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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-1-142-151
Modeling adaptive reactions of young 15-17 year-old football playersprofessionals functional state on the basis of integral monitoring
Denis V. Golubev'*, Yuliya A. Shedrina, Dmitriy S. Melnikov2
'Academy of football club "Zenit" St. Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-0570-82'', dengolubev@inbox.ru* 2P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical culture, sport and health
St. Petersburg, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-5267-1314, P_j_a@mail.ru ORCID: 0000-0002-2591-2183, d.s.mel@mail.ru
Abstract: Adaptation to different kinds of loads is a difficult, multilevel process. It influences modulation of an organism different systems functional state. In order to increase functional abilities of athletes' organism concerning constantly increasing loads (stimuli) and decrease individual dysfunction we create micro-, meso- and macro cycles of sports training. The parameters monitoring, which reflect external stimuli and reaction of an organism to these effects, helps to define quantitative characteristics of motor activity taking into account functional abilities of athletes' organism, get objective information about adaptive processes of different systems functioning under the influence of this load. Analytical platform formation about adaptive-regulating changes would provide the mentioned problems solution for sports longevity and functional shifts prediction in urgent and long-term adaptation. It is important for youth professional sport. Materials. The article presents the results of modeling adaptive reactions of the 15-17 year-old football players' organism functional state in the structure of a micro cycle of the sports training preparatory stage. Research methods. During the experiment we used modern technologies: GPS CATAPULT (Australia), POLAR (Finland), OMEGA-SPORT (Russia). Results. The models of adaptive reactions (created during the research) reproduction and visualization provides functional abilities prediction in age-related vector of adaptation. Waviness of tension in the activity of systems, which provide motor activity, doesn't duplicate fully motor activity parameters modulation. It can be connected with structural trace and age-related peculiarities of adaptive processes formation. Conclusion. It was stated that the models reproduction is the instrument of functional abilities prediction among young football players at the age vector of adaptation, waviness of the system tension, which provide muscle activity, doesn't duplicate fully the parameters of motor activity.
Keywords: football, adaptation, functional state, integral monitoring, modeling.
For citation: Denis V. Golubev*, Yuliya A. Shchedrina, Dmitriy S. Melnikov. Modeling adaptive reactions of young 15-17 year-old football players- professionals functional state on the basis of integral monitoring. Russian Journal of Physical Education and sport. 2020; 15(1): 115-121. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-202015-1-142-151
INTRODUCTION
Adaptation to different kinds of loads is a difficult, multilevel process, which influences modulation of functional state of different systems of an organism. In order to increase functional abilities of athletes' organism concerning constantly increasing loads (stimuli) and decrease individual dysfunction we create micro-, meso- and macro cycles of sports training [9]. The parameters monitoring, which reflect external stimuli and reaction of an organism to these effects, helps to define quantitative characteristics of motor activity taking into account functional abilities of
athletes' organism [13], get objective information about adaptive processes of different systems functioning under the influence of this load and in terms of age-related dynamics [12]. Analytical platform formation about adaptive-regulating changes would provide the mentioned problems solution for sports longevity and functional shifts prediction in urgent and long-term adaptation. It is important for youth professional sport.
