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International Labour Organization and Walk Free Foundation, "Global Estimates on Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage", Geneva, 2017, pp. 9-10, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/ wcms_575479.pdf
Channing May, Transnational Crime and the Developing World. Global Financial Integrity, March 2017, p. xii, https://gfintegrity. org/report/transnational-crime-and-the-developing-world
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data
OPTN, National data, Removal Reasons by Year, Removed from the Waiting List (January, 1995, August 31, 2020, - https://optn. transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/#
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5 Ghods U.J., Savaj S., Iranian Model of Paid and Regulated Living-Unrelated Kidney Donation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 1136 -1145, 2006. doi: 10.2215/CJN.00700206, p. 1141 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6 Channing May, Transnational Crime and the Developing World. Global Financial Integrity, March 2017, p. 104, https://gfintegri-ty.org/report/transnational-crime-and-the-developing-world
7 The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism, https://www.declarationofistanbul.org/about-the-dec-laration/history-and-development
8 The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism, Turkey, Istanbul, May 2, 2008, https://cjasn.asnjour-nals.org/content/3/5/1227#sec-10
9 Ambagtsheer F., Zaitch D., Swaaningen R., Duijst W., Zuiedema W., Weimar W., Cross-Border Quest: The Reality and Legality of Transplant Tourism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Transplantation Volume 2012, Article ID 391936, doi:10.1155/2012/391936, p. 3.
'o Doffman Zak, China Killing Prisoners To Harvest Organs For Transplant, Tribunal Finds. Forbes, June 18, 2019, https://www. forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/06/18/china-killing-prisoners-to-harvest-organs-for-transplant-tribunal-finds/#42d38ff453d4
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Ambagtsheer F., Zaitch D., Swaaningen R., Duijst W., Zuiedema W., Weimar W., Cross-Border Quest: The Reality and Legality of Transplant Tourism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Transplantation Volume 2012, Article ID 391936, doi:10.1155/2012/391936, p. 4.
Channing May, Transnational Crime and the Developing World // Global Financial Integrity, March 2017, p. 29, https://gfintegri-ty.org/report/transnational-crime-and-the-developing-world/
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'6 GODT - Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation database, Country data, Armenia http://www.transplant-observa-tory.org/summary/ (Jmrngh mJumph^' 16.09.2020):
1. Ambagtsheer F., Zaitch D., Swaaningen R., Duijst W., Zuiedema W., Weimar W., Cross-Border Quest: The Reality and Legality of Transplant Tourism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Transplantation. Volume 2012, Article ID 391936, doi:10.1155/2012/391936, p. 3-4.
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Анна ПАХЛЯН
Приглашенный эксперт исследовательского центра «Амберд», АГЭУ,
кандидат экономических наук, доцент
А ВЫ ЗНАЕТЕ, ЧТО....?
НЕЛЕГАЛЬНАЯ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИХ ОРГАНОВ: БИЗНЕС ИЛИ ТЕРРОРИЗМ?
Жизненная потребность в донорских органах и очевидные расхождения между спросом и предложением на них привели к развитию транснационального бизнеса по незаконной поставке органов и их трансплантации. И если в случае трансплантации почек и печени живое донорство возможно на добровольной основе или насильно, то потребность в других органах удовлетворяется исключительно за счет жизни доноров, что предполагает использование криминальных схем.
По самым скромным подсчетам, во всем мире ежегодно проводится около 12 тысяч незаконных трансплантаций органов, доход от которых оценивается примерно в 840-1,7 миллиарда долларов США.
Ключевые слова: человеческие органы, нелегальная продажа, черный рынок
трансплантологии, "красный рынок", трафикинг, трансплантационный туризм
Anna PAKHLYAN
Invited expert of «Amberd» Research Center, ASUE, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor
DO YOU KNOW THAT...?
ILLEGAL TRANSPLANTATIOON OF HUMAN ORGANS: BUSINESS OR TERRORISM?
The vital need for donor organs and the apparent discrepancies between supply and demand for them have led to the development of a transnational business of illegal organ supply and transplantation. And, if in the case of kidney and liver transplantation, live donation is possible on a voluntary basis or by force, then the demand for other organs is met exclusively at the cost of donors' lives, which implies the use of criminal schemes.
According to the most modest estimates, about 12,000 illegal organ transplants are performed annually all over the world, the revenue from which is estimated at about 840 million to 1.7 billion US dollars.
Keywords: human organs, illegal trade, transplantation black market, "red market",
trafficking, transplant tourism
