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Secton 2. Geography
Namozov Jurabek Abduazizovich, National university of Uzbekistan, senior staff scientist E-mail: allfriend85@mail.ru Sharipov Shavkat Muxamajanovich, assistant professor E-mail: shavripov13@rambler.ru Uralov Eliboy Amanovich, senior staff scientist E-mail: yeliboy.uralov@mail.ru
The territorial features of effective use of water resources (as Zarafshan basin)
Abstract: Every irrigation systems provide by the definite channel and the name of the system as the same as channel. Moreover, water resources of Zarafshan river divided in different regions, districts and other areas. In this article regions was reflected which was provided by Zarafshan river and analyzed every region separately. In conclusion part was speculated about possibility of using water resources and some suggestions for resolving problems in future.
Keywords: water resources, agriculture, industry, water reservoir, irrigation systems, the channeles, regions and districts.
Introduction. Waterresources are suitable water for using which under the ground, over the ground and humidity of air and soil. Water divided into more than centure (layers over the ground, pole, ices on mountains, high lakes and such kind of water which suitable for using) and restore (river's flow, dynamic and fluctuate stores of under ground, the part of lakes and so on) water types. Water resources also whole objects of rivers, lakes and seas. Because they are used for ships and submarines, hydroenergy, fishing, tour, resting and etc. Therefore, the water is resource ofwealthy which importance in life and economy. Almost 2.5 percentage of hydrosphere's water store are suitable for drinking (nearly, 1 percentage of this water suitable for people), 70 percentage of its ices, remain percentages are rivers, lakes, humidity of airs and water stores of the under ground [1].
In Uzbekistan water resources are mainly river's flows, dynamic stores of under ground water (restore resources) and also ices on mountains, permanent water stores oflakes. River's water come in by seasonal snow's layers, melting of ice, snow and rainfalls. The under ground water of mountains were appeared by above resources. The under ground water of near the mountains and grounds were appeared mainly by the water of over ground. Rivers and underground water resources are belong to each others. The using amount level of under ground water its results of the sharpest decreasing river's flowing [2].
In our country for farmer grounds need annual 114 km 3 water resources, 74.7 % of its from the Amudarya river (together with Zarafshan and Qashkadarya), 39 % of its come by the Sirdarya river. Water resources are situated uneven and although appear in mountains they flow by canals to even grounds for using. The full amount of water resources of quality indicates and using level changed at the last 30-40 years. As the result of have been doing some kind of strivers. They are followings:
• The whole rate of annual using of water diminished from 64 mlr./m 3 to 51 mlr./m 3 between last centure of 80s and nowadays (by contrast decresed in 13 mld. m 3);
• Although were used 10-11 thousand m 3 water in a hectare till 1990s, nowadays that indicators diminished in 6-7 thousand m 3 water in a hectare;
• To provide with water resourse overall 3.6 mln. km. hectare farmer grounds are activated 180 thousand km. irrigating systems, 160 thousand water buildings from these are more than 800 high hydrotechnic buildings, 55 of its are water reservouir which whole capacity of 19.2 mlr/m 3, 1614 ofits are pupping station which annual spendings are 8.2 mlr. kvt. electr. energy, 4124 ofits are irrigating wells;
• Although by the whole 4.0 mln hectare irrigating grounds were used 2.0 mln hectare for cotton at the and of last centure, nowadays are reduced in 30 % or 1.2 mln hectare;
• The rise square also diminished from 180 thousand to 40 thousand. Instead of it used for other crops which need for life;
• The useful managing and equal spreading of water resources come after to pass from administrative management to conditional management of water resources. Today 10 boards of irrigation systems and more than 60 irrigation systems, main canal depatments and 1501 the union of water consumers are organized [1].