The aim of the research is modeling adaptive reactions of the 15-17 year-old football players' organism functional state in the structure of the sports training preparatory stage micro cycle
by means of the integral monitoring.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We examined athletes football-players (n=20, 16,2±0,3 years old, 173,3±5,6 cm, 68,9±4,9). The spectrum of the indices was registered every day during 4 weeks of the preparatory period. The activity of the players at a football field was registered during each match and training using portable device GPS with 10 Hz frequency (Catapult, Australia). Each device was put into mini-pocket, between the shoulder blades of the vest. In order to avoid interblock mistake the player used the same device during the whole preparatory period. At the end of the training sessions and games GPS-results were received with the help of analytical platform OpenField. As the registered indices we used the following: Total Duration, Total Distance, Total Player Load, Total Jump, Speed zone 4,5-5 m/s (amount of meters in speed zone 4,5-5 m/s), Speed zone 5-7 m/s, Speed zone >7 m/s. Intertial movement analysis (IMA) presents the results received from built-in accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers for athlete's space orientation estimation [8]. We registered the following indices: IMA accel high (highly intensive acceleration); IMA decal high (highly intensive inhibition), IMA Cod left high (highly intensive direction change to the left); IMA Cod right high (highly intensive direction change to the right). Vegetative regulation monitoring was realized since 9:00 till 10:00 inside, where the temperature was from 22 till 24°C. During the study each player was protected from acoustic and visual interference. In order to define the variables of heart rate variability (HRV) at rest we used ECG II signal of sports technology OMEGA-SPORT (DYNAMICS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia)from sitting position. Bioelectric heart activity was registered during 5-7 minutes, all premature heart ventricle contractions, missing strikes and any artifacts were filtered out manually. The range of 300 serial intervals RR without artifacts was received from each phase. In order to estimate vegetative cardiac activity we used statistical, spectral and integral indices. In general we analyzed 9 indices of heart rate variability: FS% (functional state), TI (tension
index), VR (variation range), AMo (amplitude of mode), SDNN (Standard deviation of NN pairs of intervals), RMSSD (Root mean square of square differences of NN pairs of intervals), PNN50 (sinus intervals R-R, differentiating more than 50 ms), LF (low-frequency waves of the spectrum), HF (high-frequency waves of the spectrum). Blood circulation system functioning during the training session was studied with the help of sports technology of Polar enterprise, Finland. We registered the following: HR max (maximum HR - heart rate), HR mean (mean HR), HR min (minimal HR); TRIMP (estimate indicator of tiredness). The results of the statistical analysis we present as the arithmetic mean and mean square deviation (M±o). According to Student t-test the sampling was examined for the equipartition law belonging. The analysis was held with the help of statistical package Microsoft Excel 2017.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The specific muscle load estimation in football corresponded with the realized distance and time [13]. The base for adaptive processes modeling was valid mean values of transfers within the period of the research (table 1). It was stated that Wednesday was the day of the most intensive motor activity at a football field. The results of the training sessions duration (Total Duration) and general distance (Total Distance) show wavelike dynamics of relatively initial measurements (fig. 1). The value of total play load revealed the greatest volume of the specific muscle work on Tuesday and Wednesday. Total Play Load is the main parameter in the system of global CATAPULT positioning, reflected in c.u. and defined as "momentary speed of speeding up estimation divided to the coefficient of scaling" [8]. Jumping load monitoring (Total Jump) showed valid mean values on Wednesday and Saturday (table 1).
Table 1 - General indices of duration, distance, paly load, amount of jumps in the structure of micro cycle of the preparatory stage of training
Day of the week/Indices Total Duration (min) Total Distance (m) Total PL (c.u.) Total Jump (amount)
Monday 1102,2±302,7* 78230^22544,4* 7993,6±2730,4* 125±48,2
Tuesday 1093,6±161,2 80759,6±9196,3* 8151±807,1* 108±60,9
Wednesday 1165,4±35,7* 84545±7899,9* 8122±834,6* 136,3±7,6*
Thursday 997,I±358,6* 55365,2±48218,8 6724±2386,2 87, ±5,1
Friday 913,3±62,7* 63287,6±7455,7* 5996,3±879,1* 114,6±38,7
Saturday 86I,5±123,9* 77348,5±12849,3* 7078,6±286,3 178,2±34,1*
Fig. 1. Dynamics of mean values of general physical indices Total Duration, Total Distance, Total Play Load, Total Jump in the structure of the micro cycle of the preparatory stage of sports training
Individual reaction of myocardium to the load reflects the level of blood circulation system adaptation during muscle load [4]. We revealed relatively low average group values of minimal (HR min) and mean heart rate (HR mean) (table 2). It is conditioned by the increased tonus of parasympathetic part of autonomous nervous system prevalence over sympathetic one as a result of systematic training loads (fig. 4) [5]. Peak valid values of minimal (HR min) and mean (HR mean) HR happen on Friday and Saturday. The research showed that valid mean values of maximal HR (HR max) on Monday, Tuesday and Saturday (table 2). It should be noted that high values happen at the beginning and the e4nd of a weekly micro cycle. We connect it with several factors: the age of the respondents and the specificity of organism
reactions to the previous load. Individual tiredness index (TRIMP) is a quantitative measure of estimation for the training and competitive load. TRIMP takes into account the intensity of exercises, calculated by means of HR reservation method, the duration of the exercises and weight coefficient [10]. Fig. 2 presents valid dynamics of mean values of TRIMP index among young football playersprofessionals during the preparatory period in the structure of the micro cycle, which proves different reactions of athletes' heart and organism to the load in general. The research shows that tiredness develops wavelike, peak values happen on Wednesday and Saturday.
