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UDC 159.9 Vera LABUNSKAYA
MULTIFACTORIAL MODEL OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS APPEARANCE: EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS1
Abstract
This study is focusing on interrelations between attitudes towards Appearance (AP), value functional significance of AP, and life satisfaction. The study is aimed at gaining a theoretical foundation of the developed Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP as well as at empirical testing of the interrelations between the single factors of the model and their combined influence on life satisfaction. It is hypothesised that a different combination of the single factors of the Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP has a different impact on life satisfaction. The participants were 86 females and 86 males aged between 17 and 25 years. The inventory "Diagnostics of Real Structure of Personality Value Orientations" (Bubnova, 1999) the questionnaires "Significance of AP in Various Life Situations" (Labunskaya & Serikov, 2018), Attitudes towards AP, Satisfaction and Concern" (Labunskaya & Kapitanova, 2016), the AP Perfectionism Scale (APPS) (Srivastava, 2009) and the Life Satisfaction Index developed by Neugarten and adopted by N. V. Panina (1993) were administered. The factorial analysis revealed two types of interrelations that relate to different components of the developed Mul-tifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP. The results showed that considering AP as a value, attributing of higher significance to AP in various interaction contexts as well as higher AP perfectionism lead to lower life satisfaction.
Keywords: multifactorial model, life spheres, value of AP, significance of AP, attitude toward AP, life satisfaction.
Introduction
The theoretical foundation of the developed Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP. This investigation is focusing on the interrelations of attitudes towards AP, values, functional significance of AP and life satisfaction as a cen-
This work was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (project № 171801260) "The social psychology of appearance: functions, significance, satisfaction, concerns, the interpretation in the interpersonal and intragroup interaction in youth environment".
tral issue of the psychological research in the field of AP investigation. The new perspective on this issue is grounded in the proposed Multi-factorial Model of Attitudes towards AP (Labunskaya & Serikov, 2018). The analysis of the previous research relating to the impact of social perception, estimation and self-estimation, AP interpretation, attitudes, self-concepts and experience on AP (Labunskaya & Kapitanova, 2016; Labunskay & Drozdova, 2017) demonstrated following tendencies in theoretical concepts. First, the one, two or three factors approach to
the investigation of phenomena relating to AP is dominating in modern research (Grabe, Monique, & Shibley, 2008; Webb & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2016; Webb & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2014).
Second, while studying such phenomena as value of AP, investment power of AP, sensitivity towards and significance of AP authors link them very often to concern and satisfaction with AP as well as to self-estimation of AP (Chang, Jarry, & Kong, 2014; Swami & Furnham, 2009; Trekels & Eggermont, 2017a; Trekels & Eggermont, 2017b). Taking into account, the affective components of AP researchers underline the role of feedback of others on AP (Carriere & Kluck, 2014; Dian & Kühne, 2015; Goldsmith & Byers, 2016) and the influence of comments of others concerning AP of other people (Carriere & Kluck, 2014; Herbozo & Thompson, 2006). For instance in the study of Carriere & Kluck (2014) was stated that there are significant positive correlations between negative comments and body satisfaction as well as between positive feedback on AP, such as weight, and relationships satisfaction. Thus, the concentration on different aspects of AP, "objectification" of AP, also through feedback and estimation of AP through others, diminish the satisfaction with AP and increase the shame attitude towards AP (Noser & Zei-gler-Hill, 2014). Uncomfortable feelings associated with AP, concern with AP, anxiety and dissatisfaction with AP are mainly considered as coursed by the interplay of macro and micro factors, especially, by such demographic factors as gender, age, education, economic status etc. (Castonguay, Sabiston, Crocker, & Mack, 2014).
Third, the well-known statement postulated by Schwartz (Schwartz, 2012) that values are dependent variables could be applied to the value of AP. One of our previous researches (Labunskaya & Serikov, 2018; Labunskaya, 2018b) showed that similar to the value of love value of AP in youth takes a middle position in the hierarchy of value orientations. Correlation analysis testified a significant association between the value of AP and such values as the achievement of high social status, power, acceptance and respect from others, social influence, communication.
Fourth, authors pointed out that functional significance of AP varies as a factor of life circumstances: communication and friendship, carrier and job, academic performance, family and romantic relationships (Serikov, 2018; Labunskaya, 2019). The results of one of our previous studies demonstrated that agreement with statements about attractive AP varies dependent on the actual life situation (Labunskaya, 2018a). Youth participants reported the more critical role of attractive AP in the spheres of friendship and communication and for the feeling of happiness compared to academic performance, carrier, romantic relationships or change of lifestyle. Further on, youth participants perceived an attractive AP as connected to happiness, to better chances of finding a partner and to better chances in the spheres of friendship and romantic relationships. Attractive students are expected to be more confident in communicating with lecturers and peers, with higher chances of finding good friends, of finding perfect partner, to build a family and to be accessible within the peer group. In sum, the received results testified that youth people
perceive AP as social and humanitarian capital.
