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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-4-17 Narrative Review: Dynamometer for measuring of torso forces
Felder H.*, Bursch S., Rast T.
Olympic Training Center - Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (Germany) ORCID: 0000-0001-6770-9039, h.felder@olympiastuetzpunkt.org*
Review article
Abstract: The contraction effect of muscles results in either dynamically moving rotational or statically stabilizing contact forces [1], depending on the joint architecture involved as well as the organization of the muscle courses in relation to the movement axes. Because of this, skeletal muscles are of elementary importance in the realization of all physical movements. Even though numerous machines are a considerable support in everyday life, muscle work is still indispensable in many areas of life today. Muscle power is the prerequisite that both one's own body and objects can experience stability as well as speed changes. However, lifting and carrying loads is also part of the professional routine of many employed persons [2]. Muscle strength also has a protective effect on health, since age-related strength loss (sarcopenia) is often associated with reduced muscle size and function [3, 4] - this can manifest itself in a diminished quality of life [5, 6], reduced mobility [2, 7], and an increased risk of falling in the affected older adults [8]. Whether in sport, at work or in health promotion - if an improvement is sought in one of these areas - trunk strength and stability are of great importance [9]. The current interest is evident insofar as the trunk is functionally a kinetic link that can transmit torque between the upper and lower extremities [10]. In this context, a healthy and fully functional spine must meet the following requirements: On the one hand, there must be a high degree of mobility in all segments and planes of motion of the spine. On the other hand, under both dynamic and static loads, there must be optimal and balanced muscle strength and performance of the trunk and neck muscles [11]. In an adequate condition, the trunk muscles accordingly promote the proper execution of whole-body movements within the performance of sports [12], professional activities, fitness and everyday activities [13]. If, on the other hand, there is muscular insufficiency or imbalance in the trunk, this can lead to problems in the athletic, occupational or everyday performance of those affected [14, 15] or to health impairments [10, 16, 17]. Especially back problems and associated back pain are of particular importance. Already in earlier years Kraus et al. [18] has the conclusion that the majority of back pain lies in the origin of muscular weakness of the trunk musculature, which was confirmed by many subsequent studies. According to Roy et al. [19] this muscular insufficiency causes a higher load on the passive tissue structures, which causes degenerative changes, injuries and pain in the back. In order to prevent back pain and serious injuries of any kind as well as to treat them curatively, a corresponding strength training of the back muscles is indispensable. In addition to Pullock's [20], many other studies have shown that strength training of the trunk muscles over a longer period of time has led to an increase in isometric maximum strength and a further reduction in pain symptoms. As a result the determination and quantification of torso strength provides insight into the current performance and (back) health of an individual [21], as well as the ability to establish, document and evaluate intervention programs [22]. One possibility to determine force - as one of the basic motor characteristics - is the measurement of maximum force. Because «...the maximum force is a size which describes the force property of the muscle in a similar way to the VO2max which characterizes the endurance property» [2, p. 66]. Force dynamometers specially developed for this purpose usually try to determine the generated one- to three-axis lumbar moments of the trunk muscles and at the same time simulate the isometric, isokinetic or other muscle actions [23]. The diagnosis of trunk strength is important: astonishing is the fact that there is still no consensus in quantifying the optimal test
procedures and methods to be used [22]. As a result, there are currently numerous different diagnostic apparatuses/devices. On the occasion of this diversity and lack of transparency, the present work with the following overview aims to give an overview of current diagnostic devices.
For citation: Felder H.*, Bursch S., Rast T. Narrative Review: Dynamometer for measuring of torso forces. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 4-16. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-201914-1-4-17
Methods search engine Google.
In the databases PubMed, BASE and LIVIVO Results
a literature search was carried out with the following keywords: back OR lumbar OR trunk OR core AND strength AND analysis OR performance. All studies were considered that carried out an instrument-based trunk force measurement. Later in the process these dynamometers were integrated into an overview table. In addition, further dynamometers are listed which were found exclusively via the
Table 1 - Display of a selection of devices.
