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Section 13. Regional studies and socio-economic geography
Amanbayeva Ziyoda Abduvoisovna, Karakulov Nurbol Maidanovich, Islomov Imongali Nizomidinovich, Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
the Faculty of Natural Sciences E-mail: aru_aqpanbetova@mail.ru
APPEARING OF GOLD INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
Annotation: This article describes the history of the gold industry and its development trends in Uzbekistan. Also, the role of gold industry of Uzbekistan is rated in the world.
Keywords: gold industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, Muruntau mining, troy ounce, ore, gold consumption, gold trade, exchange.
The gold industry plays an important role in the composition of non-ferrous metallurgy. Gold is a rare metal, and it doesn't lose its properties both underground and moisture. However, finding and extracting rocks requires a lot of work and funds and high technology. Gold is widely used in electronics, computer production, space ships and equipments and nuclear reactors. For example, the internal wall of a nuclear reactor is covered with 16 kg of gold [1].
According to historical sources, gold had been extracted in the ancient world and it was used in making various materials. It had been also used in the territory of our country since ancient times. Two thousand years ago, gold was extracted from the mountain which was situated between Samarkand and Bukhara. The history of opening large gold deposits in Uzbekistan, the extraction of rare metals and the history existence of gold industry dated to 60-70th of the XX century in our country. Sharof Rashidov was the well-known statesman, he had unique role in this field. At that time, on the initiative of Sharof Rashidov, large gold mining and manufacturing industries were created in Uzbekistan. Gold recycling factories, gold-screening plants and copper ore recycling plants were assigned to use.
At the same time, extraction of high quality gold, which can be answered international standards, had begun to produce. At that time, the discovering of a huge amount of highvolume reserves in the short term in Muruntov, the opening of gold deposits, the industrial sector was formed which was based on new technologies in the country.
So the construction of gold mine factory with a capacity of 5 million tons of ore was begun. From 1967 to 1969, the first ore enterprise, nine-storey buildings, schools, gardens, cultural and community facilities, airport, railway construction, Amu Darya water supply, and the pouring of the first tone of gold on the highest figure named after 99.99 increased people's confidence. On July 21, 1969, the construction of the Muruntau gold mine was completed. This year the first gold jewelry was put into production in our country.
During that period, geologists had proven to be the most golden reserves, and they had doubled their plan to grow to 10 million tons. Thus, the gold mining enterprise was established in the center of the Kyzylkum desert. Thereafter, it was later obtained 18 million tons of ore and 50 tons of gold a year.
Currently, the largest gold deposits in Uzbekistan are Muruntau, Chodak, Zarmitan, Koshbulak, Kyzylalma and Marjanbulak [1]. In total, 60 of gold deposits are working in Uzbekistan. In recent years, 80-100 tons of gold has been extracted in the country. In the near future the extraction of ore mining in Pistaly and Ortalik gold mine will be started. The reserves of these mines are about ten tons of gold.
In the early years of independence, the attraction of foreign investments in the gold industry had been gaining great attention to the bringing of modern technologies. In particular, the "Zarafshan-Newmont" Uzbekistan and USA gold-producing joint venture began to produce productions in Zarafshan in 1995. Uzbekistan continues to attract foreign investments to explore gold mines. For example, the State Committee for
APPEARING OF GOLD INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
Geology and Mineral Resources of Uzbekistan attracts four foreign companies to study prospects for the development of ten gold ore fields in 2017, including Canada's B2 Gold, British Nord Gold, TUMAD of Turkey and Shindong Resources of South Korea and agreements were signed.
In Uzbekistan, it is planned to master 22 of new gold mines in 2018-2019. It can help to increase the manufacture of gold production in our country. According to the World Gold Council, in 2007 year, 3488.0 ton of gold was produced in the world, while its volume in 2015 reached about 4258.0 ton (Table 1). Uzbekistan provides about 5% of world gold [2].