Fifth, the explanation of the functional significance of AP and its influence on individual's everyday life based on the concept of value of AP which defines AP as responsible for everything that happens to an individual and as a type of "investment" in individual's well-being and not-well-being (Chang, Jarry, & Kong, 2014; Moss, Lawson, & White, 2014). In the opinion of the Gupta, Etcoff & Jaeger (2016) the intensity of interrelations between AP and well-being/not-well-being depends on demographic variables and intellectual abilities. The authors pointed out that the attractiveness of AP has a direct impact on individual's states and in this way influences another life parameter such as the feeling of happiness (Trekels & Eggermont 2017; Trekels & Egger-mont, 2017; Kaczmarek, Enko, Awdziejczyk, & Hoffmann, 2016; Shinners, 2009). The intensity of AP influence depends on concentration on different AP components that strengthen the desire to look better in order to live better and be happier.
Sixth, expectations that attractive AP can increase life quality, can help to become a better job, look smarter, be happier and more confident are characteristic for different social groups (Shinners, 2009; Anderson, John, Kelt-ner, & Kring, 2001; Beall & Can, 2007; Johnson, Podratz, Dipboye, & Gibbons, 2010). Connected to this phenomenon the modern social psychology raises the question about the privileges of people with attractive AP (Dotse & Asumeng, 2015; Kanazawa, 2011; Toosi, 2016; Ramsey & Harcourt, 2009). Following this claim, Carr, T., Harris, D., & James (2000),
underlined the vital role of AP in increasing life quality and welfare.
Basing on listed above theoretical concepts and empirical evidence, the Multifactori-al Model of Attitudes towards AP was developed. The value of AP and related to its functional significance of AP is placed into the centre of the model. Demographic factors and an individual's spheres of life are included in the model as determinant factors. The interplay of these factors influences not only the value of AP but also determine the attitude towards AP which contains self-estimations of AP, concern and satisfaction with AP, and AP perfectionism. The interrelations between listed above factors, attitudes towards AP, its value and functional significance determine in their turn life satisfaction, well-being, and level of social adaptation. The described interrelations influence the development of lookism and lookphobia relating to psychological and social-psychological difficulties in the spheres of business, interpersonal and intergroup communication (Figure 1).
Aim and Hypotheses of the Study
This study is aimed at empirical testing of the interrelations between factors described in the developed Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP and at the defining of those factors that influence life satisfaction. Taking into account the peculiarities of the phenomena linked to AP as well as the results of our previous research we hypothesise that different combination of the single factors of the Multi-factorial Model of Attitudes towards AP has a different impact on life satisfaction.
Figure 1.
Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP
Psychological and social-psychological difficulties of business, interpersonal and inter group communication
Participants and Methods
The participants were 86 females and 86 males aged between 17 and 25 years (M= 20.07, SD: 2.23). The modified version of the inventory "Diagnostics of Real Structure of Personality Value Orientations" developed by Bubnova S. S. (1999) was administered to register the value of AP. The modification of the inventory covered the reformulation of items describing 11 types of value orientations for the context of AP: 1) "Is improvement of AP (taking care, correction, creation) an important part of individual's life?"; 2) "Is it crucial to have attractive, beautiful AP?";
3) "Can AP play an important role in your life?";
4) "Could you tell that you are depressed because of estimation of your AP through others?";
5) "Would you like others to be impressed by your AP?"; 6) "Does the AP of others impact your attitudes towards them?". The combination of these statements was related to 11 types of value of AP. The scores were calculated as a sum of "yes" and "no" answers.
The questionnaire "Significance of AP in Various Interaction Situations" (Labunskaya & Serikov, 2018) was applied to register the significance of AP in different life situation. This questionnaire includes 12 statements describing dif-
ferent life spheres: communication and friendship, job and carrier, academic performance, family and romantic relationships. Several items address lifestyle and feeling of happiness. Using a five-point Likert scale with "5" absolutely correct and "1" absolutely incorrect participants answered the question "What kind of changes would happen to your self-estimation, relations to others and life perspectives if you would have more attractive AP?" Lower self-reported influence of AP attractiveness on different spheres of life is linked to lower the value of AP. The integral index of the significance of AP is estimated as a sum of scores of the significance of AP for different spheres of life divided by the number of the spheres of life administered in the questionnaire.