Dynamometers
(pictorial sources: retrieved 6. November 2018)
BfMC CTT Pegasus
Parameters
http://www.bfmc.info/eng/index. php?cs=4-2
BfMC CTT Kolossos
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Nm
isometric
trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion additional: ROM-Training
sitting Nm
isometric
trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion
Sources
[1]
[2]
http://www.bfmc.info/eng/index. Position sitting
php?cs=4-4
BfMC CTT Minotaur
http://www.bfmc.info/eng/index. php?cs=4-8
Biodex Sytem4 Pro
http://citec.nu/frm/uk.htm
CSMi Cybex Norm Isokinetic Dynamometer
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position
https://www.proxomed.com/de/ produkte/biodex_system_4_pro-60. html
CITEC hand-held dynamometer
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
Nm
isometric
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical lateral flexion trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion
sitting
Nm concentric/
excentrically/isometric
trunk extension/flexion
modularly expandable:
ankle, knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hip
sitting
[3]
N
isometric arbitrary arbitrary
Unit
Nm
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/36700/InTech-Muscular_performance_assessment_of_trunk_ extensors_a_critical_appraisal_of_the_literature. pdf
dynamic
trunk extension/flexion standing
[19]
[20] [21]
[22] [23]
David
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
https://www.davidhealth.com/ solution/spine-solution/
DIERS myoline professional
Position
Unit
Form of contraction Plane
https://diers.eu/de/produkte/ muskelkraftmessung/diers-myoline/
DigiMax ISO-Check
Position
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
kg
dynamic
consisting of six devices:
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical rotation cervical lateral flexion trunk extension/flexion
trunk rotation
trunk lateral flexion sitting
N
isometric
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical lateral flexion trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion
additional:
knee extension/flexion
hip adduktion/
abduktion
elbow extension/flexion
shoulder external rotation/internal rotation
sitting
kg
isometric
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical lateral flexion trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
http://www.digimax-systems.de/ index.php/de/produkte/iso-check
Position
additional:
knee extension/flexion
butterfly/butterfly reverse
sitting
DigiMax Iso-CheckMobil
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
http:/ /www.digimax-systems. de/index.php/de/produkte/iso-checkmobil
Dr. Wolff BackCheck 607
Position
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
https://www.dr-wolff.de/trainings- Position diagnostik.html#trainings-diagnostik
D&R IsoMed 2000 Back Modul
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
Positon
http://www.isomed2000.de/ downloads/TDat_BM_Eng.pdf
Ergo-Fit Torso Check
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position
kN
isometric
trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion additional:
knee extension/flexion
pressure and traction of upper extremities
sitting
kg
isometric
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical lateral flexion trunk extension/flexion trunk lateral flexion additional:
pressure and traction of upper extremities
standing
Nm concentric/
excentrically/isometric trunk extension/flexion additional:
modularly expandable sitting
[30]
Nm
isometric
trunk extension/flexion trunk rotation trunk lateral flexion sitting
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
https://www.ergo-fit.de/ergo-fit/ produkte/torso-line/torso-check/
Hoggan MicroFET®2 Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position
https://hogganscientific.com/product/microfet2-muscle-tester-digital-handheld-dynamometer/
HubEX LEX
https://www.komachine.com/en/company/dae-yang-mechanics-hubex/detail/
Isostation B-200
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/36700/InTech- Position
Muscular_performance_assessment_of_trunk_ extensors_a_critical_appraisal_of_the_literature. pdf
JTECH Medical Commander Echo MMT
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
https://www.jtechmedical.com/shop-now/ Commander-Echo-Muscle-Testing-Starter-Kit-p89053317
Lafayette Instrument Modell01165
Unit
lbs/N/kgf isometric dynamic arbitrary
MicroFET 3 additionally measures the range of motion (inclinometer)
arbitrary
/ /
lumbar extension/ flexion
supine
/
dynamic isometric
trunk extension/flexion
additional:
isoinertial felxion-repetition test
standing
kg
isometric arbitrary arbitrary
lbs/N/kg
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
isometric arbitrary arbitrary
[53]
http://lafayetteevaluation.com/products/ lafayette-hand-held-dynamometer
MedX lumbar extensor
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes Position
lb
dynamic
isometric (at seven angels of trunk flexion)
lumbar extension/ flexion
sitting
https://www.medxonline.de/trainingsgerate/ erhaltliche-stationen/le-lumbar-extension/
Physiomed Con-trex TP 500
* A
r;
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes Position
Nm concentric/
excentrically/isometric trunk extension/flexion standing
https://www.physiomed.de/ produkte/con-trex-tp-500/
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
Proxomed Tergumed 710
Unit
Nm
[61]
Form of contraction
isometric (strength diagnostic)
dynamic
(feedbacktraining)
Planes
consisting of five devices:
cervical extension/ flexion
cervical rotation
cervical lateral flexion
http://www.soreha.net/Home/ nav/134/id/62.html
trunk extension/flexion
trunk rotation
trunk lateral flexion
Position
sitting
Schnell 4back-Paket Professional
https://stolzenberg.org/site/de/ product.php?id=l07
Takei T.K.K.5402 BACK D
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
https://www.schnell-online.de/de/produkte- Position detail/i3-4back-professional/453-4back-paket-professional/?prevId=97
Stolzenberg Dynamed IsoCheck
Unit
Form of contraction Planes
Position
Unit
Form of contraction
Planes
Position
http://www.takei-si.co.jp/en/ productinfo/detail/50.html
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Author's information:
Felder H.* - Olympic Training Center - Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (Germany) Bursch S. - Olympic Training Center - Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (Germany) Rast T. - Olympic Training Center - Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (Germany)