Table 1.- World Production, tonnes
year volume
2007 3488.0
2008 3469.0
2009 4034.0
2010 4242.0
2011 4058.0
2012 4482.0
2013 4273.0
2014 4414.0
2015 4258.0
source - World Gold Council
More than 50% of the total gold had been extracted from 200 gold mines of the world, of which the annual capacity of 6 mining is about 31 tones, a capacity of 8 mining is about 25 tones, and a capacity of 21 mining is more than 15 tones. The largest gold deposits in the world include Boddington (Australia), Lihir (Papua New Guinea), Penasquinto (Mexico), Carlin (USA), Yanacocha (Peru), Pueblo Viejo (Dominican Republic), Cortez (USA), Goldstrike (USA), Grasberg (Indonesia) and Muruntau mining in Uzbekistan. Muruntov is the largest gold mining which is extracted with open method and it stands on the fifth rate in the position of deep.
The largest gold producing countries in the world are summarized in Table 2. According to the data of the table, in 2016, China occupied the first place with 455 tons of gold in the world in the position of gold production. The next places were occupied by Australia, Russia, USA, Canada, Peru, South Africa, Mexico, Uzbekistan, Indonesia countries. Uzbekistan has been producing 90-100 tons of gold in recent years. Uzbekistan occupies the 9 th place in the top of ten countries in the world.
Canada's Barrick Gold Company is the leader in the volume of production. Second place belongs to Newmont Mining of US, which worked in Uzbekistan [2]. After that, three major companies of SAR (Southern African Republic) that Anglo Gold Ashanti, Gold Fields and Harmony Gold are essential mining producers. Navoi mining and metallurgical combine in Uzbekistan is the sixth largest gold producer in the world. In turn it indicates that our state holds a significant place in the gold industry of world.
Canada's Barrick Gold company can products about 8.6 million troy ounces (1 troy ounce - 31 grams) of gold per year. Newmont Mining Company has produced 5.9 million ounces of gold, while Navoi mining and metallurgical combine produces an average of 1.9 million ounces of gold a year. Russian Polyus Zoloto Company is the 15th largest gold producer in the world. The company is producing 1.2 million ounces of gold.
The world's gold consumption was about 3571.0 tons in 2007, and its growth in recent years has been noticeable. By 2015, gold consumption reached to 4253.0 tons (Table 3). About 53% of the world's gold is used to produce jewelry. Its share in industry is about 19%, investment and savings involve about 28% of gold.
China occupies the first place in the world with gold consumption of 984 tons. India is the second place, 849 tons of rare and precious metal were used in various industries. Although India is not the world's largest gold producer, it has been the world's leader in gold consumption for many years in the economy and the public. Nowadays its consumption is in second place. The United States (193 t), Germany (124 t), Switzerland (116.2 t), Thailand (90 t) Saudi Arabia (85 t), Russia (75.1 t), Turkey (72 t), Iran (71 t), Vietnam (63 t) and Indonesia (59 t) occupies the places after China and India countries.
Table 3. World Consumption, tonnes
Table 2.- List of countries by gold production
Rank Country Gold production (metric tons)
1. China 455
2. Australia 270
3. Russia 250
4. USA 209
5. Canada 170
6. Peru 150
7. South Africa 140
8. Mexica 125
9. Uzbekistan 100
10. Indonesia 100
year volume
1 2
2007 3571.0
2008 3821.0
2009 3530.0
1 2
2010 4070.0
2011 4125.0
2012 4585.0
2013 4088.0
2014 4258.0
2015 4253.0
source - World Gold Council
The price of gold is changing for depending on market conditions. The price of the gold is registered mainly in the London Metal Exchange. According to www.kitco.com, in 2007-2009, there was a sharp decline in its value during
the global financial and economic crisis. In particular, its value in 2007 was about 696.7 $ in 2008, it increased to 868.4 $ in 2008 and it involves about 957.5 $ in 2009. The decline of the global financial and economic crisis and its erosion in some developed countries, the gold prices were increased. For example, the value of gold in 2010 was about 1224.7, in 2011 to 1558.3, in 2012 was about 1668.7, in 2013 was about 1411.2, in 2014 to 1266.4 and in 2015 it was increased to 1160.1 $. The rise of gold prices on the world market will certainly increase the national income of Uzbekistan.
In summary, it should be noted that the gold industry plays an important role in the economy of Uzbekistan and is characterized by Total Internal Production.
References:
1. Socio-economic geography of Uzbekistan. Textbook.- Toshkent, Sharq,- 2014.- 43 p.
2. National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan.- Toshkent. State scientific publishing house "National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan",-2005.- 142 p.
