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12Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences
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SOME INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY OF AMIR TEMUR'S
DIPLOMACY
Uljaeva Sh.M.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Humanities, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University. Akhmedova D.B., Senior lecture of of the Department of Humanities, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University. Rakhmonberdieva N.B. Senior lecture of of the Department of Humanities, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University.
Mukimov B.A. Assistant of the Department of Humanities, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University.
ABSTRACT
In the 50s and 60s of the 14th century, feudal divisions intensified in Movarounnakhr, and diplomatic knowledge and experience played a major role in Amir Temur's elimination of these obstacles, the creation of a centralized state in Movarounnakhr, and the establishment of a huge empire. Amir Temur formed a diplomatic theory and practice based on legality, justice, and oriental etiquette. The existing violence in the regions has been eliminated, and conditions have been created for people to live in peace.
Key words: Amir Temur, diplomacy, medieval history, empire, Great Silk Road
АННОТАЦИЯ
В 50-х и 60-х годах XIV века в Мовароуннахре усилились феодальные разногласия, и дипломатические знания и опыт сыграли большую роль в устранении Амиром Темуром этих препятствий, создании в Мовароуннахре централизованного государства и создании огромной империи. Амир Темур сформировал дипломатическую теорию и практику, основанные на законности, справедливости и восточном этикете. Существующее насилие в регионах ликвидировано, созданы условия для спокойного проживания людей.
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Ключевые слова: Амир Темур, дипломатия, средневековая история, империя, Великий шелковый путь.
INTRODUCTION
Amir Temur's diplomatic potential with various countries in the Western and Eastern regions had a positive effect on the development of all countries participating in the processes based on mutually beneficial cooperation.
The history of the diplomacy of Amir Temur's empire is one of the peaks of the history of Uzbek diplomacy. He occupies a great place not only in the history of Uzbekistan, but also in the history of the world. The socio-economic, political, and diplomatic history of this period can be conventionally divided into 1370-1500 in Movarunnahr, 1506-1530 in Khorasan, and 1526-1858 in India.
Thanks to Amir Temur's diplomacy, order and rule of law were established in the Eurasian region. It served as an important force for unity and development, uniting different nationalities and peoples.
Amir Temur's diplomacy played the role of an important unifying force in the Eurasian region and had a significant impact on the peace and well-being of these nations, and the rapid development of trade and economic relations. Cities that used to be crowded, but whose light of life began to die out during the next century and a half, began to grow again thanks to diplomatic efforts, life was bubbling in them, important bridges between states and nations were established.
Research methods: This article was researched based on the methods of historical, scientific, comparative analysis, organic, civilizational approach.
The level of research of the problem: Some aspects of the problem, in particular, the history of diplomatic relations with other countries, were also researched by the author of the article.
Fatkhi al-Guweyli, B. Mannonov, it has also been generally discussed by authors such as O. Buriev (see References).
This article focuses on Amir Temur's personal qualities, manners, and adherence to diplomatic rules. Even in conflict situations, Amir Temur was tolerant of his opponents and never took revenge on anyone. He treated the enemy with an open face and compassion, acted fairly in all diplomatic relations, and tried to stay away from oppression. When Amir Temur came to the political scene, the country was in the grip of slavery. The regions were divided into small governorates, the country was in the grip of conflicts and mutual wars, the situation was tense, the people were humiliated, local governors and Mongols oppressed and ruined the people with excessive taxes. Such incidents escalated in most lands of the East, the laws and regulations that were in force before did not work, and the order of the world was
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violated. One and a half centuries ago, it can be shown that the Mongols invaded large parts of Eurasia and broke the age-old traditions and ties of development there.
In this difficult situation, Amir Temur put an end to disunity and chieftains, united warlike and greedy amirs, and established a huge empire in the East, uniting a large part of Eurasian territories, and established peaceful and mutually beneficial cooperation relations with European countries. At that time, intense diplomatic relations were established, and the field rose to an unprecedented height in terms of quality and quantity.
We noted that the region is in a state of turmoil and tension before the arrival of Amir Temur at the top of the state. In such conditions, he should lead the people and lead a foreign policy based on active and clear plans in the international arena to overcome the major obstacles on his way. If we consider that he did not inherit power from his father, but that he played the historical role of uniting countries and regions in difficult conditions, we can understand that this process was more complicated than we thought. Amir Temur could not strengthen the state power alone. Because, the development of the state was closely related to foreign relations diplomatic and trade-economic relations.
On the first, the danger of Genghis Mongols is still strong and to take measures to repel them; second, ensuring border security; thirdly, to take over Chagatai ulus completely; fourth, establishing control over important sectors of the Great Silk Road, fifth; the goals of correctly solving issues such as establishing trade and diplomatic relations with far and near countries in terms of the interests of the state and the people required the determination of foreign policy directions separate from Amir Temur. At the same time, the ideas of seeing everyone as equal and beneficial equal cooperation with all countries were the priority aspects of Amir Temur's statecraft and especially diplomacy.