Three questionnaires "Content-Evaluative Interpretation of AP" (Labunskaya, 2009). "Attitudes towards AP: Satisfaction and Concern" (Labunskaya & Kapitanova, 2016), and "AP Perfectionism Scale" (APPS) (Srivastava 2009) were applied to register the attitudes towards AP. The first includes scales that relate to the self-estimation of different components of AP (face, body, design of AP) and holistic characteristics of AP: the attractiveness of AP for a partner of the opposite gender, femininity/masculinity of AP, and sexuality of AP. Using a ten-point Lik-ert scale participants were asked to estimate the correspondence of various components to their own AP: 1) self-estimation of face; 2) self-estimation of body; 3) self-estimation of AP design; 4) self-estimation of AP attractiveness for a partner of the opposite gender; 5) self-estimation of femininity/masculinity and sexuality of AP. Along with self-estimations of single components of AP, we calculated the integral score of self-estimation of AP as a sum of single scores divided by the number of self-estimations. The
second questionnaire "Attitudes towards AP: Satisfaction and Concern" (Labunskaya & Kapitanova, 2016) includes 12 items. The concern with AP was operationalised as the intensity of feelings of unease, uncomfortable and shame experienced in different interaction situation coursed by AP. Satisfaction with AP was operationalised as the frequency of situations in which participants impressed the others due to their AP, for example, "My relatives perceive me as an attractive person". Participants expressed their agreement with the items on a ten-point Likert scale. The concern and satisfaction indexes were calculated as a sum of scores achieved corre-spondently at each of the dimension. The third questionnaire "AP Perfectionism Scale" (APPS) developed by Srivastava (2009) contains ten statements relating to AP perfectionism or per-fectionistic attitude towards AP that participants had to agree or disagree with using a seven-point Likert scale.
Life satisfaction was measured using the Life Satisfaction Index (LS I) developed by Neugarten and adopted by N. V. Panina (1993). It consists of 20 items grouped in 5 dimensions: life interest, the consequent achievement of life goals (volition, decisiveness, and determination), correspondence between planed and real goal achievement, positive estimation of own characteristics and behaviour, overall mood quality. LSI is an integral phenomenon reflecting an individual's experiences concerning attitudes towards himself and life quality. The maximal score is 40 points: the high score is between 31 and 39; the middle score is between 25 and 30, the low score is between 24 and 0. The high score correlates with low emotional tense, high emotional stability, low anxiety, high psychological comfort, high satisfaction with a given situation and own role in it.
Results
67.4% of participants have a low level of LSI, 23.3% reported a middle level of LSI and only 9.3% of participants had a high level of LSI (M=20.33, Min=4.0, Max=39.0). Descriptive statistics (Table 1.) showed that most of the participants (50%) agree with the high value of AP
The central hypothesis was tested using factor analysis with principal component analysis (SPSS 21for Windows). The factor analysis (Table 2) revealed two factors. Variance scores allow concluding, that two factors have values
and its essential role in various life spheres. Self-estimation of the components and holistic characteristics of AP are associated with middle level of satisfaction and concern with AP and perfec-tionistic attitudes towards AP. At the same time, the analysis of standard deviation revealed a significant variation in attitudes towards AP.
Table 1.
higher than one and thus explain the variance significantly. The first factor explains 50.32% of the variance and the second factor explains 15.68% of the variance.
Table 2.
Factor analysis. Total Variance Explained
Component Initial eigenvalues% of Extraction Sum of Squared Loadings% of
Total Variance Cummulative % Total Variance Cummulative %
1 6,542 50,324 50,324 6,268 48,219 48,219
2 2,039 15,682 66,006 2,312 17,788 66,006
3 ,955 7,344 73,350
4 ,650 4,997 78,347
5 ,613 4,712 83,059
6 ,585 4,502 87,561
7 ,433 3,327 90,888
Descriptive Statistics
Variables N Min. Max. M SD
Age 172 17 25 20,07 2,226
Value of AP 172 ,0 6,0 2,767 1,6591
Self-estimation of face 172 1,0 10,0 5,942 1,8372
Self-estimation of body 172 1,0 10,0 5,299 2,2067
Self-estimation of AP design 172 1,0 10,0 6,116 1,9250
Self-estimation of AP sexuality 172 1,0 10,0 4,855 2,0191
Self-estimation of AP for a partner of the opposite gender 172 1,0 10,0 5,381 2,1129
Self-estimation of femininity/masculinity of AP 172 1,0 10,0 6,180 2,0699
Integral self-estimation of AP 172 1,0 10,0 6,081 1,5512
Concern with AP 172 2,2 9,6 5,158 1,5826
Satisfaction with AP 172 1,0 9,8 6,199 1,8493
Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) 172 4,0 39,0 20,337 8,1873
Appearance perfectionism 172 1,2 7,0 3,958 1,5669
Integral score of AP significance 172 1,0 5,0 2,743 1,0588
Total N 172
8 ,356 2,739 93,627
9 ,287 2,207 95,834
10 ,252 1,939 97,773
11 ,204 1,566 99,339
12 ,064 ,493 99,833
13 ,022 ,167 100,000
Extraction method: Principal Component Analysis
As factor loadings reflect correlations between variables the factors with the highest loading scores (Table 2 contains factor loadings with p = 0.05 and higher) should be considered. In primary cases, the including of a variable into a
factor is evident and depends on the strength of a correlation coefficient respectively. At the same time, it is possible to include the same variable into two or more different factors while there are variables that could not be included in any factor.
