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45Горнодобывающая промышленность сектора на юге Африки
Силима Педру Пинту,
аспирант департамента инженерного бизнеса и менеджмента в Инженерной академии, Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН), [email protected]
В этой статье исследуется горнодобывающая промышленность сектора на юге Африки с использованием набора данных из 10 стран на юге Африки с 2011 по 2017 год. В подсекторе горнодобывающей промышленности были проанализированы запасы полезных ископаемых, добыча основных полезных ископаемых, таких как медь, уголь, железная руда, золото, алмазы платиновой группы металлы и хром, а также основные рудники этих полезных ископаемых в регионе Южной Африки.
Результаты показали, что реальный рост в сфере услуг, реальный рост производства, реальный рост добычи полезных ископаемых, развитие человеческого капитала, развитие инфраструктуры, открытость торговли и рост прямых иностранных инвестиций являются важными факторами экономического роста в странах Южной Африки в течение периода исследования. Можно сказать, это исследование подтверждает теорию соответствия ПИИ иностранным компаниям в горнодобывающей промышленность сектора. Чтобы ускорить экономический рост, страны юга Африки должны улучшить свою макроэкономическую политику, законы, регулирующие горнодобывающий сектор, институты и нормативно-правовую базу, чтобы иметь возможность привлекать столь желанные стратегические инвестиции в горнодобывающий сектор, поскольку этот сектор отвечает за прямые иностранные инвестиции. Поэтому страны юга Африки, обладающие природными ресурсами, такие как Ангола, Ботсвана, ДР Конго, Мадагаскар, Мозамбик, Намибия, Южная Африка, Танзания, Замбия и Зимбабве, должны поощрять свое развитие и не беспокоиться об угрозе «ресурсного проклятия». Ключевые слова: горнодобывающий сектор, горнодобывающая промышленность, запас полезных ископаемых, экономический рост, горнодобывающий сектор на юге Африки.
1. Introduction
In the past few decades, Southern Africa's mining sector industry has played a key role in attracting foreign investments into the region. Accordingly, investments in mineral resources have evolved into a major source of development finance, contributing to the economic growth of many Southern African economies [5]. Southern Africa has proven reserves approaching $5 Trillion in value, with approximately 3 000 active registered mines [7]. This study research paper covers the types of minerals resources in southern African region. The term regional, refers to the larger geographical region, with countries where the mining industry has the greatest impact on economic development and includes Angola, Botswana, the DR of Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The many countries represent different levels of maturity within the mining industry; South Africa having a long established mining culture, Mozambique has seen intensive investment in its mining sector over the past 15 years [4].
Mining is an industry of strategic importance in Southern Africa. Most of the world's chromium, vanadium, platinum, and diamonds originate in the region, along with 36% of gold and 20% of cobalt [5]. Formal mining in the region accounts for about 60 per cent of foreign exchange earnings, 10% of GDP and five per cent of formal employment. Due to the region's endowment of world-class deposits of coal, chromites, gold, diamonds, platinum and copper, the minerals sector industry has played a major role in the development of infrastructure. The minerals industry has been the nucleus for the growth of many towns and cities within the sub-region [7].
Despite the abundance mineral resources, the mining industry in Southern Africa has undergone major turmoil in the past two decades, ranging from the global financial crisis, increasingly vocal calls for the nationalization of mines, falling commodity prices, labour unrest, and police brutality [5]. Consequently, the abundance minerals and metals in the region present immense potential for sustainable economic growth, an avenue for massive reduction in poverty and employment generation through forward and backward integrations across the productive sectors of the region. The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the methodology of study used in this paper. Section 3 discusses the status of mineral industry in southern Africa in general. It provides an overview of the mining sub-sector of the Southern Africa countries by outlines minerals production, world minerals production, mineral reserves and major minerals mines in the Southern Africa. Section 4 concludes this research with outlook of mining industry in Southern Africa.
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2. Methodology
This study employed a panel dataset of Southern African countries, in particularly Mozambique and South Africa from 2011 to 2017, using panel dataset of 10 countries. The countries are: Angola, Botswana, DR of the
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Congo, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, eSwatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The data used in this analysis was generated from World development indicators, the World Bank, thee U.S Geological Survey, the Virginia Economic Development Partnership, the IMF Database, UNCTADStad, the World Mining Data, the EITI in Mozambique and the Fraser Institute Survey of Mining.
