CC BY
7
UDC 796.89 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-13-17
On the issue of warming-up in the training process and directly before strength
sport competition
Evgeniy A. Pronin' *, Vladimir M. Petrov2, Aleksey S. Galunin3, Nikolay F. Filatov3
1Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University St. Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-8439-1448, rabotnik2809@yandex.ru* 2St. Petersburg Agrarian University St. Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0056-8293-7812, petrov55@yandex.ru 3Military Order of Zhukov University of Radio Electronics Cherepovets, Russia ORCID: 0004-3256-2141-7414, punkk77@yandex.ru ORCID: 0000-0005-1983-2063, viola667@yandex.ru
Abstract: The article presents the results of the authors' research connected with physical warm-up introduction into the training process and directly before the competitions. It was revealed that in addition to general influence on an athlete's physical abilities, warming-up also has a local influence on intervertebral disks. Warming-up increases body temperature, accelerates biochemical reactions in the motor apparatus; ligaments become elastic, the trajectory of movement in the mobile joints of the skeleton bones changes. The speed and accuracy of reactions are improved. All mentioned above changes provide rapid entry of the athlete's organism into the training and competitive load without preliminary working out. Warming-up introduction into the training process, as well as before competitions, increases the chance to improve sport result, increases technical aspect of the exercise fulfillment and reduces the risk of physical injury. The authors revealed that after an effective physical warming-up an athlete is ready to achieve high sports results. Scientific novelty of the research is in substantiating the introduction of physical warming-up into the training process and directly before the competitions. Practical significance is in substantiating the introduction of physical warming-up into the training process and directly before the competitions. Materials. The article presents the results of the authors' research works connected with physical warming-up introduction into the training process and before the competitions. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, questioning of witnesses respondents. Results. The authors revealed that after a qualitative physical warming-up an athlete is ready to achieve high sports results. Warming-up introduction into the training process and before the competitions increases the chances to improve sports result, increases technical aspect of the exercise fulfillment and decreases the risk of getting physical injuries. Conclusion. In case of insufficient physical warming-up, the effectiveness of the initial exercises fulfillment decreases. An athlete's body is insufficiently warmed up and it causes faults in technique, the risk of getting injuries. Physical warming-up should be built on the basis of an individual-typological approach, taking into account physical abilities, constitution, weight and age of an athlete. Keywords: strength sports, physical warming-up, effectiveness.
For citation: Evgeniy A. Pronin*, Vladimir M. Petrov, Aleksey S. Galunin, Nikolay F. Filatov. On the issue of warming-up in the training process and directly before strength sport competition. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(4): 13-16. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-13-17.
Introduction
Nowadays many research works were carried out in the sphere of sport, great scientific base was created. It provides highest achievements in sport with knowledge necessary for more effective methodologies formation of training lessons and training for competitions organization. Nowadays there is hardly any sport discipline, which wasn't
studied [Pronin, 2022, p. 312-315]. It is also true for strength sports.
During recent decades strength sports achieved considerable results and the level of athletes' professionalism increased. There are a lot of research works in the sphere of athletes' physical conditions development. Most part of them is dedicated to strength oriented endurance
development, other physical characteristics are not paid attention to, including warming-up in the training process and directly before the competition. During the training process and directly before the start an athlete uses physical warming-up, preparing own physical state for qualitative muscle work and influencing intervertebral disks. It is important in strength sports [Pronin, 2022, p. 5458]. Warming-up increases body temperature, accelerates biochemical reactions in locomotor apparatus, ligaments become elastic, the trajectory of movement changes in mobile bones junctions, the quickness and accuracy of reactions improves. All mentioned above changes provide quick involvement of an athlete's organism into the training and competitive load without preliminary working out [Pronin, 2022, p. 344-346].
Materials and methods
During scientific-methodical sources analysis, questionnaire among the respondents, who are the leading coaches of kettlebell lifting Federation in Saint-Petersburg, we revealed that warming-up is necessary for athletes of all categories. Warming-up introduction into the training process and before the competitions increases chances to improve sports result, increases technical aspect of an exercise fulfillment and decreases the risk of getting physical injury [Pronin, 2022, p. 331-335].
We considered the main exercises for warming-up organization, substantiated the necessity of warming-up for qualitative training for the competitions.
Results and discussion
Warming-up starts from track and field exercises, qualitative stretching of the main used in the future exercise muscles. During physical warming-up an athlete should correctly warm-up the organism. As a rule, in summer an organism warms up during 1525 minutes, in winter - 25-30 minutes. For warming up athletes also can use different creams, oinments (for example, Kapsikam). Careful skin integuments rubbing with creams, oinments causes great blood supply [Pronin, 2022, p. 231-235].
In warming-up the exercises for flexibility and coordination are very important. It is necessary to give the load to all groups of muscles, starting from shoulder girdle and ending with legs. If bending backwards is fulfilled, it is necessary to make forward bends. During the load on the left part of the body the same load is given to the right part [Pronin, 2022, p. 26-30].