Body part. By thecapacity and length the Zarafshan river is the third in the republic of Uzbekistan. The total number of water squear are 11,722 thousand km 2, overall length are 870 km. The annual average capacity of water flowing are 5127 mln. m 3. Seasonal water flowing are equal to 4255 mln. m 3. The former formal document was reflected distribution of the water resourse of the Zarafshan river are following, they are divided by the region in percentage.
Table 1. - The distribution of the Zarafshon river's by the region [3]
№ Regions Рercentage ( %)
1. Samarkand 70.2
2. Jizzax 7.4
3. Kashkadarya 9.3
4. Navoiy 13.1
The territorial features of effective use of water resources (as Zarafshan basin)
The spending to industry ofNavoiy sity and GRS are 32.5 m 3/sec, this spends doesn't enter in the distribution table above. The whole amount of canal's length are 3233.15 km. which in balance of Basin's board. From this number 185 km. is in regional length, 1295 km. are districtional length, 1546 km. are magistral length and interagricul-tural canal's length are 1753 km. [2]. There are 1729 hydraulic engineer buildings, 2647 piece of hydraulic stations, 97 piece of duikers, 81 piece of aqueducts and 412 piece ofbridges in magistral and inter agricultural canals. There are 10 reservoirs in the territory of basin board which in 1171.8 mln. m 3 capacity. The Zarafshan rivers water amount egual to 4888.3 mln. m 3 from total amount of Uzbekistan. 83.7 percentage of this water spend to irrigating and 797.8 mln. m 3 to water industry, communal services other needs.
Almost 80 percentage of requirements of industry to spend in energy, 15.8 percentage of this to spend in industry, 2.2 percentage of this in communal services, 17 percentage of its in fishing, 0.06 percentage of its spend in other services. From the 637 mln. m3 water 1/5 part of its don't come back to the river which are used in energy [3].
The irrigation system were created in the territory of the Zarafshan river for using in effectiveness, there are 8 irrigation systems, which 3 of followings are used in neighbor region. They are "Kar-mana-Konimeh", "Eski Anhor", "Tuyatortar" canals. The consuming percentage of them are following:
1. Karmana-Konimeh irrigation systems: are consumsed 21.5 % of total number of the Zarafshan rivers. All of its consumed in the region of Navoiy. Include in city and 6 district near the city. Also irrigate 54 355 hectar farmer field. There are have some difference in water consuming. For instance, the city of Navoiy used 701 mln. m 3, or 66.5 % of water in industry and farmer. One of the alone feature of Zarafshan basin it is 14.3 % of total number are used in industry. Namely, 91 % energy, 63,5 % industry and 0.5 mln. m 3 of water are spent in fishing. The 19.7 % or 125.8 mln. m 3 water don't come back to the river which are used in energy [3].
And other territories use water only in irrigating. The greatest amount of whole number is equal to Navbahor district which are 174.5 mln. m 3 water used in agricultural system. Because of using more than other district the situation of this district suitable for irrigating farmers and also lower flowings of Zarafshan flowing by there. At the second level the district of Karmana use 13.5 % of whole water in irrigation. The district of Xatirchi and Nurota uses the smallest water resources owing to used from other irrigation systems. The next level of using water resources are Dargom irrigation system. This board control the canal of Dargom and also irrigate 123 287 hectare of Samarkand. The Dargom canal flows in south after dividing from the post of Ravotxuja and to provide with water territory of two region.
2. The Dargom canal is equal to 17.5 % or 856.4 mln. m 3 ofto-tal amount ofwater resourse. 95 percentage or 815 mln. m 3 of canal are used for irrigation and only 40.9 mln. m 3 waterto spend in industry (industry, communal services, fishing). The higher part of total water store are spent for Pastargom district. Pastargam is the largest square in the irrigation system. The territory of the Dargom canal is more fertile and more suitable for farming than others. Moreover, in districts of Urgut, Tayloq and Samarkand also have some kind of farming, which famous for horticulture, viticulture, to plant tobacco and potatoes over the republic. Yet, districts of Kattakurgon, especially Nurobod are used very fewer water of Dargom because this districts are used more by another basin [3].
