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From urban air quality forecasting and information systems to integrated urban hydrometeorology, climate and environment systems and services for smart cities
A. Baklanov1 and WMO GURME and IUS teams
1 Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland
Email: abaklanov@wmo.int
DOI: 10.24411/9999-017A-2020-10363
This presentation is analysing a modern evolution in research and development from specific urban air quality systems to multi-hazard and integrated urban weather, environment and climate systems and services and provides an overview of joint results of large international WMO GURME, IUS, and EU FP FUMAPEX, MEGAPOLI and MarcoPolo projects teams.
Urban air pollution is still one of the key environmental issues for many cities around the world. A number of recent and previous international studies have been initiated to explore these issues. In particular relevant experience from the European projects FUMAPEX, MEGAPOLI, MarcoPolo will be demonstrated. MEGAPOLI studies aimed to assess the impacts of megacities and large air-pollution hotspots on local, regional and global air quality; to quantify feedback mechanisms linking megacity air quality, local and regional climates, and global climate change; and to develop improved tools for predicting air pollution levels in megacities (Baklanov et al., 2010). FUMAPEX developed for the first time an integrated system encompassing emissions, urban meteorology and population exposure for urban air pollution episode forecasting, for assessment of urban air
Математические модели физики атмосферы, океана и окружающей среды
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quality and health effects, and for emergency preparedness issues in urban areas (UAQIFS: Urban Air Quality Forecasting and Information System; Baklanov, 2006; Baklanov et al., 2007).
While important advances have been made, new interdisciplinary research studies are needed to increase our understanding of the interactions between emissions, air quality, and regional and global climates. Studies need to address both basic and applied research and bridge the spatial and temporal scales connecting local emissions, air quality and weather with climate and global atmospheric chemistry. WMO has established the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Urban Research Meteorology and Environment (GURME) project (http:// mce2.org/wmogurme/) which provides an important research contribution to the integrated urban services.
It is also important to remember that most (about 90%) of the disasters affecting urban areas are of a hydro-meteorological nature and these have increased due to climate change (Habitat-III, 2016). Cities are also responsible not only for air pollution emissions, but also for generating up to 70% of the Greenhouse Gas emissions that drive large scale climate change. Thus, there is a strong feedback between contributions of cities to environmental health, climate change and the impacts of climate change on cities and these phases of the problem should not be considered separately. Further, a single extreme event can lead to a cascading effect that generates new hazards and to a broad breakdown of a city's infrastructure. There is a critical need to consider the problem in a complex manner with interactions of climate change and disaster risk reduction for urban areas (Grimmond et al., 2014, 2015; Baklanov et al., 2016, 2018).
WMO is promoting safe, healthy and resilient cities through the development of Integrated Urban Weather, Environment and Climate Services. The aim is to build urban services that meet the special needs of cities through a combination of dense observation networks, high-resolution forecasts, multi-hazard early warning systems, disaster management plans and climate services. This approach gives cities the tools they need to reduce emissions, build thriving and resilient communities and implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydro-Meteorological, Climate and Environmental Services (IUS), developed by a WMO inter-programme working group and the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences and Commission for Basic Systems, documents and shares the good practices that will allow countries and cities to improve the resilience of urban areas to a great variety of natural and other hazards (WMO, 2018, 2019).
References
1. Baklanov, A., 2006: Overview of the European project FUMAPEX. ACP, 6, 2005-2015, doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2005-2006
2. Baklanov, A., Hanninen, O., Sl0rdal, L. H., et al., 2007: Integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure, ACP, 7, 855-874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-855-2007
3. Baklanov, A., Lawrence, M., Pandis, S., et al., 2010: MEGAPOLI: concept of multi-scale modelling of megacity impact on air quality and climate, Adv. Sci. Res., 4, 115-120., https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-4-115-2010
4. Baklanov, A., L.T. Molina, M. Gauss, 2016: Megacities, air quality and climate. Atmospheric Environment, 126: 235-249. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059
5. Baklanov A., Grimmond, C.S.B., Carlson, D., et al., 2018: From Urban Meteorology, Climate and Environment Research to Integrated City Services. Urban Climate, 23: 330-341,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.004
6. Grimmond, C.S.B., Tang, X., Baklanov, A., 2014. Towards integrated urban weather, environment and climate services. WMO Bull., 63(1): 10-14.
7. Grimmond, C.S.B., Carmichael, G., Lean, H., et al., 2015: Urban-scale environmental prediction systems. Chapter 18 in the WWOSC Book: Seamless Prediction of the Earth System: from Minutes to Months, WMO-No. 1156, Geneva, pp. 347-370.
8. HABITAT-III, 2016. The new UN Urban Agenda, The document adopted at the Habitat III Conference in Quito, Ecuador.
9. WMO, 2018: Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services. Volume 1: Concept and Methodology, Grimmond, S., Bouchet, S., Molina, L. et al., WMO-No. 1234.
10. WMO, 2019: Guidance on IUS. Volume 2: Demonstration Cities. Editors Grimmond, S. and Sokhi, R., WMO, June 2019.
