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Valiyeva Sh.I.
PhD student faculty of geography and ecology Samarkand State University Uzbekistan
MIDDLE ZERAFSHAN HYDRONYMS AND THEIR TOPONYMAL
ANALYSIS
Abstract: In the article describes hydronyms and their toponymic analysis on the example of the Middle Zerafshan valley. Tariffs of the largest macrohydronyms, mesohydronyms and microhydronyms in the object of study are given. Historical and linguistic methods have been widely used in the study of hydronyms. Hydronyms are the names given to water bodies. They are important in the study of the origin, development, and history of water bodies.
Keywords: hydronym, river, channel, ditch, toponymy, geographical names.
Introduction. Hydronym is the name given to water bodies. They are important in the study of the origin, development, and history of water bodies. It is hard to imagine human life without water. People have long known water to be sacred. In toponymy, the names of water bodies, ie hydronyms, are the oldest geographical names (Kalutskov, 2016). Also, the study of hydronyms, along with an understanding of our history, will contribute to the future growth and development of irrigation and hydrological facilities. A large part of the geographical names on earth are hydronyms. Among the geographical names, hydronyms, distinguished by their antiquity and stability, have not been widely studied in Central Asian toponymy. The Middle Zarafshan Valley uses mainly river and spring water for agriculture. The names of hydrological structures, i.e. hydronyms, are the oldest and most stable of the geographical names and are characterized by their use in the scientific literature in a state that has not changed for thousands of years. The hydronyms in the study area are numerous, and there are 160 canals and ditches in the Dorgham irrigation system alone. There are also mountain streams (Omonqotonsoy, Tersaksoy, Miranqulsoy, Oqsoy, Mehnatkashsoy, there are hydropower facilities in Gobdin, Karachatog, Aktog mountain ranges, such as Quruqsoy, Tosinsoy, Oqtepasoy, Andoqsoy, Jizmansoy, Maydonsoy, Oltinsoy, Sharilloqsoy). The question of the study of their names also shows that the contribution of hydronyms in toponymy is great (Begaliyev and Turobov, 2015; Begaliyev, 2010).
The object of research includes the central part of Uzbekistan, the central part of the Zarafshan valley, which is submerged by tectonic processes, facing the republic. Middle Zarafshan is bordered on the north by the Nurata Mountains, on the south by the Chakilkalon, Qoratepa, Zirabulak, Ziyoviddin
Mountains, on the east by Tajikistan, and on the west by the Lower Zarafshan District along the Caspian Corridor. In Central Zarafshan, which has favorable natural conditions, one can find many hydrological objects and related hydronyms (Khikmatov et al., 2016).
Main part. The macrohydronym of the object of study is the Zerafshan river, which begins at the height of 2775 meters of the Zerafshan mountain range and is called Mastchohdarya. It is called Zarafshan when it is joined by Fandarya, which collects water from the northern slopes of the Gissar mountain range. In the mountainous part of the Zarafshan River, it flows rapidly in a narrow and deep river, adding about 200 tributaries. The Zarafshan River divides into two near the city of Samarkand, the Akdarya (north) and the Karadarya (south), and joins the village of Khatirchi. Ninety percent of the river's water is used to irrigate the valley's gardens and orchards. This is probably why scientists call the river water a "Dice spreader" river because of its vital importance (Korayev, 2006). The importance of the Zerafshan River in water supply also determines its place in the history and political and social life of the region.
In the Avesto monuments it is called "Daytiya" - "Goodness water". In ancient literature, including Arian's "History of Alexander's march", the Zerafshan River is referred to as Politimet. Translated from the Greek, it means "The most famous river" (Zohir Alam, 2008). In Arabic sources, such names as "Haromkom", "Holy river", "Vodiy us Sughd", "Nahr ul Bukhara" are mentioned. In Zahriddin Muhammad Babur's work "Boburnoma" it is called "Obi Kohak". Later it was called "Daryoyi Kohak", and from the XVIII century it was called "Zarafshan".