3. Mining sub-sector overview
The US Geological Survey (USGS) ranks Africa as the largest or second largest reserve worldwide for bauxite (the main source of aluminum), cobalt (used to make alloys and batteries), industrial diamonds (needed to cut hard materials), manganese (the anticorrosive element in steel), phosphate rock (a key ingredient in fertilizers), platinum group metals (a primary component in automotive catalytic converters), soda ash (an element in glass production), vermiculite (a component in fireproof materials) and zirconium (used to manufacture heat-resistant ceramic materials [7].
3.1. Copp
er: The Copper Industry in Southern Africa is dominated by Zambia, the DRC and South Africa and on a smaller scale; Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe are also involved within this industry [7]. The DRC overtook Zambia as Africa's largest copper producer and the world's seventh largest producer in 2013 [7].
The International Copper Study Group projected that global refined copper consumption would be approximately 24 million tons in 2017, slightly more than global refined production. Production and consumption of refined copper were expected to rise slightly compared with those in 2016, whereas mine production was estimated to decline slightly owing to supply disruptions at multiple leading copper mines, lower ore grades, and a general lack of new projects and mine expansions [6].
Table 1. World mine production and reserves - Data in thousand metric tons of chromium content unless otherwise noted.
Countries Mine production Reserves
2016 2017
Australia 948 920 88 000
Canada 708 620 11 000
Chile 5 550 5 330 170 000
Chine 1 900 1 860 27 000
Congo (Kinshasa) 846 850 20 000
Indonesia 727 650 26 000
Mexico 752 755 46 000
Peru 2 350 2 390 81 000
United States 1 430 1 270 45 000
Zambia 763 755 20 000
Other countries 4 160 4 300 260 000
World total (rounded) 20 100 19 700 790 000
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
The Copperbelt is the main copper mining area in Africa. It is situated in Central Africa and runs through Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Taken together, the DRC and Zambian copper belts are the second largest global reserve of copper. A 2014 USGS global assessment of copper deposits indicated that identified resources contained about 2.1 billion tons of copper (porphyry deposits accounted for 1.8 billion tons of those resources), and undiscovered resources contained an estimated 3.5 billion [6].
Mines Owners
Major mines in the Zambian copperbelt area include
Chambishi Owned by ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc
Chibuluma Owned 85% by Jinchuan Group Company Ltd and 15% by ZCCM Investment Holdings Plc
Kansanshi Largest copper mine in Africa, 80% owned by Kansanshi Mining PLC, a First Quantum subsidiary and 20% by ZCCM Investment Holdings Plc
Konkola Owned by Konkola Copper Mines PLC (KCM) a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources Plc
Lumwana Owned by Barrick Gold Corporation
Mopani Owned 73.1% by Glencore International AG, 16.9% by First Quantum Minerals Ltd and 10% by ZCCM Investment Holdings
Nchanga Owned by Konkola Copper Mines PLC (KCM) a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources Plc
Major mines in Democratic Republic of Congo copperbelt area include
Tenke Fungurume Owned 56% by Freeport- McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. ("FCX" or "Freeport") is the operating partner, 24% by Lundin Mining and 20% free carried interest by La Générale des Carrières et des Mines ("Gécamines"), the Congolese state mining company
KOV Opened by Katanga Mining Ltd
Etoile Owned by 99.68% - Chemaf and 0.32% - Shiraz Virji and Abbas Virji. 5% undertaking to DRC Government)
Ruashi Owned 67% by Metorex Ltd and 23% by state owned Gécamines
Kinsevore Owned by China Minmetals Corp
Kipoi Owned 60% by Tiger Resources and 40% by the state owned Gécamines
Major mines in South Africa where copper
Insizwa BSC Resources
Musina Copper Project Owned by New Hana Copper Mining
Bokoni Platinum Mines Atlatsa Resources
Foskor (Phalaborwa) Owned by Industrial Development Corporation
Northam Platinum (Zondereinde) Owned by Northam Platinum)
Palabora Mining Palabora Mining Company, member of Rio Tinto
Union Section Swartklip (Anglo Platinum
Rooipoort Platinum Project Owned by Caledonia Mining
Palabora Mining & Smelter Refinery Palabora Mining Company, member of Rio Tinto
Nkomati Mine Norilsk Nickel & African Rainbow Minerals
Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine Royal Bafokeng Platinum & Anglo Platinum
Barplats Eastern Platinum
Kroondal Platinum Mine Anglo Platinum & Aquarius Platinum
Marikana Platinum Mine Anglo Platinum & Aquarius Platinum
RPM - Rustenberg Section Anglo Platinum
3.2. Iron Ore: Africa's Iron ore production is dominated by South Africa. Zimbabwe produces minor amounts mainly for domestic consumption. Angola has
significant iron ore potential with the possible reopening of the large Cassinga mine, depending on the security situation in the country. South Africa's position as the number three supplier of iron ore to China emphasises the strategic importance of iron ore deposits in the country and its importance as a significant iron ore contributor worldwide. South Africa is the seventh largest producer of iron ore and has also traditionally been the fourth largest exporter worldwide [7].
