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THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.1 2018
_ISSN 2588-008X ISSN 2588-0225
Yriy D. Ovchinnikov — candidate of technical sciences, associate professor, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budenny str., Krasnodar, 350015, Russia Nadezhda A. Nazarenko — student Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budenny str., Krasnodar, 350015, Russia
For citations: Kuznetsova Z.M., Ovchinnikov Y.D. Fatigue is a biomechanical category, The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 134-138. DOI 10/14526/01 2018 297
DOI 10/14526/01_2018_298
THEORETICAL IMPORTANCE SUBSTANTIATION OF TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION ADAPTATION REGULARITIES OF AN ORGANISM DURING THE
PROCESS OF SPORTS TRAINING
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Elena E. Panova — Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Olga N. Valkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
E-mail:ld nazarenko@mail. ru
Annotation. An effective control of sports training process is based on its structural components optimization, which helps to control a sportsman's functional state and the peculiarities of an organism adaptation to the conditions of training and competitive activity. Only sports training is the main form of physical activity, which provides physiological systems and organs indices improvement. Material. Special training lessons are the main form of sportsmanship increase, which provides physiological systems indices improvement. Physical loads cause biochemical and morphological changes in functioning muscles, the result of which is their lability and irritability increase, muscular power, mobility, dexterity, flexibility and other motional-coordinating qualities increase. Training modeling provides medical-biological and psycho-pedagogical knowledge integration, which is necessary for the search of effective ways of sports training system control. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and systematization, progressive pedagogical experience summarizing, testing, expert estimation, statistical data manipulation. Results. One of the main questions of an effective training process organization is the degree of muscular load influence on a functional state of an organism, which is conditioned by its volume and intensity, character of alternation with rest, different rehabilitation means use. It demands the peculiarities revelation and taking into consideration of interconnection between the kinds of physical exercises, reaction of an organism and the speed of its adaptation as the main theoretical substantiation of the training process effectiveness and a sportsman's motional activity. The factors, which condition the peculiarities of an organism adaptation to muscular load, are considered: gradual volume and intensity increase of the training loads and their complication; different conditions of their fulfillment use; positive psycho-emotional content of the lessons, diversity of the used means, methods of training and also forms of motional activity organization. The stages of adaptive changes under the influence of the training loads are created. Conclusion. A rational organization of sports training system among sportsmen gives additional opportunities for
THE RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), Volume 13 No.1 2018 _ISSN 2588-008X ISSN 2588-0225
more effective use of training means and methods in accordance with the principles of the theory of
adaptation.
Keywords: sports training, adaptive changes, stages, factors.
Urgency. Adaptation regularities of physiological systems to muscular load should be considered as biological base, which provides the training effect. During adaptation a rational ratio of functional state indices with the character and power of outer influence is set. Adaptive changes, in the opinion of V.K. Balsevich, 2000, 2002, are divided into urgent and cumulative ones. Urgent changes are demonstrated as corresponding reactions of physiological systems to environment changes: heat exchange, blood stream, sweat secretion increase and etc. The features of urgent adaptation are not constant and disappear in terms of environment conditions normalization. A systematic influence of external stimuli causes cumulative adaptation, which is necessary for the organism strengthening, mental and physical working capacity increase and etc. Typical features of cumulative adaptation are demonstrated during a long-time period and after external stimuli cessation. At the same time, significant functional and morphological changes happen in the activity of physiological systems and organs at the cellular level. Owing to cumulative adaptation the organism has timely and adequate reaction to the volume and intensity of the training load increase, which proves a new level of functioning of adaptive systems.
The peculiarity of adaptive changes is the ability formation to provide the character of adaptive reactions correspondence with the specificity of external stimuli. Power indices increase is accompanied by adaptive changes in active muscles, by the amount of proteins increase in muscular mass. Changes in chemical composition of muscles condition quickness of movements and endurance improvement, owing to this we can speak of a sportsman's biochemical adaptation to training activity.
Aim - theoretical substantiation of taking into account adaptation regularities of an organism during sports training process.
Objectives: 1. To reveal the kinds and stages of adaptive changes under the influence of the training loads.