Geologists, meanwhile, point to the word "frippery" (gold) in the hydronym, saying that the river flowed mostly gold particles along with the sand. In general, the Zerafshan hydronym is recorded in more than a dozen names in history. Also in history, the Zarafshan river was called Politimet, Bukhara river, Jirt (X century), John, Kohak, Nomiq, Namiq, Obi Kohak, Sughd river.
The second largest irrigation system in the object of the study was the Dargom canal, which was restored in the V centuries. In the Middle Ages, the name of the channel was called Barsh. The canal separates from the Zerafshan river and irrigates agricultural crops in Samarkand, Taylak and Pastdargom districts. Excess water is again poured into the Zerafshan River. Archaeologists note that Dargom originally flowed from a deep ravine formed by the spring flood waters of the rivers that began in the Urgut Mountains. Later, it received water through a dam built around the village of Ravotkhoja. Based on these assumptions, expert scientists say that the Dargham canal is two thousand years old. The reason is that the name Dargom was first mentioned in the form of "Dargoman" in Claudius Ptolemy's (II century) Geographical Handbook. Small, special dams built to connect water from canals to ditchs are called
"dargot". The word is derived from the Persian-Tajik language and is also found in the name of Dargham. In other sources, it is recorded in the forms Iskandargom, Iskadaryom. In Sogdian, "Iskandar" means high. In Indo-European languages, Gom, Kom, Kam, Kim means "river". So, Dargham, Dargom means "High River", "Dam Canal". Currently, Dargom receives water from the high Zerafshan hydroelectric power station. This engineering facility, built in 1913, was commissioned in 1930 and is called the "First May dam". Now it is called Ravotkhoja dam. Another ancient hydronym of Samarkand region is the Narpay canal. The canal is mentioned in the works of Tabari, an Arab geographer Ibn Hawkal, who lived in the 9th-10th centuries, in the form of "Nakhri Kay". Russian historian VI Vyatkin studied the historical documents and proved that the name of this canal, which used to irrigate the most prosperous part of Sogdia, was "Nakhri Pay". Nakhri Pay - "Nakhr" - means "ditch", "canal" in Arabic, and the word is gradually referred to as Narpay.
There are also small ravines in the Middle Zarafshan valley, in particular, the following large streams cross the foothill plains on the southern slope of Aktog: Zarbandsoy, Andoqsoy, Burgansoy, Jizmansoy, Maydonsoy, Oltinsoy, Sharilloqsoy, Takaboysoy, Koksaroysoy. The names of these small water basins are the microhydronyms in the study object.
The issue of water supply to Samarkand and its districts required the use of various water facilities here. The large number of hydronyms in the terminology of the Samarkand irrigation system is explained by the fact that they are Korizgoh canal (Samarkand city), Korizquduq (Nurabad, Pakhtachi), Arnaariq (Aqdarya), Jonbuloq (Koshrabat), Quruqsoy, Nova, Devkhonasoy (Urgut), Qoshquduq (Nurabad), Norqozaqkul (Jambay), Eski Anhor (historical name Manas) (Samarkand district), Tokqizhovuz (Pakhtachi), Damkhoja, Sag'anaq (Ishtikhon), Korasuv, Sharshar, Mirzakent collector (Bulungur), Nishabariq, Juyruqariq, Regional hydronymy can be studied on the example of thousands of names, such as Bozariq, Yangitarnov, Tarnovariq, Qudratqubur, Tezariq (Poyariq).
Conclusion. In addition, the Kattakurgan Reservoir (1940-1967), Aqdarya reservoir, Tosunsay reservoir, Aqdarya reservoir, Damkhoja Hydroelectric Power Station, Toss, Shavot, Central Miyankol Canals and other names of irrigation facilities in the Middle Zerafshan hydronym can be mentioned. The naming of water facilities in Central Zarafshan is mainly related to the structure and relief of the land where the hydropower facility is located. In the mountainous areas of the object of study in the desert zones, consisting of streamlets, fountain, stream hydronomic terms such as wells, ditches are widespread and are actively used in the local vernacular.
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