Globally, iron ore production in 2017 increased by 20 million tons from that of 2016, following an increase of 30 million tons in 2016 from that of 2015. Over the 5-year period from 2012 through 2016, global iron ore production increased by 280 million tons. Production of iron ore from Australia and India, the leading and fourth-ranked iron ore producers in the world, respectively, collectively increased by 90 million tons from 2015 to 2016 and by about 30 million tons from 2016 to 2017, whereas production from China, the third-ranked producer, decreased by 27 million tons and 13 million tons [6]. Despite the global increase in production, 27 of the top 50 iron-ore-producing countries decreased production. Global steel production increased only slightly in 2017 as iron ore production from the world's leading mining companies' increased, but small-scale and high-cost iron ore producers continued to idle operations [6].
Table 3. World mine production and reserves - Data in million metric tons, usable ore, unless otherwise noted [6].
Country Mine production Reserves
Usable ore Iron content Crude ore Iron content
2016 2017 2016 1017
Australia 858 880 531 545 50 000 24 000
Brazil 430 440 275 280 23 000 12 000
Canada 47 47 29 29 6 000 2 300
Chine 348 340 216 210 21 000 7 200
India 185 190 114 120 8 100 5 200
Iran 35 35 23 23 2 700 1 500
Kazakhstan 34 34 10 10 2 500 900
Russia 101 100 60 60 25 000 14 000
South Africa 66 68 42 42 1 200 770
Sweden 27 27 16 16 3 500 2 200
Ukraine 63 63 39 39 6 500 2 300
United States 42 46 26 28 2 900 760
Other countries 116 110 72 68 18 000 9 500
World total 2 350 2 400 1 450 1 500 170 000 83 000
The world resources are estimated to be greater than 800 billion tons of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tons of iron.
Mines | Owners
Major mines of Iron Ore in South Africa
Bushveld Iron Ore Projects Owned by Bushveld Minerals
Northern Lights Iron Ore Projects Owned by Midwinter Resources, Australia
Thabazimbi Project Owned by Aquila Resurces, Australia
Turquoise Moon Iron Project Owned by Ferrum Crescent
Palabora Mining Owned by Palabora Mining Company
Thabazimbi Iron Ore Mine Owned by Kumba Iron Ore
Idwala Magnetite Owned by Idwala Industrial Holdings
Mapochs mine Owned by Evraz Highveld Steel & Vanadium
Beeshoek Iron Ore Mine Owned by African Rainbow Minerals & Assmang
Sishen Owned by Kumba Iron Ore
Koegas FeMn Owned by Unimin Africa Resources
Lehating Project Owned by Lehating Mining
Major mines of Iron Ore in Angola
Cassinga Iron Oren Mine Owned by Angola Exploration Mining Resources
Major mines of Iron Ore in Botswana
Xaudum Iron Ore Projects |Owned by Tsodilo Resources, USA
Major mines of Iron Ore in Zimbabwe
Buchwa Iron Mining Company
3.3. Gold: Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. South Africa being one of the global leaders in gold production, also has the highest average production costs in the world. Gold mine production is centered on underground and open pit operations mainly in South Africa and Zimbabwe [7]. South Africa holds 35% of global gold resources and exports 99% of gold output. The last few years have seen some major restructuring of South Africa's major gold producers with AngloGold, recently listed on the lSe and NYSE, and Gold Fields having become the country's major producers.