2. To determine the effectiveness of adaptive transformations of an organism under the influence of the training loads.
During a long-term physical load of the set volume and intensity we have adaptation of physiological systems to these parameters and in order to achieve the training effect gradual increase of muscular loads or the conditions of their fulfillment change is demanded. For example, running exercises have a positive influence on central nervous system. During systematic running loads similar dynamic stereotypes of nervous processes are formed as the base for monotony of motional skills. An organism adaptation to this kind of training load will be more successful in case of running alternation with vigorous exercises of static and dynamic character. Moreover, open air running (in parks, near water, in squares and etc.) improves psycho-emotional state. Seasonal change of nature and natural factors influence provides adaptive processes effectiveness increase.
During the process of adaptation, the degree of readiness of an organism to show an adequate reaction to different stimuli at different levels of its functioning is demonstrated. For example, muscular power increase conditions corresponding changes in chemical composition of muscles, provides the speed of motor acts increase, the period of working capacity preservation increase, strengthens blood circulation, improves viscera functioning, activates cardiovascular system activity, speeds up metabolism. Muscular power indices increase is connected with weight, dumbbells, special training simulators, gymnastic sports apparatuses use. It provides not only the upper and lower extremities muscles, shoulder girdle, abdomen, big back muscles strengthening, but also many-sided development and phenotypic status improvement.
With age the importance of vigorous exercises fulfillment increases. Optimal muscular loads, directed at muscular power indices support, provide fast muscle fibers increase, which influence general tonus of an organism and the level of anabolic hormones in an organism. The research results of N.R. Borodyuk, 2010; P.A. Kotov, 2007; Garkavi L.K, E.B. Kvakina, M L. Ukolova, 2012 and others showed, that with age muscle bulk decreases insignificantly, ligaments and tendons preserve their strength; the level of physical readiness can stay at a high level. Training loads provide speeding up of nutrient substances, vitamins, macro- and micro elements digestion. Systematically fulfilled vigorous exercises help 50-60-year-old men to do chin-ups at a high bar 10-14 times, to do push-ups at parallel bars 12-16 times. It is reasonable to fulfill vigorous exercises together with knee-bending, inclinations, turns and it increases body steadiness. The effectiveness of exercises with the bar is provided by the use of an optimal initial position. It improves dynamic and static bearing, provides rational position of the parts of the body. Balance preservation is achieved by means of oscillation amplitude of body general center of gravity decrease, the skills formation of a timely muscular tension distribution and redistribution.
A long-term fulfillment of one and the same motor acts conditions organism functional state indices improvement and a corresponding training effect. However, in terms of adaptation to one and the same muscular load there is no further physiological systems and organs development, no power, quickness, endurance and other motional-coordinating qualities increase. It causes the necessity to increase training loads and change their character. Knowing the regularities of adaptation
process helps to model muscular load by means of its volume, intensity and duration change; form new manifestations of motional function of a sportsman, program its development in accordance with the aims and objectives of training and competitive activity.
The effectiveness of training tasks in case of a gradual increase of muscular tension is achieved by a required level of motional individual rhythm formation, which provides an optimal change of tension and relaxation of the functioning groups of muscles; continuity of movements and also a corresponding activity of the providing systems: respiration, blood circulation and others.
During cyclic and acyclic exercises fulfillment an individual rhythm is formed, which is characterized by a definite sequence of phases, conditioned by the peculiarities of spatio-temporal and spatio-power parameters of motional actions; change of the training load of different intensity; processes of fatigue and rehabilitation. It underlines the importance of a motional rhythm, which harmonizes physiological systems activity.
The peculiarities of adaptation process of an organism to muscular load are conditioned by different factors:
- gradual volume and intensity increase of the training tasks, their complication, different conditions of fulfillment used;
- positive psycho-emotional content of the lessons, diversity of the used training means, methods and also forms of motional activity organization.
Adaptive changes happen according to several stages: (picture 1)
№ State Peculiarities: Objectives:
1. Preparatory 1. Readiness of an organism provision to a systematic training and competitive activity. 1. Correspondence achievement of muscular load with kinesiological potential. 2. Reactions of an organism revelation to the training
influences. Adaptation of an organism to the loads of a definite character.