3. Mirza-Pay irrigation system — uses 726.5 mln. m 3 of water from the Zarafshan river and irrigate 93 172 hectare of fag-ming. In this irrigation system the main water are used in farming,
only 14.1 mln. m 3 parts use in industry. There is no any difference in distribution of water, consequently all three districts are Bulungur, Jomboy, Payarik consume almost the same amount ofwater. Payarik uses water (292.7 mln. m 3) in irrigation and needs slightly more than Bulungur, Jomboy [3].
4. Narpay-Navoiy irrigation system — situated in the middle and lower reaches of Zarafshan, uses 1/8 part or 601.8 mln. m 3 water of the Zarafshan river. Irrigate 60 609 hectare of Narpay-Navoiy regions. There are 87 % or 33.7 mln. m 3 water from the total water are used in industry. Almost 80 % water of Narpay-Navoiy irrigation system are spent in districts of Narpay, Paxtachi. The lowest part of water (12.1 mln. m 3) are used in Nurobod [3].
5. Miyonqol-Toss irrigation system — situated mainly between Okdarya and Koradarya. Consumes 530.3 mln. m 3 water of the Zarafshan basin and irrigates 67 705 hectare of territory. Although three districts use by this irrigation system, have a high territorial difference between its (more than 11 times). In particular share 59 % to Xatirchi district, 35.4 % to Kattakurgan district, 5.3 % to Ishtixon district. 59 % water of this irrigation system spends in Navoiy region [3].
6. Ok-Karadaryo irrigation system — situated in the eastern side of Miyonkol, provide needs of five district in Samarkand and irrigate 71 408 hectare of farms. Consume 421.1 mln. m 3 water of the Zarafshan basin and uses in industry almost 1.5 % of total consume. Have any difference between territories for example 80 % water share to Ishtixon and Okdarya. The only 7.4 mln. m 3 water-uses in Kushrabat district. Also this district provide its needs by the other irrigation system.
7. Eski Anhor irrigation system — although uses fewer water of the Zarafshan basin but provide (73.8 mln. m 3 water) the Amu-Kashkadarya irrigation system which include in Kashkadarya region. Overall 36 mln. m 3 of water consume in two districts of Samarkand, 48 926 hectare of territory irrigated in three districts of Kashkadarya region. From the total amount 62 % or 398.4 mln. m 3 water uses in the Chirokchi district of Kashkadarya. Uses all water in agriculture [3].
8. Tuyatortar-Canal irrigation system — situated in the northern and eastern edge of the Zarafshan basin, uses the smallest amount of water by the canal of Eski Tuyatortar which including 300.3 mln. m 3 water. Irrigate 49 091 hectare agricultural ground in three district of Jizzax region. The only 64 % of all water uses by Jizzax district. Baxmal and Gallaorol districts uses less than harf as much. The Korovultepa reservoir which sitiuated between two region. It is important to Jizzax's economy and agriculture. There are annually 16 mln. m 3 water poures in reservoir by the canal of Eski Tuyatortar [7]. Have main features of water resources are distributed by the territory. Admittedly, three districts of Kashkadarya and Jizzax, six districts of Navoiy, all districts of Samarkand regions are consumed by the Zarafshon river.
On the table 2 bellow was indicated distribution (division) of water resources in the region of Samarkand. As can be seen from the table, almost full water are used in irrigation in all districts. The only center of region and near the region are used in industry and etc. (3.4 %). There are more than 50 times differences of water resources in distribution by the territorial. From ancient times irrigation system have been developing in Samarkand, therefore have more posibilities in farming, especially in irrigation. There are two territory which is the most consumer. In that case, developed in all sphere of farming and irrigating, have more level between other districts of region. They are Pastargam and Payariq districts. Only these districts consume more than 300 mln. m 3 of water or j part of total
number. And almost once level ofwater are consuming in other districts. There are two of its use a remarkable little water which disert districts (Nurobod and Kushrabot). It is nearly 7.4 mln.m 3 or 0.26 % ofwater belongs to Kushrabot [7].
