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12 Plenary session PLENARY SESSION Northern Urbanization under global change: challenges and strategies with respect to weather, climate and air pollution for sustainable development A. Baklanov1 2 3 4 5 6 5 7 8 , I. Esau , P. Konstantinov , K. Law , A. Mahura , A. Penenko , T. Petäjä , J. Schmale , R. Sokhi , 3 M. Varentsov 1World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland 2Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center / Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway 3Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Moscow, Russia 4 LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France 5Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 6Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS 7École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Switzerland 8University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, UK 9Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Email: [email protected] DOI 10.24412/cl‐35065‐2021‐1‐03‐07 Urbanization is accelerating globally, also in Northern high latitudes. This trend causes transformation in the geosphere, biosphere, pedosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, affecting the human‐environment sys‐ tem over both short‐ and long‐term timescales. Cities represent a complex and highly dynamic interface be‐ tween Earth components (atmosphere, land, water, etc.) and societal factors (health, social equity, life quality, economy, etc.). At the same time, cities are very sensitive to climate change. This vulnerability is strongly pro‐ nounced in the North, especially in the Arctic, a region that is warming at twice the rate as the global average, and has direct and indirect impacts on the local livelihoods, infrastructure, water resources, ecology and air quality. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) within the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and New Urban Agenda is promoting safe, healthy and resilient cities through the development of science‐based Integrated Urban Weather, Environment and Climate Systems and Services (IUS) for sustainable cities under changing climate. The WMO suggested novel concept and methodology for the Urban Integrated Hydro‐ Meteorological, Climate and Environmental Services (Baklanov et al., 2018; WMO, 2019; Grimmond et al., 2020) to support safe, healthy, sustainable and resilient cities are actively realized for a number of cities around the world. The Guidance on IUS, Volume II: Demonstration Cities (WMO, 2020) uses information gath‐ ered from more than 30 demonstration cities to provide examples of the types of IUS and their placement within distinct administrative frameworks. However, among these more than 30 cities, already successfully realizing such approach for sustainable urban development, only a few of winter cities considered (Baklanov et al., 2020) and no Arctic cities involved and analyzed yet. However, northern cities have a strong specific and not always recipes, recommended for other climatic zones, are suitable for them. Previous studies of urban sensitivity to climate change have mostly focused on lower and mid‐latitude cit‐ ies and rarely considered analysis of Northern/Arctic cities. Due to the specific climatic conditions and societal organization Northern cities embrace many challenges in the advancement of knowledge about physical, chemical, ecological, socio‐economic and environmental change, their relationships and implications for the human‐environment system. Some of the important issues that require in‐depth studies include the effects of urban meteorology such as heat islands and the interactions of stably stratified boundary layers with urban