First of all, he had to take a diplomatic approach with the scattered governors of the country. He had to soften the opposition of warlike governors who fought tooth and nail against him and tried to destroy him by any means, and use diplomatic ways, measures and methods in order to create a single, united state in Movarounnahr. The diplomatic measures he used in this regard are highlighted in "Timur's Code": "On the day I conquered the country of Turan and after sitting on the throne of the empire in the capital Samarkand, I took an even course in dealing with friends and enemies. The emirs of Badakhshan, who had harmed me and drawn their swords against me on the battlefield using tricks, were afraid of the actions of the Turks and Tajiks. When they came to my refuge with helplessness, I did them such good that they were ashamed to see my grace and charity [1]".
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So, diplomatic methods had an effective influence on the process of unification of the country.
Amir Temur tried to get along with the local governors and not remove them from the state administration, but to maintain their rank and status. In the Middle Ages, there were oriental forms and principles of international law, and even in difficult situations, the ruler was required to follow them and find harmony in relations. Amir Temur's diplomacy served as an important factor in the development of the state of Amir Temur into a multi-cultural empire, incorporating various nationalities and confessions.
The danger of wars was strong, the international systems and organizations were not fully formed, and the medieval period, which was the time of greats, could affect the security and stability of all countries at any time. This aspect often depended on military strength. If we consider the complexities of the period, the states became stronger during the time of intelligent, wise, diplomatically mature and ambitious rulers, on the contrary, the state weakened and even declined during the time of indifferent, unmotivated rulers. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, coordinating relations with other states and ensuring the security, integrity and stability of the state, effective use of diplomatic methods were considered to be the most urgent issues of the time. It is important to look at this issue in the perspective and context of that time. In this context, Amir Temur sought to establish economic, political and diplomatic relations with other countries. With this, he implemented the goals of solving trade and economic issues, state security and stability, and opening the doors of development in the regions. The development of these relations is one of the major factors that caused cultural and spiritual growth.
In the Sultanate, the legal foundations of Islamic civilization, tora and tuzuk, and the highest legal values embodied in them had a positive effect on the strengthening and development of Amir Temur's diplomatic school. Regardless of social origin, race, gender, every person and the merchants, diplomats and tourists who came to the country from the lands with which he established cooperation were under the protection of the empire.
In "Timur's Code" it is written that "Sayyids, ulama, mashoyikh, fuzalo, akobir and ulug should be cherished in every region within the empire." Let the shepherds, the elders, the farmers and the cultivators of the fields be happy and look to themselves. Let them keep the raiyat between hope and fear. May they be punished according to their sins and deeds. May the sayyids, scholars, sheikhs, virtuous people, dervishes, ascetics of the countries subject to me be honored with suurgol, duty and monthly. Allow the poor and the disabled to receive benefits. They should set daily
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salaries for teachers and sheikhs[2], he emphasized on fair treatment of representatives of different nationalities and peoples.
Amir Temur followed the path of selecting citizens based on their lineage, pure faith, high knowledge and skills and using them in state administration, not by nationality, race, social origin. Because of this, representatives of different nationalities and peoples came and settled in Samarkand. Through his diplomatic potential and practice, Sohibgiron Amir Temur established the United Nations Space in Samarkand.
As it is specially stated in "Timur's Code", "Whenever I conquered a country, I cherished the respectable people of that land; I bowed to the sayyids, scholars, fuzalo and mashoyikhs, I respected them more. I gave them support, tasks, fixed their salaries, I treated the elders of that region as my brothers and sisters, and if they had young people and children, as my children. I gave way to death for the sake of these countries. I turned Raiyat to me. I kept everything between fear and hope. I have also done good to the good people of every country, I have driven out the corrupt and immoral people from my country. I assigned lowly and lowly people the work they deserved and did not allow them to exceed their limits. I respected the nobles and honorable people of the country and raised their ranks. I have opened the door of justice in every country, I have blocked the way of oppression and injustice [3].
Fathi al-Guwayli, an Egyptian historian, noted that "diplomatic methods used by Amir Temur in his relations with the leaders of other countries and some of their subtleties are worth studying in depth from a theoretical and practical point of view"[4].
Fathi al-Guwayli: "Amir Temur is characterized by deep intelligence and intelligence, and these qualities are the most important aspect and foundation of a diplomat. Amir Temur sent his ambassadors to one or another country, received the ambassadors of other countries, established diplomatic correspondence with the king and emirs, and further enriched the form and content of this field"[5], he writes.