2. A steady functional state for the load fulfillment 1. Functional state change under the influence of the training tasks. 2. The level of qualitative sides of motional activity increase. 1. Additional resources of an organism mobilization. 2. A rational ratio of motional-coordinating qualities provision. 3. A new level of functioning achievement.
3. Urgent adaptive reaction appearance 1. Motional activity at the limit of functional abilities with a maximum mobilization of physiological reserves. 1. A record result setting
4. Perfect long-term adaptation 1. Purposeful training loads influence during a long-time period. 2. Functional abilities of organs and physiological systems increase. 3. Interrelation between functional states. 1. Stability and reliability of the training and competitive activity achievement.
Picture 1 - Stages of adaptive changes under the influence of the training loads
I - preparatory, characterized by adaptation to muscular loads of the set volume and intensity in specially created conditions, corresponding reactions of an organism revelation to the character of motional tasks;
II - a steady functional state achievement, providing aim and objectives realization at the future competitions.
Moreover, there are the stages of the urgent adaptive reaction appearance right with the influence of external stimulus on the basis of early formed physiological mechanisms. At this stage activity is realized at the limit of functional abilities with a maximum mobilization of physiological reserves of an organism.
The stage of a perfect long-term adaptation appears in case of repeated influence of external stimuli, owing to which the corresponding changes in organs and physiological systems are accumulated. The mechanism of such kind of transfer is provided by interconnected functional systems [1, 2, 9, 11]. These stages of adaptive changes condition cyclic recurrence of sports
training and form biological base for a positive dynamics of volume and intensity indices of the training loads during the transfer from one cycle to another. Together with sportsmanship improvement highly-qualified sportsmen approach to the stage of competitive activity results stabilization. It is explained by the following reasons:
1. Not effective methodology of sports training, organized without taking into account the stages of adaptive means of an organism to training and competitive loads.
2. Premature exhaustion of adaptive abilities because of extensive development of motional function, development regularities of a sportsman's kinesiological potential ignoring, not knowing theory of adaptive processes under the influence of training loads.
3. Monotony of sports training means, methods and forms.
4. No taking into consideration phenotypic and genetic abilities of a sportsman's organism, the degree of correspondence of its motional abilities and
skills with the character and demands of the chosen kind of sports activity.
In the opinion of V.K. Balsevich, 2000, 2002; Verkhoshanskiy Y.V., 2007; L.K. Garkavi, 2012 and others, systematic training and competitive loads condition physiological functions, biochemical processes change and also corresponding transformations in the executive apparatus in accordance with the dynamic conditions of environment, the definite degree of order in the functional system of adaptation, causing stereotypic automated reactions of adaptation.
With the indices of the training level increase, competitive activity effectiveness improvement we see the mechanism of adaptation development. Sakin N.A., Kutyavina T.G., 2016 think that adaptation to muscular load should be considered as a system reaction of an organism to structural-functional information, which proves the necessity to create individual programs of the training influence, taking into account the ratio of endogenic and exogenous conditions of motional activity.
Regular physical loads cause corresponding physiological reactions, however, with high sportsmanship achievement appear the reactions of adaptation mechanisms tension, which are accompanied by great energy expenditures of organism reserve abilities. It creates preconditions for the system of adaptation formation, owing to which resistance to unfavorable conditions of environment is increased. Adaptive features of an organism are conditioned by its corresponding reaction to the character of stimuli with different degree of biological activity.
Training process is directed at a functional state of an organism change by means of a purposeful development of locomotor apparatus, physiological functions and systems. In this connection there are several demands concerning the system of sports training organization, the realization of which provides successful adaptation to nervous-muscular loads:
- physical loads correspondence with a sportsman's functional and psycho-emotional state;
- taking into account the character of interconnection of genetically conditioned motional activity and readiness to fulfill self-development by means of a chosen kind of sport. The opportunities of adaptive mechanisms realization are conditioned by the peculiarities of body structure, type of higher nervous activity and other factors and it conditions sportsmen's propensity for different kinds of sports activity: speed, power; highly coordinating, esthetic and etc.