Zimbabwe is richly endowed with deposits of gold, making its gold reserves are among the largest in Africa. Gold is East Africa's biggest mining resource with Tanzania being the largest regional miner of the yellow metal at present, while exploration has also been conducted in the country for nickel and uranium. Gold reserves in the country are estimated to be over 30 million ounces, with only a small part of it currently being mined. These reserves equate to nearly 850 tons of gold, which at current production levels imply a lifespan of over 20 years left for gold mining bar any significant new discoveries [7]. In 2017, worldwide gold production was estimated to have increased slightly from that in 2016. New mine production in Australia and Canada more than offset decreased gold mine production in China owing to increased environmental regulations [6].
Table 5. World mine production and reserves - Data in metric
Country Mine production Reserves
2014 2015 2016 2017 2017
Australia 270 278 290 300 9 800
Brazil 85 85 2 400
Canada 160 153 165 180 2 200
China 450 453 440 2 000
Ghana 90 79 80 1 000
Indonesia 97 80 80 2 500
Kazakhstan - - 69 70 1 000
Mexico 92 135 111 110 1 400
Papua New - - 62 60 1 300
Guinea
Peru 150 145 153 155 2 300
Russia 245 252 253 255 5 500
South Africa 150 145 145 145 6 000
United States 211 214 222 245 3 000
Uzbekistan 102 102 102 100 1 800
Other countries - - 840 845 12 000
World total 2 860 3 100 3 110 3 150 54 000
(rounded)
In the first 9 months of 2017, domestic consumption of gold used in the production of coins and bars decreased by more than 50%; however, gold consumption for jewelry
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increased slightly owing to improved economic conditions. Globally, gold consumption by the jewelry industry increased slightly and for gold coins and bars increased by 13% compared with that in the first 9 months of 2016 because of increased consumption of these items in China and Turkey [6].
Mines Owners
Gold Mines in Democratic Republic of Congo
Kibali Gold Mine Owned by Randgold Resources & AngloGold Ashanti
Mongbwalu Mine Owned by AngloGold Ashanti
Twangiza Gold Mine Owned by Banro
Gold Mines in South Africa
DRD Lease; Rand Leases Owned by West Wits Mining
East Champ d'or Lease Owned by Mintails
Doornkop Mine; Tshepong Mine; Phoenix Surface Operations; Unisel Mine Owned by Harmony Gold Mining Company
Voorspoed Diamond Mine Owned y De Beers Consolidated Mines
South Deep Gold Mine Owned by Gold Fields
Barberton Mines Owned by Pan African Resources
Modder East Gold Mine Owned by Gold One International
Gold Mines in Tanzania
Geita Gold Minin Owned by AngloGold Ashanti
Golden Pride Owned by Resolute Mining
Tulawaka Gold Mine Owned by African Barrick Gold & MDN
3.4. Diamonds: Africa is the world's largest producer of diamonds, producing as much as 50% of global production. Africa has produced over 75%, in value, of the world's diamonds with more than 1.9 billion carats worth an estimated $US 158 billion mined Angola, Botswana and South Africa are the leading producers of diamonds in the Southern African region. Mining activities are centered on South Central Africa, with diamonds being produced primarily from kimberlite mines (South Africa, Angola, DRC, Ghana, Tanzania, Lesotho and Botswana), followed by alluvial dredging operations (Angola, CAR, Namibia and South Africa) and offshore marine diamond activities [7].
Table 7. Top Diamond producing countries in Southern Africa (2017) [8].
Country Diamonds (carats) 2014 2015 2016
Angola Gen. 7 875 803 8 117048 8 119 320
Ind. 875 089 901 894 902 147
Gen. 17 260 14 476 14 623
Botswana 600 800 700
Ind. 7 397 400 6 247 200 6 267 300
South Africa Gen. 3 223 527 3 293 220 3 321 830
Ind. 4 835 290 4 939 840 4 982 750
Gen. 3 331 600 3 150 700 3 11 890
RD Congo Ind. 13 326 12 602 12 447
400 790 557
Namibia Gen. 1 791 002 1 676108 1 494 350
Ind. 94 263 88 216 78 650
Tanzania Gen. 214 945 184 025 203 915
Ind. 37 930 32 475 35 985
Zimbabwe Gen. 1 431 491 1 008 000 6 39 920
Ind. 3 340 146 2 352 000 1 493 1 40
its natural industrial diamond output declined to 12 million carats from 13 million carats the two years before. Aside from being the top producer of these stones, the country also holds the second-largest reserves at 150 million carats. Botswana saw its production of natural industrial diamonds remain steady in 2015 and 2016 at 6 million carats. Last on our list is Tanzania. In 2016, Tanzania's natural industrial diamond production was 35 thousand carats in 2016.
