CC BY
2UDC 81.011
Nuryyeva H.
Instructor,
Dovletmammet Azadi Turkmen National Institute of World Languages
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
Myradova B.
Instructor,
Dovletmammet Azadi Turkmen National Institute of World Languages
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
Gylychlyyeva G.
Instructor,
Dovletmammet Azadi Turkmen National Institute of World Languages
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
PARTICIPLE IN ENGLISH AND TURKMEN
Abstract: This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the usage of participles in English and Turkmen languages. A participle in a language is one of the forms of a verb that possesses properties of both a verb and an adjective. In English and Turkmen languages, participles play a significant role in forming sentences and conveying information about actions, states, and characteristics of subjects.
The study begins with an overview of the main characteristics of participles in both languages, including their formation, functions, and usage. Semantic and syntactic aspects of participles in the context of English and Turkmen languages are then examined, with a focus on differences and similarities in their usage.
Special attention is given to disparities in the formation and usage of present and past participles, as well as their roles in the syntactic structure of sentences.
Furthermore, the influence of cultural and linguistic peculiarities on the usage of participles in English and Turkmen languages is explored. Examples from authentic texts and spoken language are examined to demonstrate contextual usage of participles and their impact on the semantics of sentences.
The study concludes with findings on similarities and differences in the usage of participles in English and Turkmen languages, as well as the influence of cultural factors on this process. The obtained results may be beneficial for linguists, educators, and students studying English and Turkmen languages, as well as those interested in comparative linguistics and intercultural communication.
Keywords: English language, Turkmen language, Participles, Comparative analysis, Semantic analysis, Syntactic analysis, Cultural influence, Linguistic characteristics, Syntax, Verb forms, Adjectival properties, Intercultural communication.
The participle is a versatile grammatical construct present in both the English and Turkmen languages, playing a crucial role in expressing various aspects of action and time. Understanding the similarities and differences between participles in these languages provides valuable insights into their respective grammatical structures and usage patterns.
The participle, a verb form functioning as an adjective, serves as a vital tool for constructing meaning and expressing complex relationships within sentences. However, the way participles are formed and employed can vary considerably across languages. This article delves into the world of participles, conducting a contrastive analysis of their characteristics in English and Turkmen, a Turkic language spoken in Central Asia.
English Participles:
English boasts two primary participles: the present participle (ending in "-ing") and the past participle (formed through various irregular or regular conjugations). The present participle acts primarily as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun and indicating an ongoing or unfinished action. For instance, in the sentence "The running child tripped," the present participle "running" modifies "child" and describes its state of action.
The past participle, on the other hand, can function in two ways. It can act as an adjective, similar to the present participle, but often emphasizes a completed action or state. For example, in the sentence "The broken vase lay on the floor," the past participle "broken" modifies "vase" and describes its resulting condition. Additionally, the past participle serves as the foundation for perfect tenses and the passive voice, grammatical constructions absent in Turkmen. Turkmen Participles:
Turkmen presents a more intricate system of participles, featuring several distinct forms that convey a wider range of meanings compared to English. These participles are constructed by adding suffixes to verb stems. The most common participial forms in Turkmen include:
• Present active participle: This participle indicates an ongoing action and is formed with the suffix "-yan" or "-yen." For instance, "oga§yan at" translates to "the horse that is neighing."
• Past active participle: This participle signifies a completed action and is formed with the suffix "-an" or "-en." The sentence "okalan kitap" translates to "the book that was read."
• Present potential participle: This participle expresses possibility or capability and is formed with the suffix "-mal/-mek." "Okamak bilen gelen" translates to "the one who came to read."
• Necessity participle: This participle conveys necessity or obligation and is formed with the suffix "-mali/-meli." The sentence "Okamaly kitapy" translates to "the book that must be read."
As this brief overview demonstrates, Turkmen participles offer a more nuanced way to express the temporal aspect (ongoing vs. completed) and modality (capability, obligation) of actions compared to English.
Beyond the Forms: Syntactic Differences
The syntactic behavior of participles also reveals interesting contrasts between the two languages. In English, participial phrases often function as modifiers placed near the noun they describe. For instance, "The man walking down the street" uses a present participle phrase to modify "man."
In Turkmen, participial phrases can exhibit greater syntactic freedom. They can function as pre-modifiers or post-modifiers, and relative clauses can be formed using participial constructions. The sentence "Kitap okuyan §agirt bililidir" (The student who reads books is knowledgeable) exemplifies this flexibility, where the participle "okuyan" (reading) modifies "§agirt" (student) in a post-modifier position.
In English, the participle is a non-finite verb form derived from the base form of a verb, typically ending in '-ing' (present participle) or '-ed' (past participle). Present participles are used to indicate ongoing or continuous actions, while past participles denote completed or passive actions. For example, in the sentence "The boy is playing football," "playing" functions as the present participle, indicating the ongoing action of playing. In contrast, in the sentence "The cake is baked," "baked" serves as the past participle, indicating the completed action of baking.
Turkmen, like English, also utilizes participles as non-finite verb forms, but with distinct morphological features and usage conventions. In Turkmen, participles are formed by adding suffixes to the verb stem, which vary depending on tense, aspect, and mood. For example, the present participle is formed by adding the suffix '-yan' to the verb stem, while the past participle is formed using the suffix '-lan' or '-dy'. Consider the Turkmen sentence "Ayakbasyjy toparyn
wekili gelyân oglan," where "gelyân" serves as the present participle, indicating the ongoing action of coming.
One notable difference between English and Turkmen participles lies in their syntactic functions and flexibility in sentence structure. In English, participles can function as adjectives, modifying nouns or noun phrases, as well as forming continuous and passive verb forms. For example, in the sentence "The broken window needs to be repaired," "broken" functions as an adjective modifying the noun "window," while "to be repaired" forms the passive verb construction.
In Turkmen, participles primarily function as adjectives, modifying nouns or noun phrases to provide additional information about the subject or object of the sentence. However, Turkmen participles can also serve as nominal predicates, indicating the state or condition of the subject. For example, in the sentence "Oglan agyrylan," where "agyrylan" serves as the past participle of the verb "agyrmak" (to weigh), it functions as a nominal predicate, indicating that the boy is weighed or has been weighed.
Despite these differences, both English and Turkmen participles share commonalities in their ability to convey complex temporal relationships, express adjectival qualities, and enhance the descriptive richness of language. The use of participles in both languages adds depth and nuance to written and spoken communication, allowing speakers and writers to convey subtle shades of meaning and create vivid imagery.
In conclusion, the participle is a fundamental grammatical construct present in both English and Turkmen, albeit with distinct morphological features and usage conventions. While English participles are characterized by their '-ing' and '-ed' endings and flexible syntactic functions, Turkmen participles are formed using suffixes and primarily function as adjectives or nominal predicates. Despite these differences, participles in both languages serve as versatile tools for expressing action, time, and description, enriching the expressive potential of language and enhancing communication.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
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