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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18454/RULB.2019.17.1.6
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧАСТИЯ I В ДРЕВНЕАНГЛИЙСКИХ ТЕКСТАХ
Научная статья
Соколова А.Ю.*
Тверской государственный медицинский университет, Тверь, Россия
* Корреспондирующий автор (alinasokolova.tver[at]yandex.ru)
Аннотация
В статье представлены результаты функционально-семантического анализа причастия I в древнеанглийских текстах. Как показало исследование все примеры употребления причастия I в древнеанглийских текстах можно разделить на две группы. Первая включает в себя случаи использования причастия с существительным. Ко второй группе относятся примеры функционирования причастия с глаголами. Первая группа традиционно именуется атрибутивным (или непредикативным) употреблением причастия. Ко второй группе относятся случаи предикативного употребления причастия, то есть его функционирование в конструкции "S+V+PI", где V - это личная форма финитного глагола. В конструкции "S+V+PI" причастие I может выполнять атрибутивную, субстантивную, обстоятельственную и предикативную функцию, обозначая второстепенное действие при финитной форме глагола.
Ключевые слова: древнеанглийский период, нефинитные формы глагола, причастие I, атрибутивное употребление, предикативное употребление.
FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSES OF PARTICIPLE I IN OLD ENGLISH TEXTS
Research article
Sokolova A.Yu. *
Tver State Medical University, Tver, Russia
* Corresponding author (alinasokolova.tver[at]yandex.ru)
Abstract
The article presents the results of the functional-semantic analysis of participle I in the Old English texts. The study showed that all examples of the use of participle I in Old English texts can be divided into two groups. The first includes the use of participles with the noun. The second group includes examples of the functioning of the participle with verbs. The first group is traditionally referred to as attributive (or non-predicative) use of the participle. The second group includes cases of predicative use of the participle, that is, its functioning in the construction "S + V + PI", where V is the finite form of a verb. In the construction "S + V + PI", participle I can perform an attributive, substantive, adverbial, and predicative function, denoting a secondary action to the finite form of the verb.
Keywords: Old English period, nonfinite verbal forms, participle I, attributive usage, predicative usage.
Introduction
As noted in the Comparative Grammar of Germanic Languages, the system of participles in ancient Germanic languages is represented by the opposition of two participial forms: participle I and participle II [4, P. 273].
In the descriptions of Old English grammar, the participles, like other nonfinite verbal forms, receive little attention. Most often, the presence of forms and their formal signs (endings) are only mentioned, such as in R. Quirk [9, P. 41] or in J. Wright [14, P. 211-212]. Approximately in the same way participles are described by I. Zeevers, who mentions briefly the meanings of participles and indicates their endings relative to individual classes of verbs [11, P. 254-255].
Discussion
In all the ancient Germanic languages, participle I or present participle has a uniform structure in all morphological types of verbs, which is characterized by the indicator -nd-. In Old English, the present participle ends in -ende.
As emphasized by the authors of comparative grammar, the Old German participles are of nominal nature in their origin. A.I. Smirnitsky also indicates that the adjective with the suffix * -nt-, meaning active production of the action, gave the Old English participle I [2, P. 283].
Based on the duality of the participle, some scholars divide the use of the participle into predicative and adjectival. For example, M. Callaway specifies: as a rule, the verbal participle denotes an act in the widest sense, while the adjectival denotes a state [8, P. 142]. Or, in the Comparative English grammar, it is noted that, in general, "participles are divided into part iciples and verbal adjectives; the former include forms directly related to a tense basis, such as participle I of Germanic languages, in the second, participle, not related to a certain tense basis, such as the German participles II " [4, P. 279]. M. Callaway also indicates that the past participle is more adjectival than the present participle [8, P. 142). Does it follow from this that participle I has a predicative character? As M. Callaway continues his reasoning, the present participle, having the supplement with it, is more predicative than the participle without supplement. Consequently, it is not possible to unambiguously and reliably separate the nominal and verbal semantics of the participle. However, it is possible to single out the dominant semantics based on the functions performed by the participle.
The aim of this study is to present the results of the functionally-semantical analyses of participle I in Old English.
Results
All the examples of use of participle I in Old English texts can be divided into two groups [3, P. 20]. The first one includes the cases of use of participle I with the noun (in the pre- or postposition). The second group includes examples of participle I functioning with the verb.
The first group is traditionally referred to as attributive (or non-predicative) use of the participle. In carrying out this function the participle refers to the head word, agreeing with it in gender, number and case: swegincga beatendra slecgea ond blawendra byliga «roar of beating sledge hammers and blowing bellows» [5].
In some examples participle I refers to the head word, but it has an object, and (or) an adverb, thereby forming a structure equivalent to the attributive subordinate clause: Effrem wss gehaten sum swi^e halig abbod on wsstene wunigende, fela wundra wyrcende «Effrem was named some very holy abbot on dessert dwelling many wonders making» [6].
The second group includes cases of predicative use of the participle, that is, its functioning in the construction "S + V + PI", where V is a finite form of the verb. All finite verbs can be grouped into several lexical-semantic categories (starting with the most numerous):
1. verbs of being: beon «be»;
2. verbs of motion: cuman «come», becuman «come», gan «go», faran «go» , stondan (standan) «stand», feran «go, travel»;
3. verbs of speaking: cwedan «say», singan «sing», gebiddan «pray», beodan «offer, announce»;
4. verbs of perception: ge-seon «see», ge-hieran «hear»;
5. other verbs: ^olian «suffer, endure», libban «live», witan «know».
