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Akhmedova O.A.
student
Karshi State University PECULIARITIES OF AMIR TEMUR'S DIPLOMACY
Annotation: This article describes some of the peculiarities of the diplomatic relations between Amir Temur and the countries of the West and the East on the basis of historical sources and literature.
Keywords: Amir Temur, Temurids, great statesman, Samarkand, great ruler, diplomat, economist, reformer, nobleman, patron of science and culture.
The image of Amir Temur and the Temurid dynasty, who made a great contribution to the economic, political and spiritual development of the peoples of Central Asia, and left a bright and unique mark on history with the establishment of a large centralized state, play an important role in the world.
The first President of our country IA Karimov said about this great man: , we have no right without definition and propaganda "[1: 191]
Indeed, Amir Temur was famous in the East and West in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries as a great statesman, a great ruler, a diplomat, an economist, a reformer, a noble man, a patron of science and culture.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, the person of Amir Temur again became a symbol of the Motherland and the nation.
In this regard, while Napoleon was a great commander and national hero for France, Peter I for Russia, Amir Temur was also a great historical figure who made a great contribution to the unification of Central Asia and the development of science and culture here. His greatness is that he glorified his country and his people before the whole world. The land of Turkestan was recognized by Spain, Italy, France, England, Russia, China and established diplomatic relations.
Diplomacy, by its very nature, is the art of resolving disputes peacefully. Because of this, it is radically different from wars, which are another method and means of foreign policy. In addition, diplomacy is the cheapest and safest way to win. An ancient Chinese source, Suntsji's (VI-V centuries BC) pamphlet, states in Chinese treatises, "It is better to defeat an enemy army than to fight a hundred times and win a hundred times" [2: 2].
Amir Temur did not use weapons in vain and did not shed blood. During his reign, Timur did everything by cooking on the basis of advice and setting reasonable measures. Timur says, "From this advice, I learned that 9 percent of state affairs are done by councils, events and consultations, and the rest by sword" [3:14]
The master knew that it was better to use action than to use force.
These events embody the various methods of Amir Temur's diplomacy. These methods were based on the requirements of the time, the characteristics of medieval diplomacy, as well as the personal qualities of Amir Temur.
As for the basic principles of Amir Temur's diplomacy, we clearly see that they are in full compliance with the principles of international law.
Amir Temur strictly adhered to the principle of inviolability of the ambassador and embassy, and demanded the same from his interlocutors. The slogan "No death to the ambassador" became his main theme.
Not only the lives of the ambassadors, but also their property, horses and equipment were considered inviolable. Clavijo, the ambassador of the King of Spain, has vivid examples of this. "If the ambassadors lost anything, the local authorities had to pay compensation," he wrote.
Another principle of Timur's diplomacy is the principle of keeping the agreement and the treaty, adhering to its terms.
Timur remained loyal to any ruler with whom he made an agreement or made peace. His covenant with Amir Hussein is a clear proof of this. Amir Temur realized that keeping the covenant was important not only for the country's foreign relations, but also for the internal order of the state: "Whichever king is slow to follow the tenets of religion, his state is constantly shaken and shaken. "Whichever king relied on the inviolable covenant and fidelity of the people, his property will always be prosperous, and his army will be large."
The next most important principle of Timur's diplomacy is the principle of politeness, courtesy and kindness to his interlocutor.
The principle of politeness in the lively conversations of the ambassadors with the messengers was expressed in the sweet and gentle, concise, but meaningful, precise, charming words of the ambassadors. That is why it is considered an adornment for ambassadors to be orators and orators.
Hence, the principle of politeness has long been a habit, especially in the East. This principle was reflected in Amir Temur's letters to King Henry III of Castile and King Charles VI of France, and in his conversations with ambassadors [4:65].
Sahibkiran sent letters to different parts of the world, inviting large and small sultans, rulers and deputies to communicate with them, covering the borders of Khorasan, Iran, the Caucasus - the whole of Asia Minor, from the heart and breadth of Europe to China - Mochin.
In the palace of Amir Temur, diplomatic rules were followed in accordance with the spirit and mood of the time.
The "Rules of Timur" strictly defined the rules of conduct in the royal palace, the order of sitting around the throne of ministers, emirs, clerics and other categories of people, as well as the reception of ambassadors.
