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HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL LIFE DURING THE REIGN OF AMIR TEMUR
The article examines the spiritual heritage left by our ancestors, in particular, the wonderful progressive ideas of Amir Temur, necessary for all spheres and for all periods.
Keywords: spiritual heritage, spirituality, meaning of life, impartiality, political and economic relations.
В статье рассматривается духовное наследие, оставленное нашими предками, в частности прекрасные прогрессивные идеи Амира Темура, необходимые для всех сфер и для всех периодов.
Ключевые слова: духовное наследие, духовность, смысл жизни, беспристрастность, политические и экономические отношения.
INTRODUCTION
The construction of society on a fundamentally new basis and its development in all respects is directly related to the worldview and, at the same time, to the spirituality of the people. The study of the spiritual heritage of the past is one of the urgent issues necessary for the development of society. Because in the spiritual heritage left by our ancestors, there are wonderful, advanced ideas that will be needed at all times, and they have not lost their relevance for today's development.
In the Codes of our great ancestor Amir Temur there are such masterpieces of mind and thinking, our rich spirituality that you will be amazed. For example, he said, "I understood impartiality as the first of my qualities. Everyone is the same: I looked serious and fair, I did not distinguish anyone. They consider impartiality to be the first of human qualities. Verily, the hearts of innocent people are wide and their hearts are pure. They will be free from such vices as hypocrisy, prejudice and blackness. It is also written: "I have always followed Islam and respected those who are glorified by the command of Allah." Faith shines in these words. For a man of faith will never be betrayed. Or think about these words: "I've always been true to everything I said." Indeed, righteousness, truthfulness, truth brought only good to a
Turaeva Sanobar Khalimovna
KIEI, Senior Lecturer Turaeva Okila Khalimovna
school teacher №33
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
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person. Truth is also alive because it is true. The words of our great ancestor about the fulfillment of promises are also noteworthy: "I kept my promises to everyone and never broke them. I realized that if I always keep my promises, I will be fair and will not harm anyone." After all, the conscience of those who keep their promises will be clear. They can fight injustice.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
We can say that the above instructions have not lost their relevance even now, with a call to beware of hypocrites, flatterers, unbelievers and cowards.
The great Amir Temur, paying attention to the people of science and spirituality and trying to use them in the cultural life of society, wrote the historian Ibn Arabshah: "Timur was kind to scientists, close to religious scholars. He treated religious scholars with full respect and considered them more sacred than any other person. He would put each of them in his own place and give him his due."
In the palace of Amir Temur, many scientists enjoy the blessings of Sahibkiran and serve them. Amir Temur paid great attention to the development of many areas of science, and the French scientist Lenglet wrote about his conversations with masters: "Timur was attentive to scientists. Along with his prudence, he trusted those who are sincere and honest. He often descended from the throne and came to them to talk with historians, philosophers, as well as with all those talented in science and other matters. Because Timur focused on taking care of these areas." In the sources, Amir Temur is described as a man of brilliant qualities, sharp memory, courage and determination, a man of one word, great spiritual strength, an imperious person. To possess such qualities means to have a rich spirituality. That is why our people have a rich spirituality.
The scientific courage of Mirzo Ulugbek, the grandson of the great Amir Temur, the unique scientist of the Middle Ages, will amaze even today's scientists. Fate laid upon this great man enormous and difficult tasks. He was entrusted with a very responsible task of becoming the successor to the kingdom established by Amir Temur. For almost forty years, Mirzo Ulugbek, as the wise ruler of the land of Movarounnahr, showed great courage and perseverance in striving for the eternal dream of the people - peace, harmony, the development of science and culture.
For almost forty years, Mirzo Ulugbek, as the wise ruler of the land of Movarounnahr, showed great courage and perseverance in striving for the eternal dream of the people - peace, harmony, the development of science and culture.
This unique scientist created a perfect astronomical table, which shows the movements of thousands of stars. The life and scientific activity of Ulugbek is one of
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the cornerstones of the spirituality of our people, which indicates how much attention has long been paid to the development of fundamental sciences in our country. The fact that Ulugbek's astronomical table, called Ziji Jadidi Koragonius, was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages and became popular among European scientists is a clear proof of our opinion.
Since time immemorial, our country has made a great contribution to the treasury of human thought. Centuries have passed, the high spirituality of our ancestors, achievements in the field of science and education have always been an example for us.
The spiritual wealth that our ancestors accumulated over the centuries is reflected in our lives today. Just as all beings on earth enjoy the sun, the younger generation enjoys the source of spirituality. It is known that when Sahibkiran Amir Temur came to power, he paid special attention not only to political, strategic, but also economic issues in relations with foreign countries. In this regard, urgent trade and economic issues play an important role in its relations with the rulers of Western European countries. Here we need to get acquainted with the political situation of that time, because in the Middle Ages political and economic relations were carried out together.