One of the conditions, which provide adaptive transformations, is physical exercises of different character and orientation use. Motional actions, which cause corresponding muscular tension, should be combined with relaxing ones: turns, leans, swings. Power motor acts using special sports apparatuses have many-sided influence on an organism. Muscular tension control is realized by means of the character of exercises change with their spatio-power and spatio-temporal parameters. Taking into account the peculiarities of an organism adaptation to a corresponding training load, a system character of influences on physiological systems and organs should be provided, the result of which is functional and psycho-emotional state indices improvement by means of different sports training means application.
During the process of biomechanical structure of motor acts development, we see the level of qualitative sides of motional activity increase: muscular strength, quickness, endurance and other components of motional potential of a sportsman. Muscular strength is conditioned by the intensity of chemical reactions, amount of muscle fibers, which take part in activity. The reactions of an organism to training loads of power orientation are the corresponding adaptive changes in active muscles and the intensity of metabolic processes. It is connected with the need increase of muscles for protein, glycogen, oxygen as the result of taking part in the processes of adaptation of other functional systems and, first of all, energy supply. In case of bloodstream strengthening increases oxygen delivery towards the active groups of muscles and also ferments, which increase the intensity of
energy resources use by muscles and other biologically active substances. Speed of movements is conditioned by the mobility of nervous processes and corresponding biochemical reactions in muscles: contractile proteins activation by means of calcium and troponin and fermentative activity of actomyosin interaction. Resynthesis of adenosine triphosphoric acid is realized by means of creatine phosphate and glycolytic phosphorylation [9].
Endurance develops by means of a long-term fulfillment of special training loads of a corresponding volume and intensity. Kinesiological potential of a sportsman should be considered as a set of motional-coordinating qualities and adaptive abilities of an organism, which are demonstrated during the process of motional activity. The main feature of a motional function is its ability to adaptation, owing to which demanded volume ratio of internal and external stimuli, functional state and the level of qualitative sides of motional activity development is achieved.
Motional function is characterized by a difficult content, which conditions the necessity to take into account the features of its morpho-functional content during sports training, which is presented by conservative and labile components [3]. During individual programs of sports training creation conservative peculiarities, in the opinion of the author, should be especially stressed. Labile component helps to consider the prospects of sportsmanship improvement from the position of the achieved level of physical readiness; intellectual development, which provides new information mastering, necessary for understanding adaptation regularities of an organism to new conditions of training and competitive activity; the model of their coordinating, functional and psychological training creation; optimal biomechanical parameters choice of techniques and methods for the corresponding motional-coordinating qualities development.
The success of adaptation transformations of an organism under the influence of purposeful training loads is mainly conditioned by a rational distribution
of motional tasks of different difficulty and orientation in time. At the same time, it is important to provide an optimal sequence of qualitative sides of motional activity formation and development, the indices of which prove morpho-functional readiness of an organism to higher physical loads. In case of such kind of sports training system organization there appear additional prospects for more effective use of training means and methods in accordance with the principles of adaptation theory.
Conclusion. Thus, adaptive changes happen in a kind of urgent manifestations, as the reaction of an organism to environment change and cumulative ones, which condition transformations in physiological systems activity at the cellular level. Adaptation to training loads is more successful in case of an individual rhythm of motional actions fulfillment. Adaptive processes happen according to several stages: preparatory; the stage of a steady functional state; urgent adaptive reaction appearing and the stage of perfect long-term adaptation. The effectiveness of adaptive transformations of an organism under the influence of training loads is mainly conditioned by a rational distribution of motional tasks of different difficulty.
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Author's information:
Ludmila D. Nazarenko - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail:ld nazarenko@mail ru
Elena E. Panova — Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
Olga N. Valkina - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, 4, area of 100 th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia
For citations: Nazarenko L.D., Panova E.E., Valkina O.N. Theoretical importance substantiation of taking into consideration adaptation regularities of an organism during the process of sports training, Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogico-Phycological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports), 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 138-144. DOI 10/14526/01 2018 298
