that for constant values of collector voltage and current of the transistor, the ratio between the base and resistive divider currents may have significant influence on the fluctuation characteristics of the VCO. For example, in the lower end of the tuning range an increase of the parameter k from 5 to 30 allows us to reduce the noise level by more than 10 dB. At the same time, the minimum level of S(F) amounts to a value of — 100 dBc/Hz order at 100 kHz offset from the carrier.
Fig. 4b shows that when k = 25, we observe the lowest change in S(F) in the tuning band: around ±2.5 dB with the average level around —95 dBc/Hz. Note that the obtained results are on a par with characteristics of foreign VCO samples of the similar application [28].
Thus, the data obtained as a result of experimental research of the fluctuation characteristic of a 6—12 GHz microwave oscillator are in full compliance with the results of computer modeling of the VCO in the AWR Design Environment. For instance, the identified dependencies of phase noise level on the value of collector current and parameter k, according to which a reduction of VCO's phase noises in possible if IC and k increase, were proved experimentally: the computations showed that an increase in collector current from 11 mA up to 30 mA (curves 1 and 3 in Fig. 3) provides a reduction of S(F) by more than 4 dB.
Conclusion
As a result of studying a hybrid microwave VCO with an octave frequency tuning, we determined its operating conditions providing the best fluctuation characteristics. The paper showed the mode of the
oscillator's active device based on a SiGe-heterojunction transistor, which provides the minimal level of phase noise of the output oscillation in the range of 6—12 GHz, is achieved if the following conditions are satisfied:
♦ Maximum possible collector current: I°c = 30 mA.
♦ Voltage UCE ensuring the entire range of frequency tuning: U°CE = 3 V.
♦ Ratio of divider and base currents of the transistor k = 25. Such a value of coefficient k ensures the minimum average level of phase noise: around —95 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset from the carrier with a minimum (within ± 2.5 dB) change in S(F) in the tuning range.
The obtained results could be used in design of hybrid microwave oscillators providing frequency tuning in a range of an octave or more.
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СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
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2. Khanna A.P.S. State of the art in microwave VCOs // Microwave Journal. 2015. Vol. 58. No. 5. Pp. 22-42.
3. Chenakin A. Frequency synthesis: Current status and future projections // Microwave Journal. 2017. Vol. 60. No. 4. Pp. 22-36.
4. Chenakin A. Select a VCO or YIG for a PLL synthesizer // Microwaves and RF. 2016. Vol. 55. No. 2. Pp. 2-6.
5. Garghetti A., Quadrelli F., Bassi M., Mazzanti A. Impact of the base resistance noise and design of a -190-dBc/Hz FoM Bipolar Class-C VCO // IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters. 2020. Vol. 3. Pp. 90-93. DOI: 10.1109/LSSC.2020.3006484
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11. Coen C.T., Ulusoy A.£., Song P., Ildefonso A., Kaynak M., Tillack B., Cressler J.D. Design and on-wa-fer characterization of G-Band SiGe HBT low-noise amplifiers // IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2016. Vol. 64. Iss. 11. Pp. 3631-3642.
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15. Perez J.C., Guardado A.H., Freixedas J.C., Ambrojo J.C.P. A hybrid bipolar wideband VCO with linearized tuning behaviour for a new generation TTC transponder // 48th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). 2018. Pp. 1341-1344.
16. Singha H., Parmara Y.o, Rajb V.B., Pandyac H.M., Kumara J., Mishraa M., Nimala A.T., Sharmaa M.U. Sensitivity enhancement studies of SAW vapor sensor by oscillator tuning using varactor diode // IEEE Sensors Journal. 2016. Vol. 17. No. 5. Pp. 1391-1398.
17. Patel S.S., Gupta S., Ghodgaonkar D. Ku-band novel voltage controlled oscillator microwave integrated circuit with low phase noise // 2014 Internat. Conf. on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks. 2014. Pp. 74-77.
18. Dyskin A., Wagner S., Kallfass I. A compact resistive quadrature low noise Ka-band VCO SiGe HBT MMIC // 12th German Microwave Conf. 2019.
19. Florian C., D'Angelo S., Scappaviva F. A chip set of low phase noise MMIC VCOs at C, X and Ku-band in InGaP-GaAs HBT technology for satellite telecommunications // 2017 IEEE MTT-S Internat. Microwave Symp. (IMS).
20. Fanori L., Andreani P. Highly efficient class-C CMOS VCOs, including a comparison with class-B VCOs // IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2013. Vol. 48. Iss. 7. Pp. 1730-1740.
21. Habbachi N., Boukabache A., Boussetta H., Pons P., Kallala M.A., Besbes K. Analyzes of VCO performances based on RF spiral inductors // 2017 Internat. Conf. on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS). 2018.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 09.12.2020.
THE AUTHORS / СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Nikitin Aleksandr B. Никитин Александр Борисович
E-mail: nikitin@mail.spbstu.ru
Khabitueva Ekaterina I. Хабитуева Екатерина Исаковна
E-mail: habitueva.ei@edu.spbstu.ru
© Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого, 2020