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PLenary session 13 elevated air pollution episodes in a changing climate. In addition, as urbanization progresses and lifestyles global‐ ize, the need for agricultural and industrial products increases. This poses environmental challenges in both cas‐ es, local production (unique ecosystems) and transportation to the Arctic (infrastructure development). Moreo‐ ver, due to the cold weather conditions, high‐energy consumption is typical of northern cities. With limited po‐ tential for renewable energy generation, adopting sustainable life styles is of particular challenge. In the Arctic, particularly considering the present status, indigenous communities and population level, the urbanization process involves a large spectrum of settlements of various sizes. In order to understand the social‐environmental effects of urbanization under rapid climate change a multiscale approach is necessary in order to be beneficial to the whole Arctic society. This presentation provides an overview of the current efforts towards future northern IUSs on Arctic ur‐ banization under climate change undertaken by the international initiative Air Pollution in the Arctic: Climate, Environment and Society (PACES) (Arnold et al., 2016; Schmale et al., 2018), the Pan‐Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme (Kulmala et al., 2015; Lappalainen et al., 2021), the WMO Global Atmospheric Watch Urban Research Meteorology and Environment (GURME) project (WMO, 2019; Sokhi et al, 2021), as well as several ongoing and previous bilateral and international projects, e.g.: FP6 EnviroRISKS (Baklanov and Gordov, 2006; Baklanov et al, 2013); UHIARC (Konstantinov et al, 2018; Varentsov et al, 2018); Belmont Forum's HIARC (Miles and Esau, 2017, 2020) and SERUS (Esau et al., 2020), NordForsk TRAKT‐2018 (Mahura et al., 2018; Esau et al., 2021), Kola Arctic studies etc. (Baklanov et al., 2012; Amosov et al., 2014, 2020; Penenko et al., 2015) and Horizon‐2020 iCUPE (Petäjä et al. 2020). The recently organized 4th PACES Open Science meeting (26‐28 May 2021) on its Session 2: “Integrated Urban Systems (IUS): Twin cities –GURME initiative” concluded that: ‐ Complex multidisciplinary approach is needed for building climate and environmentally smart and sus‐ tainable Arctic cities; ‐ Improvements and adaptation of the novel WMO concept of the IUS for Arctic and winter cities are im‐ portant and require further research; ‐ It is decided to propose a new GURME project on IUS for Northern Twin Cities. Cities in focus and some initial pairs of twin cities have been identified (e.g., Rovaniemi‐Apatity; Tromso‐Murmansk/Salekhard; Fair‐ banks‐Norilsk/Nadym). ‐ Key science focus will be on very stable boundary layers of winter and Arctic cities and their interactions with urban processes, air pollution and climate change. References: 1. Amosov, P., A. Baklanov, O. Rigina, 2014: “Numerical modeling of dusting at tailing dumps” – LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2014. 109 p. 2. Amosov P.V., Baklanov A.A., Makarov D.V., Masloboev V.A., 2020: Estimating air pollution levels by numerical simulation depending on wind flow speed and dust source area. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2020; 5: 80–89. DOI: 10.21440/0536‐1028‐2020‐5‐80‐89 3. Arnold, S. R., K. S. Law, C. A. Brock, J. L. Thomas, S. M. Starkweather, K. von Salzen, A. Stohl, S. Sharma, M. T. Lund, M. G. Flanner, T. Petäjä, H. Tanimoto, J. Gamble, J. E. Dibb, M. Melamed, N. Johnson, M. Fidel, V.‐P. Tynkkynen, A. Baklanov, S. Eckhardt, S.A. Monks, J. Browse, H. Bozem, 2016: Arctic air pollution: challenges and opportunities for the next decade. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 2016; 4:104. 4. Baklanov, A. and E. Gordov, 2006: Man‐induced Environmental Risks: Monitoring, Management and Remediation of Man‐made Changes in Siberia. Journal of Computing Technologies, 11(3): 162‐171.