First the tempo of warming-up should be slow, but then it should increase. By the end of physical warming-up it is necessary to use the exercises for speed-strength oriented qualities development.
Let's consider the main exercises for warming-up,
used in the training process of athletes-weightlifters [Pronin, 2022, p. 88-94].
Group warming-up starts from line-up, parading, defiling, walking in a rank. Then goes simple walking, quick walking, walking with hands on hips, walking with hands on the nape; springy walking on toes, on heels; half-knee bend walking, "low" sitting walking; "scissors" walking; walking with body turns and hands turning to the right, to the left; walking with different hands movements - rotation, straight hands raising sideways, hands raising with every step and etc..
Running: calm, quick; running with high hip lifting; running with high forward lifting of straight legs; running with throwing out shins and feet backward; running with legs crossed; running backward and etc. [Pronin, 2021, p. 357-360].
Moving in jumps: on one leg, on two legs; sideward, backward.
Body bending: to the right, to the left, forward, not bending knees; with back arching; twisting of the body.
Squats: on the whole foot, on toes, on one leg in turn, lifting bent in a knee leg on the level of the breast (if it is necessary to help with hands) [Pronin, 2022, p. 288-293].
Benchpress exercises: raising straight hands, make them maximally close to the chest (exercise for abdomen muscles); straight legs are motionless, lift the body and maximally bend to the legs.
Dip up, pull-ups.
Jumps: long jump, high jump, jumping on a vaulting buck, vaulting horse; running jump on the mats; running high jumps [Pronin, 2022, p. 245251].
Exercises with dumbbells, kettle balls, disks.
Exercises with stuffed balls (weight no more than 5 kg), overhead shot; pushing with two hands, with one hand, passing the ball between two athletes in a calm tempo.
The exercises of classical triathlon imitation. Exercises with the sticks.
Exercises with a partner:
- repulsion with hands- hands are bent on a chest level;
- two athletes stand back to back, bent in elbows hands of one athlete are put over the hands of another athlete- one athlete bends, not bending the knees and lifts another athlete on the back; then they change the positions.
Walking on hands: an athlete is on the floor, his partner lifts and supports his legs.
Exercises on gymnastic apparatuses. Here different movements can be fulfilled, for example, lifting on the horizontal bar, still rings, bars.
Exercises for abdomen at wall-bars, bars.
Pull-ups, hangs and etc.. Moreover, basketball, volleyball games and different relays are used.
Each exercise is fulfilled 6-8 times. The exercises can be fulfilled standing, in prone position, sitting, moving, using different weightlifting apparatuses. We mentioned not the whole list of exercises. They are used in warming-up.
The exercises for the athletes-beginners are very important in physical warming-up. Together with general health-improving exercises, it is necessary to use the exercises for coordination.
Let's see the peculiarities of warming-up before the competitions.
It was revealed that it is necessary to start warming-up directly 30-40 minutes before the start. Without hurry, with the interval of rest between the efforts, an athlete should make 5-6 attempts with the competitive apparatus. Warming-up should start with the weight. It is less than the initial weight (30%) depending on individual characteristics of an athlete. With each attempt weight increases by 10%. Highly strung athletes should have warming-up in a slow, calm tempo. Before the exercise fulfillment it is not recommended to have too intensive warming-up, as it demands great concentration. It is necessary to finish special warming-up with the weight, which is close to competitive weight. Such weight an athlete lifts easily and correctly, which improves his self-confidence [Pronin, 2021, p. 228-231].
The last warming-up attempt in the exercises is fulfilled no earlier than 5 minutes before the performance.
If the time of performance is delayed, it is necessary to fulfill warming-up with the average weight with a small time interval (4-5 minutes). As the experimental research works by R.A. Roman showed, in tempo exercises the final warming-up attempts can be fulfilled not fully, only the pull in weightlifting and throwing the dumbbells on chest in kettlebell lifting. These exercises can be used also between the attempts.
Conclusion
In case of insufficient physical warming-up, the effectiveness of the initial exercises fulfillment decreases. An athlete's body is insufficiently warmed up and it causes faults in technique, the risk of getting injuries. Physical warming-up should be built on the basis of an individual-typological approach, taking into account physical abilities, constitution, weight and age of an athlete.
References
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Submitted: 29.10.2022 Author's information:
Evgeniy A. Pronin — PCandidate of Pedagogics, Mikhaylovskaya millitary artileriyskaya academy, 191187, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Liteynyj prsopect, House 3, e-mail: rabotnik2809@yandex.ru Vladimir M. Petrov - Associate Professor, St. Petersburg Agrarian University, Russia, 195435, Pushkin, Konyushennaya str., HouseM 16, e-mail: petrov55@yandex.ru
Aleksey S. Galunin - Lecturer, Military Order of Zhukov University of Radio Electronics Russia, 162622, Cherepovets, Sovetskiy ave., House 126, e-mail: punkk77@yandex.ru
Nikolay F. Filatov - Lecturer, Military Order of Zhukov University of Radio Electronics Russia, 162622, Cherepovets, Sovetskiy ave., House 126, e-mail: viola667@yandex.ru