Table 2 - HR indices (HR min, HR mean, HR max) and an objective estimate indicator of tiredness (TRIMP) in the structure of micro cycle of the preparatory stage of training
Day of the week/ Index HR min (beats/min) HR mean (beats/min) HR max (beats/min) TRIMP (c.u.)
Monday 79,6±1,5 138,6±10,6* 210,3±14,1* 1888±508,8*
Tuesday 78,2±8,5 138,7±7,3 202,2±17,7* 1985±775,5*
Wednesday 82,7±8,3 131±10,5 190,3±15,4 2282±844,1*
Thursday 86,1±4,2 132,6±5,5 188,3±23,7 1670,6±673,8
Friday 100,3±3,2* 137,5±14,1* 185,4±13,4 1771,1±100,6*
Saturday 94,1±6,2* 140,1±7,8* 199,6±12,7* 2038,7±104,8*
* - differences are valid in comparison with the initial results during the preparatory period, р<0,05
Fig. 2. Dynamics of mean values of functional indices TRIMP, HR min, HR mean, HR max in weekly micro
cycle of the preparatory stage of sports training
High intensity of the specific muscle work is an important component of effectiveness in football [7]. In the group of 15-17 year-old respondents there was the average metreage in speed zone of high intensity (speed >7 m/s) and valid increase on Tuesday and Thursday. It is connected first of all with the planned physical load of speed-power oriented orientation and morphological and biochemical transformations of the organism during the training period of this age group [12]. The mean values of metreage, realized in the zones of low (speed 4,5-5,5 m/s) and moderate (5,5-7 m/s) intensity, increased on Tuesday and Wednesday and decreased validly on Friday (table 3). We agree with Alemdaroglu,
who explains this factor with different homeostatic state and variation of energetic systems work.
The results of inertia sensor are able to show locomotor movements at not long distances with high speed. It is a valuable instrument of muscle load control on lower extremities joints in team kinds of sport [8]. Table 3 shows the average group values of micro movements indices within the research period, which reflected shifts of motor load forward (IMA accel) and left (IMA Cod left high). It is obvious that unchangeable load excess can lead to muscle disbalance and asymmetry of locomotor apparatus and to bending and extensor function of knee joint decrease [11].
Table 3 - The indices of meters, realized in speed zones, and the amount of micro movements, in the structure of micro cycle of the preparatory stage of sports training
Day of the week\ Indices Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Speed xones
Speed 4,5-5,5 m/s (m) 6223,6±1575,1 6531^1154,2* 7630^1197,1* 6727,3±3153,1 5275,3±I626,5* 7499,4±1730,3
Speed 5,5-7 m/s (m) 1086,3±105,6 1612,6±492,3* I6I8±255,3* 1557,3±773,9 1105±564,3* 1275,1±323,9
Speed >7 m/s (m) 87,3±79,6 301,3±145,7* 103,3±70,5* I89±109,5 98,1±21,1 162±59,4
Micro movements analysis
IMA accel (amount) 50±7,9* 51±19,1* 84±33,7* 68±34,6* 46,3±20,4 59,2±i6,5*
IMA decal (amount) 47,2±I8,5* 48±14,7 68,3±37,1* 53,6±37,1 50±33,1 47,2±14,5
IMA Cod Left high (amount) 69,3±25,5* 62,6±16,9* 94±22,7* 75,3±55,7 69,6±27,7* 66,5±11,1*
IMA Cod Right high (amount) 51,6±18,1 38,3±14,1 81,2±35,1 8O,6±44,4 56,1±31,8* 51,2±14,6
* - differences are valid in comparison with the initial results during the preparatory period, p<0,05
Fig. 3. Mean values of physical indices dynamics Speed 4,5-5,5 m/s, Speed 5,5-7 m/s, Speed >7 m/s in weekly micro cycle of the preparatory stage of sports training
In order to estimate functional state of blood circulation system the results, which characterize rehabilitation processes are very important. An informative method in sports physiology is mathematical heart rate analysis [3]. Sinuatrial block of heart is studied not only in the aspect of automatic contraction, but also as activity predictor of higher levels of control [5]. Picture 4 shows that the integral index of heart rate regulation (FS %) during the preparatory period decreased validly since Monday till Thursday, which shows
functional optimum achievement and organism adaptation to stress effects [4]. Before control Saturday games this parameter starts to grow. We agree with Shlyk N.I. and connect this case with psycho-emotional tension before competitive load, which is validly proves low-frequency (LF) component of the spectrum increase (table 5) [5]. Table 4 shows that the values of tension index reflect vegetative balance shift among young football players with parasympathetic part of autonomous nervous system prevalence, providing
system owing to reserve capacities of an organism and the resource of adaptation [4].