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14 Plenary session 5. Baklanov, A., C.S.B. Grimmond, D. Carlson, D. Terblanche, X. Tang, V. Bouchet, B. Lee, G. Langendijk, R.K. Kolli, A. Hovsepyan, 2018: From urban meteorology, climate and environment research to integrated city services. Urban Climate, 23 330–341, DOI10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.004. 6. Baklanov, A., B. Cárdenas, T.C. Lee, S. Leroyer, V. Masson, L.T. Molina, T. Müller, C. Ren, F.R. Vogel, J.A. Voogt, 2020: Integrated urban services: Experience from four cities on different continents, Urban Climate, 32, 2020, 100610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100610 7. Baklanov, A., Mahura, A., Nazarenko, L., Tausnev, N., Kuchin, A. and Rigina, O., 2012: Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change in Northern Latitudes., Kola Science Center of RAS, Apatity, Russia (book in Russian), 106 pp. 2012. 8. Baklanov, A. A., Penenko, V. V., Mahura, A. G., Vinogradova, A. A., Elansky, N. F., Tsvetova, E. A., Rigina, O. Y., Maksimenkov, L. O., Nuterman, R. B., Pogarskii, F. A. and Zakey, A., 2013: Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution in Siberia, in Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, edited by P. Y. Groisman and G. Gutman, pp. 303–346, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, 2013. 9. Esau I., Varentsov M., Laruelle M., Miles M.W., Konstantinov P., Soromotin A., Baklanov A.A. and Miles V.V., 2020: Warmer Climate of Arctic Cities, in the monography “The Arctic: Current Issues and Challenges”, Pokrovsky O., et al. (Eds), NOVA Publishers, ISBN: 978‐1‐53617‐306‐2. 10. Esau, I., Bobylev, L., Donchenko, V., Gnatiuk, N., Lappalainen, H. K., Konstantinov, P., Kulmala, M., Mahura, A., Makkonen, R., Manvelova, A., Miles, V., Petäjä, T., Poutanen, P., Fedorov, R., Varentsov, M., Wolf, T., Zilitinkevich, S. and Baklanov, A., 2021: An enhanced integrated approach to knowledgeable high‐resolution environmental quality assessment, Environ. Sci. Policy, 122, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.03.020, 2021. 11. Grimmond, S., Bouchet, V., Molina, L. T., Baklanov, A., Tan, J., Schlünzen, K. H., Mills, G., Golding, B., Masson, V., Ren, C., Voogt, J., Miao, S., Lean, H., Heusinkveld, B., Hovespyan, A., Teruggi, G., Parrish, P., and Joe, P., 2020: Integrated urban hydrometeorological, climate and environmental services: Concept, methodology and key messages, Urban Clim., 33, 100623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100623, 2020. 12. Konstantinov, P., Varentsov, M. and Esau, I., 2018: A high density urban temperature network deployed in several cities of Eurasian Arctic, Environ. Res. Lett., 13(7), 075007, doi:10.1088/1748‐9326/aacb84, 2018. 13. Kulmala, M., Lappalainen, H. K., Petäjä, T., Kurten, T., Kerminen, V.‐M., Viisanen, Y., Hari, P., Sorvari, S., Bäck, J., Bondur, V., Kasimov, N., Kotlyakov, V., Matvienko, G., Baklanov, A., Guo, H. D., Ding, A., Hansson, H.‐C., and Zilitinkevich, S., 2015: Introduction: The Pan‐Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) – multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research and capacity‐building initiative, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13085‐13096, doi:10.5194/acp‐15‐13085‐2015. 14. Lappalainen, H., Petäjä, T., Vihma, T., Räisänen, J., Baklanov, A., Chalov, S., Esau, I., …, Bondur, V., Kasimov, N., Zilitinkevich, S., Kerminen, V.‐M., and Kulmala, M., 2021: Overview: Recent advances on the understanding of the Northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China ‐ Pan Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐2021‐341, in review, 2021. 15. Mahura, A., Gonzalez‐Aparicio, I., Nuterman, R. and Baklanov, A., 2018: Seasonal Impact Analysis on Population due to Continuous Sulphur Emissions from Severonikel Smelters of the Kola Peninsula, Geogr. Environ. Sustain., 11(1), 130–144, doi:10.24057/2071‐9388‐2018‐11‐1‐130144, 2018. 16. Miles V. and Esau I., 2017: Seasonal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) in Northern West Siberian Cities. Remote Sensing, 9(10), 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9100989 17. Miles V. and Esau I., 2020: Surface urban heat islands in 57 cities across different climates in northern Fennoscandia. Urban Climate, 31(August 2019), 100575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100575 18. Penenko A., Penenko V., Nuterman R., Baklanov A., Mahura A., 2015: Direct variational assimilation algorithm for atmospheric chemistry data with transport and transformation model. SPIE Vol 9680, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, 968076, Nov 2015, 12p., doi: 10.1117/12.2206008 19. Petäjä, T., Duplissy, E.‐M., Tabakova, K., Schmale, J., Altstädter, B., Ancellet, G., Arshinov, M., Balin, Y., Baltensperger, U., Bange, J., Beamish, A., Belan, B., Berchet, A., Bossi, R., Cairns, W.R.L., Ebinghaus, R., Haddad, I.E., Ferreira‐ Araujo, B., Franck, A., Huang, L., Hyvärinen, A., Humbert, A., Kalogridis, A.‐C., Konstantinov, P., Lampert, A., MacLeod, M., Magand, O., Mahura, A., Marelle, L., Masloboev, V., Moisseev, D., Moschos, V., Neckel, N., Onishi, T., Osterwalder, S., Ovaska, A., Paasonen, P., Panchenko, M., Pankratov, F., Pernov, J.B., Platis, A., Popovicheva, O., Raut, J.‐C., Riandet, A.,