In 2017, China was the world's leading producer of synthetic industrial diamond, with annual production exceeding 4 billion carats. The United States is likely to continue to be one of the world's leading markets for industrial diamond into the next decade and is expected to remain a significant producer and exporter of synthetic industrial diamond as well [6].
3.5. Platinum Group Metals (PGM's): The Platinum mining Industry in Southern Africa is dominated by South Africa and Zimbabwe. Annual average prices of iridium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium increased by 55%, 39%, 51%, and 45%, respectively, compared with those of 2016. The average annual price of platinum was 3% lower than that of 2017 owing to a decrease in demand for diesel automobiles, in which platinum is used in catalytic converters. The palladium price increase was owing to increased demand for gasoline-powered automobiles, in which palladium is used in catalytic converters. The price increases for iridium and ruthenium were a result of increased industrial demand. In September, the price of palladium was briefly higher than that of platinum, which has not been the case since 2001 [6].
Table 8. World Mine Production and Reserves -Data in kilograms of platinum group metal content unless otherwise noted [6].
Country Mine production PGM's Reserves
Platinum Palladium
2016 2017 2016 2017
Canada 12 890 12000 21 000 19 000 310 000
Russia 23 000 21 000 79 400 81 000 3 900 000
South Africa 1333000 140 000 76 300 78 000 63 000 000
United States 3 890 2 900 12 000 12 000 900 000
Zimbabwe 14 900 15 000 13 100 13 000 1 200 000
Other countries 3 300 4 000 8 200 8 400 NA
World total 191 000 200 000 210 000 210 000 69 000 000
Below are the seven top natural industrial diamond-producing countries from 2014 to 2016, using statistics from the World Mining Data. First on our list is the DRC. In 2016,
Mines Owners
Platinum Mines in South Africa
Marula Platinum Mine Owned by Impala Platinum
Northam Platinum Owned by Northam Platinum
Palabora Mining Owned by Palabora Mining company
RPM - Mogalakwena Section Owned by Anglo Platinum
Smokey Hills Owned by Platinum Australia
Mototolo Platinum Mine Owned by Xstrata Alloys & Anglo Platinum
Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine Owned by: Royal Bafokeng Platinum & Anglo Platinum
Eland Mind Owned by GlencoreXstrata South Africa
Platinum Mines in Zimbabwe
Mimosa Platinum Mine Owned by Aquarius Platinum
Unki Owned by Anglo Platinum
Bokai Platinum Project Owned by Eurasia Natural
Zimplats Owned by Zimbabwe Platinum Mines - Zimplats
World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest reserves are in the "Bushveld Complex" in South Africa. Introduction of more stringent emission standards for automobiles in some countries is expected to result in increased demand for palladium, platinum, and rhodium for use in catalytic converters. Increased automobile production in developing countries indicates expected increased demand for PGMs beyond 2017.
3.6. Chrome: World resources are greater than 12 billion tons of shipping-grade chromite, sufficient to meet conceivable demand for centuries. In the region of the world's chromium resources are heavily geographically concentrated (95%) in Kazakhstan and southern Africa [6]. South Africa is the world's largest producer of ferrochrome. The country holds about 70% of the world's total chrome reserves, mostly located in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) ores, and produces 75% of the world's ferrochrome. There are over 4000 registered Chromite mining claims that are current [7]. China was the leading chromium-consuming and stainless-steel-producing country and South Africa was the leading chromite ore and ferrochromium producer upon which world stainless steel producers depend directly or indirectly for chromium supply, based on production data. The recent commissioning of new ferrochromium furnaces in South Africa and China has the potential to increase ferrochromium production by 630,000 tons per year [6].
Table 10. World mine production and reserves - Data in thousand metric tons of chromium content unless otherwise noted [6].