necessary oxygen at rest and during rehabilitation after the training loads. АМо% values more than 3% show the effective work of blood circulation
Table 4 - Activity indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of autonomous nervous system among young football players-professionals in the structure of micro cycles of the preparatory stage of sports training
Day of the week\ Indices Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Sympathetic activity ANS
TI (c.u.) 110,7±40,4* 66,8±23,7* 99,1±51,5* 40,1±17,8* 43,5±14,1* 93,9±22,3
AMo % 38,1±23,2* 29,2±3,9* 26,7±10,5 24,1±10,4 22,3±6,5 30,8±3,2*
LF (c.u.) 2173,1±210,1 1459,9±840,7 2083,1±221,5 2930,7±194,6* 2889,6±63,4* 1470,1±64,7
Parasympathetic activity ANS
S D N N (c.u.) 58,6±28,4 57,3±10,9* 71,4±18,8* 77,8±27,3 87,3±16,3* 58,2±8,3
RMSSD (c.u.) 36,6±21,5* 28,6±7,1 54,9±32,9* 53,9±21,3* 73,1±28,3 39,2±7,8*
VR (sec) 267,4±18,8 260,2±11,4 320,7±35,7 334,8±28,7 384,7±4,1 282,4±18,7
HF (c.u.) 606,4±174,6* 1287,5±45,8 1693^146,6* 1631,1±252,1* 796,8±190,2* 1602,8±54,5
PNN50 % 26,6±7,3* 32,1±4,2* 28,7±3,8* 36,2±8,7* 33,5±6,2* 29,1±2,7
Integral index of heart rate regulation
FS % 80,3±6,2* 76,5±1,1* 75,9±2,8* 74,3±3,1* 74,9±4,7* 78,3±7,5
pNN50 index is more reliable concerning random situations and has high level of correlation with different high-frequency indices of time and spectral analysis, doesn't decrease in terms of frequent breathing and other artifacts [2]. Parasympathetic
influences, showing high activity of autonomous contour of regulation [4]. The differences in dynamic observation had the separate parts of spectral analysis. Young athletes, who specialize in football, on Monday and Friday had statistically low values
regulation activity prevalence can be explained of high-frequency spectrum component (HF),
according to statistically valid withdrawal from 0 of this parameter. At the same time young athletes had the main time indices increase, which reflected vagal (RMSSD) and humoral-metabolic (SDNN)
however, on Wednesday and on Thursday we saw this index increase. It demonstrates high lability of vegetative nervous system according to autonomous contour of age group.
Fig. 4. Dynamics of heart rate vegetative regulation indices mean values in a weekly micro cycle of the
preparatory stage of sports training
Thus, young 15-17 year-old football players had parasympathetic part of autonomous nervous system intensification; the greatest motor volume of the specialized muscle load and excess functional tiredness on Wednesday; the vector of high-intensity locomotor load shift forward and leftwards.
CONCLUSION
1. The models of adaptive reactions (created during the research) reproduction and visualization provides functional abilities prediction in age-related vector of adaptation.
2. Waviness of tension in the activity of systems, which provide motor activity, doesn't duplicate fully motor activity parameters modulation. It can be connected with structural trace and age-related peculiarities of adaptive processes formation.
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Submitted: 17.01.2020 Author's information:
Denis V. Golubev - Ph.D. student, physical coach academy FCZenit, Academy of football club "Zenit",
195256, Russia, St. Petersburg, Vernosti str., House 21, e-mail: dengolubev@inbox.ru
Yuliya A. Shedrina - Doctor of Biologics, Professor, P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical
culture, sport and health, 190121, Russia, St. Petersburg, Dekabristov str., House 35, e-mail: Pj a@
mail.ru
Dmitriy S. Melnikov - Candidate of Biologics, Professor, P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical culture, sport and health, 190121, Russia, St. Petersburg, Dekabristov str., House 35, e-mail: d.s.mel@mail.ru