At the end of the 14th century, when the young Ottoman state gained strength and took control of the straits connecting the Aegean and Black Seas, the roads leading to Central Asia and the Far East were closed to the West. Thus, the "Turkish question" arose for the West. Without her decision, it would not be possible to move to India and China [2:125].
In 1396, on the threshold of Nikopol in Bulgaria, the united army of European crusader knights was defeated by the Turks, led by Boyazid Yildirim. This defeat of the crusaders at that time made it clear that not only a single European state, but several states taken together would not be able to prevent a Turkish attack. All of Europe was in real danger. At the same time, the political and economic interests of the Ottoman state and the state of Sahibkiran Amir Temur clashed, and the war between the two Turkish states became inevitable. In this situation, the rulers of European countries, who were under the threat of a Turkish attack, turned to Amir Temur for help. These include Byzantium, Venice, Genoa and France. The reason for the alliance of France with Sahibkiran against the Turks was "the hope to restore the vassal position of Genoa, which in 1396 transferred the fate of its eastern territories to the French ruler." [3:218].
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In general, diplomatic relations before the Battle of Ankara in 1402 concerned mainly the formation of a military-political alliance against Turkey and the tactics and strategy of military operations. The Battle of Ankara in 1402 inevitably saved Europe from a terrible danger. After Amir Temur struck at the Ottoman Empire, the territory of his kingdom extended almost to the Mediterranean Sea.
Occupying all the main routes of the Silk Road from Europe to India and China and from there through Central Asia, Sahibkiran took measures to ensure the safety of caravans along this route and improve trade relations between East and West, i.e. East and West, great attention to its development [4:40-41].
The last period of the development of the Great Silk Road also coincides with the reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids. Amir Temur's war with the Golden Horde was caused by the Great Silk Road. In the fight against Tokhtamysh, Amir Temur wanted to destroy the northern branch of the Great Silk Road and strengthen its network passing through Movarounnahr. Because at the end of the 13th century - the first half of the 14th century, when the Golden Horde flourished, trade routes went from China through Dashti Kipchak to the Black Sea ports, from where goods were distributed throughout Europe through Venetian and Genoese merchants. When Sahibkiran defeated Tokhtamysh in 1395, he was able to carry out his plan [5:212].
Amir Temur was well aware of the important role of international trade in the development of the country. So we can see this in his letters to the rulers of Western Europe. For example, in his first letter to the King of France, Charles VI, Amir Temur wrote: The world is rich in merchants [6:20]. It should be noted that the above points are now the main concepts of world trade: the freedom of activity of entrepreneurs, the guarantee of their property, the regulation of the customs system. In the second letter of Sahibkiran to Charles VI, we can also read proposals for economic relations: "Our wish is that your health has priority; may you and our people reciprocate between these two respected countries, so that our glory may be glorified everywhere. Let's make the business profitable.
In his response to Amir Temur, King Charles VI of France supported his views: "As we agreed, if merchants in our country and other Christian countries trade with your citizens, they will be able to safely transport their goods, will be able to exchange them and will be able to move freely across the lands under your control.
So, as you say, was the same during the reign before us. In turn, we will respond to your great compliment with sincerity and determination so that your people can come to our lands and provinces, as we do in your country, and engage in trade"
[7:255].
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From the quoted words of the French king, it is clear that he attached great importance to the name Sahibkiran and intended to give a permanent tone to economic relations. Sahibkiran focused on international economic issues not only with France, but also with Great Britain. In response to Amir Temur's proposals for bilateral peace and cooperation, King Henry IV of England wrote in a response letter: "We would like to inform you that we intend to further expand the scope of our relations, restore and create conditions for trade between our countries, as in the days of our ancestors." The phrase "as in the days of our ancestors" refers to the Great Silk Road.
Not only Sahibkiran, but also his son Mironshah Mirza had diplomatic relations with the rulers of Western European countries and paid special attention to economic relations. For example, in his letter to the kings of France and England dated August 1, 1402, we read: "May ours be safe in your land, and yours be safe in our land. So, despite the religious differences between you and us, we need to maintain friendship in the interests of all people in the world, especially business people.
CONCLUSION
The above considerations show that the Timurids were far-sighted leaders of the state who adhered to the principle of "ideological independence of the economy." It should be noted that Mironshah Mirzo Sahibkiran sent a letter on behalf of Amir Temur.
In conclusion, we can say that economic relations between our country and the developed countries of Europe were established in ancient times, and these relations reached their peak during the reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids.
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