Table 2. - The distribution of water resources by the region of Samarkand (countedas mln. m 3)
The whole Use in irriga-
№ Districts number of con- tion from the
suming water total number
1 Bulungur 208.2 208.2
2 Jomboy 227.8 227.8
3 Ishtixon 211.7 211.7
4 Kattaqurgan 252.6 252.6
5 Narpay 260.0 260.0
6 Nurobod 50.2 50.2
7 Okdaryo 154.8 154.8
8 Pastdargom 364.5 364.5
9 Paxtachi 223.8 223.8
10 Payariq 345.7 345.7
11 Samarqand 118.2 118.2
12 Tayloq 112.2 112.2
13 Urgut 185.7 185.7
14 Kushrabat 7.4 7.4
Needs in industry and farmer 96.8
Total the whole region 2819.3 2722.6
Note: * — The table above prepared by author with the statistics of the Board irrigation system of Zarafshan.
Admittedly, have more affects the using of water resources in effectiveness. Mainly are followings:
• Hydro-geographic situation: situation of territory near the water resources. It is a good factor, because how many more near to water so more higher effectiveness and condition for developing once level of agro-economy. Its steady affects in every sphere if have not enough water. There are more such kind of effective territory besides two disert districts. As we know that the first civilization began in such geographical territories;
• Features and fertilities of over ground or relief: it is belongs to a good fertile ground resources, especially important to agricultural district which is need develope. There are kind of problem in such territory have a low comfortable ground for agriculture, the scarcity of water which is reguired to provide fastly. It is situated in the western region. First of all need permanent looking after such a deficit grounds;
• Influencing historical situation ofpopulation: although, having unconvinent situation (mountains, near the mountains, any diserts), but people live there from ages and had been flourishing. Moreover, are occupied with stock-racing, horticulture and viticulture.
Conclusion: The Zarafshan river the main water resource which is one of the third in our country. The people are being lived near this basin are situated very dense. Furthermore, economy of this territory depending on more agriculture, therefore main problem providing with water resource. As a result of, there are any problems with water in Samarkand are expecting to solve. There are following results are problems.
1. The increasing of population: Nowadays, over the 6 mln people live near the Zarafshon basin. By contrast it is escalated 20 % more than in the beginning of XXI centure. The requirement of water a remarkable increase as much [4].
2. The wide spread of farmer grounds: Increasing of population, also rising needs for foods, enlarging of farming the result of them climbed demands of water resouces. Particularly, from the 60s of last centure begin to change from disert to farming, widened of cotton fields also result of decreasing of water resources.
3. The developing of industry and producing. By the 80s Na-voiy region to begin changing into industrial city. The demands had being provided by the Zarafshon river. Also in Samarkand have been building industrial factories in Kat-takurgan and other territories which are near the river. Although, industries used no more water resources but it more influences in quality of water.
4. The decreasing of water resources. As can be seen water resources depend on ices and snow on mountains. But changing of the weather especially increasing level of the weather, no more rainfallings are result of decreasing water resources. Although, the Amudarya and Zarafshan's water flows fully in july, august.
5. The useless wasting ofwater resources and pollution of rivers. The irregular using of water in farmer and other needs result of water do not coming back river, but water steamed away, absorbing, to gathering and become swamping or saltness of grounds. Furthermore, the wasters of factories the greatest result of dirtiness of river.
6. The transboundary problems. Nowadays, it is important problem but one of the highest increasing in future. Moreover, it is important as political problem.
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3. Information about Zarafshan irrigation systems in board of basin. - Samarkand, 2014.
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5. Qayumov A. A., Rahmonov R. N., Egamberdiyeva L. Sh. Use and protection of natural resources. - T.: Economy, 2014.
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