In the construction "S + V + PI" participle I can perform the following functions:
1). Attributive function
In this case the participle denotes the attributes of a noun which is the subject of the sentence. As a finite verb we can see most often the verb "to be": hiera lar wsre wsstmberende to Godes willan «that their teaching was fertile to the God's will» [10]. Sometimes the properties of attributive participle I in the construction "S + V + PI" are highlighted by the use of such adverbs as swide «very» and swa «so», indicating a high degree of the properties denoted: wss swide gefeonde «was very glad (rejoicing)», he swide wi^winnende wsre «he very opposing was», se cyning swa wsre efenblissiende «the king so was rejoicing» [10].
2). Substantive function
Performing this function participle I has the meaning of thingness. We can define the following criteria of substantive functions [1, P. 438-439]:
- Participle I has an object in Genetive: ^e byd kyng ealra kcynga and ealra gesceafta scypend and wealdend «who is the king of all kings and all the creatures of the creator and ruler»;
- Participle I has an attribute which grammatically agrees with the participle: dst is din waldend ^e de geworhte «who is thy Lord who created you».
The use of participle I in the substantive function is an integral part of a larger phenomenon - the substantivisation of participle I.
3). In the construction "S + V + PI" participle I can perform the adverbial function. The participle may function as an adverb of manner, time, reason, purpose and condition:
wss gehws^er odrum
lifigende lad.
«each was by the other
loathed while living» [7, 814-815].
4). As a part of the construction "S + V + PI" participle I can perform a predicative function and denote a secondary action when the primary is denoted by the finite verb form.
We can consider the following indicators of the predicative participle function:- a close connection with the subject of the action: seo papa seonde da his writ cwsdend «the Pope sent then his letter, saying this» [12, line 656]; - verbal type of government (the presence of direct and indirect objects and different types of adverbs): nu ^u ^us rotlice & ^us glsdlice tu us sprecende eart «now you are so cheerfully and so joyfully to us speaking» [10]; and wsron haligra naman rimende and gebedu singende «and were holy names enumerating and prayers singing» [10];
- clear verbal semantics (denoting actions).
In combination with the finite verb participle I can be semantically equivalent to the finite form. Such phenomenon is observed in the following cases:
1) A finite verb and the participle denote two different actions:
And he ^a on medmicelre tide micel folc Dryhtne begeat and gestriende ^urh his lare «and he then in little time many people to the God turned (and) acquiring through his learning» [10].
2) A finite verb and the participle denote two similar actions, one of which specifies the other: Se hslend cwsd andswariende «The Christ said answering» [13]. In the examples of this group, the participle and the verb are semantically close, and it is quite difficult to determine which element (a finite verb or a participle) is the main one semantically, and which is semantically weakened.
In some cases, the participle and a finite verb are not equal semantically. And in such examples that is the finite verb which is semantically impaired. Here we can see a partial desemantization of the verbs in a finite form and strengthening of the predicative semantic significance of the participle I.
This can be seen, first, in those cases where the finite verb and the participle are synonymous: hy deah forhogiende me forsawon «they still neglecting me despised»; secondly, in numerous examples where the finite verb is one of the forms of the verb "to be": he swide georne wss ^a brodor biddende «he very earnestly was the brother asking» [10].
Conclusion
The analysis of examples described above can allow making the following conclusions. The research shown that the participle I has a dual nature - namely attributive and verbal. There is no doubt that the nominal nature was the primary one, while the verbal was acquired in the process of entering of the participle into the verbal paradigm. Among the facts pointing to the nominal or verbal nature of the participle are the following:
- For a nominal nature of the participle:
1) attributive function of participle I;
2) combinability with nouns (being their attributes) and adverbs of degree (swide giemende «very caring»);
3) the existence in the language of the masculine nouns with the meaning of a doer formed from the verb with the suffix -nd: hslend «savior», hsbbend «owner»;
4) substantivization of participle I (aliesend «Redeemer»);
- For the verbal nature of the participle:
1) the predicative function of participle I;
2) verbal government;
3) combinability with the nouns that are the object or subject of the action;
4) combinability with adverbs (well sprecende «speaking well»).
Конфликт интересов Conflict of Interest
Не указан. None declared.
Список литературы / References
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Список литературы на английском / References in English
1. Logutenkova T. G. Istoriko-tipologicheskoe issledovanie drevnih germanskih literaturnyh yazykov (drevneanglijskogo, drevneverhnenemeckogo, drevneislandskogo) [Historical and typological study of ancient Germanic literary languages (Old English, Old High German, Norse]: dis. ... dok. fil.nauk: 10.02.04.- Moskva, 1996. [in Russian]
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6. Aelfric' s Lives of Saints - Aelfric's Lives of Saints /ed. by W.W. Skeat. — London: N. Trubner & Co., 1881.
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8. Callaway M. The Appositive Participle in Anglo-Saxon-Baltimore: The Modern Language Association Of America, 1901.
9. Quirk R., Wrenn C.L. An old English Grammar.-London: Methuen and Co, Ltd., 1960.
10. Selection from the O.E. Bede. - Selections From The Old English Bede / ed. by Sedgefield W. J. - London, New York, Bombay: The University Press, 1917
11. Sievers Edw. An old English Grammar.- Boston: Ginn and company, 1903.
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13. The Gospel of Saint Matthew- The Gospel of Saint Matthew in West-Saxon / ed. by James Wilson Bright.- Boston, U.S.A. and London: D.C. Heath and Co, 1904.
14. Wright J., Wright E.M. An old English Grammar. - London: Oxford University Press, 1908.