Countries Mine production Reserves(shipping grade)
2016 2017
India 3 200 3 200 45 000
Kazakhstan 5 380 5 400 230 000
South Africa 14 700 15 000 200 000
Turkey 2 800 2 800 26 000
United States - - 620
Other countries 4 160 4 200 NA
World total (rounded) 30 200 31 000 510 000
Mines | Owners
Chrome Mines in South Africa
Thaba Mine Owned by Cronimet Chrome
Eastern Chrome Mines Owned by Samancor
Horiaon & Helena Chrome Mines Owned by GlencoreXstrata South Africa
Rustenburg Chrome Mine Owned by Lanxess Mining
Western Chrome Mines Owned by Samancor
Zeerust Chrome Mines Owned by Assore
Chrome Smelters/Refineries in South Africa
Tubatse Ferrochrome Owned by Samancor
Rustenburg Plant Owned by Merafe Resources & GlencoreXstrata
Wonderkop Plant Owned by Merafe Resources & GlencoreXsrata
Chrome Mines in Zimbabwe
Zimasco Installed capacity capable of producing 180 000 tonnes of high carbon ferrochrome annually
Maranatha Ferrochrome (Pvt.) Ltd Manufactures ferrochrome
Chrome Mines in Madagascar
Bemanevika & Ankazotaolana Owned by Kraomita Malagasy
From October 2016 to July 2017, ferrochromium prices increased by 48% for charge grade and 64% for high carbon. This increase was the result of an increase in the demand for stainless steel, particularly in China, and a lack of chromium inventory. Since then, the prices have remained relatively high.
4. Conclusion
The mining sector industry in Southern African has been a driving force for socio-economic development, but it has also been an instrument for balancing the trade balance on exports with major trading partners such as the EU, US, China, Russia, India, the Netherlands, Japan and among others. The interest of western countries in the Southern African region has not only been the valuable natural resources that hold this region, but because of the large multinational mineral companies as (BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, Anglo American, GlencoreXstrata and Barrick and others) operating in these countries that have been responsible for the discovery of these new natural resources. With the discovery of new areas of these resources in the region, such as graphite, heavy sands in Mozambique and other countries in the region, economic dependence and the interest of large international mining companies are increasing due to the demand for these minerals in the international market as raw material.
Mining Sector industry in Southern Africa Silima Pedro Pinto
People Friendship University of Russia (PFUR) This paper investigates the mining sector industry in Southern Africa, using a panel dataset of 10 countries in Southern Africa from 2011 to 2017. The mining sub-sector analyzed mineral resource endowments, production of the main mineral resources as copper, coal, iron ore, gold diamonds platinum group metals and chrome, and the main mines of these minerals in the region of Southern Africa. Findings showed that real growth in services, real growth of manufacturing, real growth of mining, human capital development, infrastructural development, trade openness, and growth in foreign direct investment are important determinants of economic growth in Southern African economies during the study period. Hence, this study validates the FDI fitness theory with foreign companies in the mining sector industry. In order to enhance the economic growth, Southern African countries must ameliorate their macroeconomic policies, laws regulating the mining sector, institutions and regulatory framework to be able to attract the much desired strategic investments in the mining sector, since this sector is responsible for foreign direct investment. Therefore, Southern African countries with natural resources as Angola, Botswana, DR of Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe should encourage their development and not be concerned about the threat of "resource curse". Key words: Mining sector, mining industry, mineral resource endowment, economic growth, mining sector in Southern Africa. References
1. African Development Bank & African Development Fund, (2018), Mozambique Country Strategy Paper 2018 -2022.
2. Draf. (2017). Report Independent Administrator of EITI in Mozambique, 30 December 2017.
3. International Monetary Fund, (2018). Republic of Mozambique : 2017, Article IV Consultation-Press Release.
4. Linkages in the Southern African Mining Sector, (2016). Domestic Procurement Challenges and Context Working Paper.
5. Olawumi, D. A. (2015). Mining Sector and Economic Growth in Southern African Economies. A Panel Data Analysis.
6. U.S. Geological Survey, (2018). Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2018.
7. Virginia Economic Develoment Partnership. (2014). Mining Markets in Southern Africa.
8. World Mining Data, C. Reichl, M. Schatz, G. Zsak - Volume 33, Minerals Production / Vienna 2018
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