In our opinion, the first feature and factor in his work is Amir Temur's subtle diplomatic tactics and his humanitarianism. Entrepreneur Amir Temur strictly adhered to the criteria of diplomacy under any circumstances and did not act contrary to these rules.
B.S. Mannonov also noted that "One of the unique aspects of Temur's diplomacy is that he follows the etiquette of Eastern diplomacy in all his appeals, even in letters written in the form of strict demands. Sahibqiran always responded calmly and politely to the names of the rulers of distant lands, written in a rude form, and in some cases extremely angry and insulting, always clearly stating his thoughts.
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Amir Temur himself always followed the ancient diplomatic rule that "no death for ambassadors" and demanded that his subordinates never violate this rule"[6].
RESULTS
The various countries under his banner had a safe and hopeful life[7]. Amir Temur was their grief, patted their heads, directed them to entrepreneurship, the countries became prosperous, every person was registered and given material and moral support [8]. Peace has been established in the Eurasian region. As a result, Eastern and Western countries exchanged, established beneficial cooperation[9], and the Great Silk Road worked[10]. As a result, the doors of unprecedented development were opened on the continent.
CONCLUSION
Amir Temur's diplomacy played a major role in shaping the country's domestic and foreign policy. Through his diplomatic maturity, experience and ability, he was able to build a bridge between different nations and countries. Thanks to his actions, the idea of a single space appeared and for the first time it was proved that peoples can live in a single space.
We can say that the peak of Amir Temur's diplomatic relations was the fact that he carried out strong reforms in the Sultanate, conducted a strong internal policy, and was able to conduct diplomatic relations fairly in the interests of the state and the nation.
REFERENCES
1. Темур тузуклари / Проф. Б. Ахмедов тахрири остида -Тошкент: Адабиёт ва санъат, 1991.-Б. 89 (Timur's Code / Prof. B. B. Edited by Ahmedov -Tashkent: Literature and Art, 1991.-B. 89.).
2. Темур тузуклари... -Б. 96-97. (Timur's Code... -Pp. -Б. 96-97).
3. Темур тузуклари...-Б. 94. (Timur's Code. -P.94).
4. Фатхи ал -Гувейли. АмирТемур дипломатияси // Амир Темур ва унинг жахон тарихидаги урни: Х,ал;аро конференция материаллари. - Тошкент: Узбекистан, 1996. - Б.108-109 (Fatxial-Guwayli. Amir Temur's diplomacy // Amir Temur and his place in world history: Proceedings of the International Conference. -Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1996. - Pp.108-109.).
5. Уша жойда (On that page).
6. МанноновБ. С. Амир Темур дипломатияси // Амир Темур ва унинг жахон тарихидаги урни: Х,ал;аро конференция материаллари. - Тошкент: Узбекистон, 1996. - Б. 105 (Mannonov B. S. Amir Temur's diplomacy // Amir Temur and his
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place in world history: Proceedings of the International Conference. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1996. -Pp.. 105.).
7. Темур тузуклари...-Б. 56. (Timur's Code...-P.56).
8. Uljaeva Shohistahon, Khakimova Makhruya, Turdiboyeva Maksuda, Botirova Khalima. Amir Temur, the initiatiation and development of diplomatic relations between Yildirim Bayazit // European Journal of Business & Social Sciences Available at https://ejbss.org/ ISSN: 2235-767X. Volume 07 Issue 13 October 2019.
9. Ульжаева, Ш. М. (2022). АМИР ТЕМУР ДИПЛОМАТИЯСИ ТАРИХИГА НАЗАР. ВЗГЛЯД В ПРОШЛОЕ, (SI-1).
10. Uljaeva Sh., Nazarov Kh., Inagamova G.T., Gafurova G.G., Baxtiyorov L.X. "Diplomatic protocol ceremonies in the gardens of Amir Temur", International Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 2021.- Pp.1510-1518; Uljaeva Sh., Usarov F. The role of the Great Silk Road in the development of foreign policy and diplomacy in Amir Temurs empire // Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences). Vol. 49. No. 03. March 2022. -Pp.462-469.
11. Uljaeva Sh, Juraev Sh. The Great Silk Road in the period of Amir Temur // Khoja Akhmet Yassawi international Kazakh-turkish university materials from 1st international conference «The Great silk way - the road of peace, harmony and stability- 2019»-18-20 of September, 2019. -Pp. 80-85.
12. Baratov, R. (2021). Prospects of Higher Education System (on the Example of Uzbekistan). International Journal on Orange Technologies, 3(3), 128-131.
13. Baratov, R. U. (2019). INTEGRATION OF A SCIENCE, FORMATION, AND MANUFACTURE IN THE COURSE OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING. In ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ: ПОЛИТОЛОГИЯ, СОЦИОЛОГИЯ, ФИЛОСОФИЯ, ИСТОРИЯ (pp. 51-54).