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PLenary session 15 Sachs, T., Salvatori, R., Salzano, R., Schröder, L., Schön, M., Shevchenko, V., Skov, H., Sonke, J.E., Spolaor, A., Stathopoulos, V.K., Strahlendorff, M., Thomas, J.L., Vitale, V., Vratolis, S., Barbante, C., Chabrillat, S., Dommergue, A., Eleftheriadis, K., Heilimo, J., Law, K.S., Massling, A., Noe, S.M., Paris, J.‐D., Prévôt, A.S.H., Riipinen, I., Wehner, B., Xie, Z., Lappalainen, H.K. 2020: Overview: Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) – concept and initial results. Atmospheric Chem. Phys., 20, 8551–8592. https://doi.org/10.5194/ acp‐20‐8551‐2020, 2020. 20. Schmale, J., Arnold, S. R., Law, K. S., Thorp, T., Anenberg, S., Simpson, W. R., Mao, J. and Pratt, K. A., 2018: Local Arctic air pollution: A neglected but serious problem, Earth’s Futur., doi:10.1029/2018EF000952, 2018. 21. Sokhi, RS, V Singh, X Querol, S Finardi, AC Targino, M de Fatima Andrade, et al., 2021: A global observational analysis to understand changes in air quality during exceptionally low anthropogenic emission conditions, Environment international, 157, 106818. 22. Varentsov, M., Konstantinov, P., Baklanov, A., Esau, I., Miles, V., and Davy, R., 2018: Anthropogenic and natural drivers of a strong winter urban heat island in a typical Arctic city, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17573–17587, https://doi.org/ 10.5194/acp‐18‐17573‐2018, 2018. 23. WMO, 2019, 2020: Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services. Vol. 1: Concept and Methodology. Volume 2: Demonstration Cities. WMO‐No. 1234. On numerical methods for solving direct problems in the mechanics of composite structures 1,2 1,3 1,2 1 1,2 1 L. S. Bryndin , S. K. Golushko , V. A. Belyaev , A. G. Gorynin , V. P. Shapeev , E. V. Amelina 1Novosibirsk State University 2Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS 3Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies Email: [email protected] DOI 10.24412/cl‐35065‐2021‐1‐00‐09 Solving direct problems of calculating strength of composite structures and analyzing their stress‐strain state (SSS) necessitates solving boundary value problems for systems of differential equations. In this report, numerical methods of linear algebra and the least‐squares collocation method in combination with modern algo‐ rithms of an iterative process acceleration are applied to modelling and simulation of composite beams bending [1]. The quasi‐static loading process with repeated solution of systems of nonlinear algebraic equations and boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations is considered to analyze beams SSS [1, 2]. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 18‐29‐18029). References 1. Golushko S. K., Shapeev V. P., Belyaev V. A., Bryndin L. S., Boltaev A. I., Gorynin A. G. The least‐squares collocation method in the mechanics of deformable solids // J. of Physics: Conf. Ser. 2021. V. 1715, N. 012029. P. 1‐10. 2. Shapeev V. P., Belyaev V. A., Golushko S. K., Idimeshev S. V. New possibilities and applications of the least squares collocation method // EPJ Web of Conferences. 2018. V. 173, N. 01012. P. 1‐8. Conservative‐characteristic algorithms for systems of conservation laws of hyperbolic type. Achievements and challenges V. M. Goloviznin Lomonosov Moscow State University Email: [email protected] DOI 10.24412/cl‐35065‐2021‐1‐01‐24 Conservative‐characteristic (CH) computational algorithms combine the advantages of conservative dif‐ ference schemes with automatic trapping of strong discontinuities and the method of characteristics in the