Table 3.
Varimax Rotation Matrixa
Variables Factor
1 2
Value of AP ,834
Self-estimation of face ,810 -,124
Self-estimation of body ,790 -,269
Self-estimation of AP design ,737 ,107
Self-estimation of AP sexuality ,858 -,244
Self-estimation of AP for a partner of the opposite gender ,941 -,130
Self-estimation of femininity/masculinity of AP ,866 -,079
Integral self-estimation of AP ,958 -,095
Concern with AP -,340 ,705
Satisfaction with AP ,860 -,073
Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) ,368 -,378
AP perfectionism ,392 ,493
Integral score of AP significance -,083 ,733
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring; Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalisation;
a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations
The first factor (Table 3) includes all self-estimations of AP, satisfaction with AP and AP perfectionism. Life satisfaction was also included in this factor with favourable loading as well as concern with AP - with negative loading. According to psychological content, this factor could be named "Attitudes towards AP - life satisfaction". The second factor contains the value of AP, the significance of AP in different life situations, concern with AP and AP perfectionism. Life satisfaction has a negative loading within this factor. As for the psychological con-
tent, this factor could be named "Value and significance of AP - life dissatisfaction".
Thus, two types of interrelations between attitudes towards AP, the value of AP, the significance of AP in different life situations, and life satisfaction could be revealed. The first type is more spread one (50.32% of explained variance). This interrelations type demonstrates that life satisfaction is impacted by a complex of interrelated factors: attitudes to AP (self-estimations of different AP components, satisfaction with AP, and AP perfectionism). Life satisfaction is higher
if satisfaction with AP is high and concern with AP is low. The second type of interrelations is less frequent as the second factor explains only 15.68% of the variance. This type of interrelations describes that association between the value of AP, the significance of AP in different life situations, concern with AP, and AP perfectionism course lower life satisfaction.
Altogether, higher life satisfaction is observed if higher attitudes towards AP (all components of self-estimation of AP: self-estimation of face, self-estimation of body, self-estimation of AP design, self-estimation of AP sexuality, self-estimation of AP for a partner of the opposite gender, self-estimation of femininity/masculinity of AP) are linked to satisfaction with AP, and AP perfectionism while value of AP, significance of AP in different life situations, and concern with AP are significantly lower. The lower level of life satisfaction is associated with a higher value of AP, the significance of AP in different life situations, concern with AP, and AP perfectionism.
Conclusions and Discussion
In this study, we developed the Multifactorial Model of Attitudes towards AP as well as revealed and described different types of interrelations between factors constituting this model. The results demonstrated that the value of AP and the significance of AP in different life situations, concern with AP, and AP perfectionism build a complex of interrelated factors that diminish life satisfaction. Life satisfaction increases due to high self-estimation of AP and especially such its components as the attractiveness of AP for a partner of the opposite gender and self-estimation of femininity/masculinity of AP. Basing on the structure of the Multifactorial
Model of Attitudes towards AP it could be concluded that value of AP combined with the significance of AP increase the intensity of concern with AP and AP perfectionism and in this way decrease life satisfaction. Self-estimation components of attitudes towards AP and satisfaction with AP increase life satisfaction if the role of AP in different life situations is considered as insignificant and AP is not valued high.
Summing up, youth people who consider AP as a value and attribute higher significance to AP in different life situations, demonstrate per-fectionistic attitude towards AP and experience concern with AP report lower life satisfaction. Youth people with high life satisfaction are satisfied with their AP, report higher self-estimations of AP and consider the role of AP in life situations as insignificant and not valuable. The revealed interrelations of factors having a positive and negative impact on life satisfaction testify that attribution of investment power to AP and overestimation of AP function as asocial and humanitarian capital lead to lower life satisfaction.
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