When studying the diplomatic activity of Amir Temur, we can highlight a number of its peculiarities.
These aspects stem from the environment of this period, as well as the peculiarities of the personality of Amir Temur. In particular, it is safe to say that Amir Temur's ingenuity, resourcefulness, intelligence, composure, extensive knowledge, ability to see the field well and the ability to accurately assess the situation determine these aspects.
These aspects include:
Extensive coverage. In a very short time (1370-1405) Amir Temur communicated with states with a very wide spatial breadth. Trade and diplomatic relations were established with China in the East, and between 1389 and 1398, nine embassies were sent from Movaraunnahr to China, and from that time until 1395, ambassadors visited six times directly on behalf of Amir Temur. [4:68]
This tradition was continued during the reign of Shohruh and Ulugbek. From 1403 to 1449, 33 diplomatic missions were sent from Samarkand and 14 from Khorezm to China [2: 2].
During the nearly 100 years after the death of Amir Temur, a group of ambassadors came to China from Turkestan 107 times, including 22 times on behalf of Ulugbek Mirzo in 1415-1440 [5:50].
Between 1386 and 1405, there were 25 exchanges of embassies and letters with Sultan Barquq and his son Sultan Faraj, the ruler of the Egyptian Sultanate, which became a powerful state in Asia Minor in the 1980s, and their deputies in Syria.
The exchange of letters and embassies with another powerful power in the West, Sultan Boyazid of Turkey, about 10 times, the scale of repeated diplomatic relations with France, Britain, Spain, Genoa, Venice, Byzantium and other countries, cities and the Golden Horde. proves our point.
Another distinctive feature of Timur's diplomacy is his consistency.
During the reign of Timur, a perfect communication system was developed in the territories under his control, as a result of which it was possible to carry out regular embassy and courier activities. For example, in a very wide area, the message that needed to manage the balance of political forces, to monitor the political situation carefully and to assess it correctly - tricks and new information -flowed through this communication system. "I have commanded that a thousand speeding camels, a thousand horses, a runner, and a thousand high-speed infantry be appointed, and that different countries and frontiers know the intentions and intentions of the neighboring rulers and come to me to report any incidents." Let the remedy and the possibility be sought before it happens. "[3: 139]
Clavijo's memoirs also testify to the existence of special people engaged in embassy dialogues and correspondence at the Amir Temur Palace, the presence of devons and certain reception ceremonies, as well as the thorough organization of Amir Temur's diplomacy.
Extreme caution is a characteristic of Timur's diplomacy. Foreign policy issues are highly secretive. Sometimes his army would go in one direction, and there would be times when he himself would go in the opposite direction. No one could understand his next thought. As Ibn Arabshah said, "His way to the mountain of action could not be found through the plains or the valleys."
Another distinctive feature of Timur's diplomacy is his initiative.
In the face of the democratic nature of ancient Greek diplomacy, the arrogance of Roman diplomacy, the cunning of medieval diplomacy, he was also distinguished by his initiative, intensity, and courage. This aspect was especially
evident in Sahibkiran's conversations with the Egyptian sultans and his deputies, as well as with European countries.
In diplomacy, initiative is the biggest step towards peace, reconciliation. At this point, we are reminded of the following words, which are included in the rules of Timur and were used by Sahibkiran throughout his life: "I did not use a sword in any work, if it is possible to finish it with measures." In fact, that was his main motto and motto.
The above-mentioned evidence once again confirms that Amir Temur was a famous politician and a skilled diplomat.
References:
1. I.A.Karimov. The demand of the period of innovative thinking and performance. T., "Uzbekistan" 1997, p.191
2. H.Yunusov. Amir Temur's diplomacy and its peculiarities. Uzbekiston ovozi newspaper, April 11, 2002.
3. Timur's rules. T., "Uzbekistan" 2013, p. 14, p. 139
4. O.Bo'riev. Sahibqiron Amir Temur. T. "Uzbekistan" 2011, page 65, page 68
5. N.Karimova. Vzaimootnosheniya narodov Tsentral'noy Azii i Kitaya v XIV-XVII vv. T., 2005, p.50
