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Eshboev B. T., doctor of philosophy in geographical sciences
department of geography Karshi State University Kilichov O.A. student of master department of geography Karshi State University
THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS IN THE FORMATION OF HYDRONYMS
Abstract. The article highlights the importance of regional geographical features of nature in the formation of hydronyms, which are the names of water bodies. The formation of hydronyms as a name, the change of toponymic form and content under the influence of historical periods and processes, as well as the influence of geographical conditions on these processes are analyzed on the example of rivers of Uzbekistan.
Key words: geographical names, gidronym, rud, nahr, amulya, kash.
Introduction. Geographical place names, as an integral part of the existing general toponymic system, reflect the geographical features of a particular region. In the process of toponymic research, the characteristics of this region are taken into account in the interpretation of the geographical name, which is also compared with similar names in other regions specific to this names. A geographical name is never formed in isolation from a single, similar name, but is composed on the basis of a complex that combines common linguistic, linguistic, and morphological features. Toponyms also reflect certain natural geographical features of the area [2].
Material and methods. Geographical comparison, historical comparison, cartographic, regional analysis, descriptive-analytical, grouping methods were used to cover the topic. The study of toponyms from a geographical point of view was carried out by well-known toponymists - V.Radlov, V.Toporov, V.Bartold, G.Konkashpaev, S.Tolstov, V.Nikonov, V.Juchkevich, Y.Pospelov, E.Murzaev, A.Superanskaya, H.Hasanov, S.Karaev, P.Gulyamov and others.
The main results and their discussion. From ancient times the people have used different names for the area where they live and other geographical objects. Such terms were initially simplistic and were later complicated by the development of new lands, especially as the population increased and the number of administrative-territorial units increased. If we look at the place names in our country, we see that many geographical objects are called by the same name, that is, some toponyms have moved from one geographical object to another. It is known that in any of my toponyms there is a certain meaning, they are the product of a certain historical period, and their study, protection,
preservation, correct interpretation, geographical study is relevant. The names of all water bodies are called hydronyms. Hydronyms (ocean, sea, lake, stream, well) study the origin of objects, the laws of naming. No matter how many and varied the geographical objects, the study and analysis of the changes taking place in them is, of course, based on the identification and study of place names, which are the creative product of the people. Geographical names are a feature of a place, a historical event associated with it. Hydronyms, especially the names of large water bodies, played an important role in the socio-political and cultural life of the people, as a practical proof of the popular saying "names are born", which led to the creation of other types of toponyms. [6; 20-p.].
People began to live in black and white, naming the surrounding lands, rivers, lakes, mountains and hills, meadows and pastures by certain names. According to experts, the first toponyms were formed as simple names that do not differ from ordinary cognate horses. Primitive geographical names have not survived to the present day.
Geographical names carry not only addresses, but also a lot of information - historical, geographical, linguistic information. Every geographical name has a meaning, it is not a meaningless name. But many place names have lost their meaning and are no longer understood by modern people [5].
As toponymy studies the geographical names of cities, villages, rivers, lakes, and mountains, as well as their origins and history, the science provides rich linguistic material for both linguists and historians. Geographical names, that is, toponyms, are part of the language dictionary and are subject to the laws of language. Of course, the word must be studied in linguistics.
So toponymy is part of the science of onomastics, which studies famous horses, and is part of the science of linguistics. Geographical names, on the other hand, reflect the nature of a country or country as an important element of the map. From this point of view, toponymy can be included in the list of geographical sciences.
It should be noted that despite the fact that some ancient place names in Uzbekistan - toponyms have lost their meaning for various reasons, most of the geographical terms are derived from the characteristics of this geographical object. For example, the naming of water bodies (rivers, lakes, streams, springs, wells, canals, ditches, etc.) is related to such aspects as the color, taste, temperature, changes in water regime, The names of administrative-territorial units (provinces, cities, districts, villages, auls) are derived from their historical, ethnographic, geographical location, economic characteristics. All the place names we use today are man-made.
The names clearly expressed important aspects of the nature of a place. Therefore, many names reflect the natural conditions of the place, geographical location, relief, type of geographical object, climate, a specific feature of the landscape. In this regard, toponyms are also important for the geographical sciences [2].
Smaller rivers are called streams, and smaller streams are called streams. Water that joins a river or stream is called a stream, and a stream or stream that joins a river or stream is called a network. A large hand-dug waterway is called a canal or anhor (a arna in Khorezm), and a small artificial waterway is called
arik, rud (rod).
Each of these words is found in a number of hydronyms in the territory of the republic. For example, the term nahr took the form of nar or nor [1]. Names are also needed to describe the geographical location of objects, their natural and socio-economic life, and other geographical concepts. In the past, toponyms were first studied by geographers and historians. Some parts of the oceans are called seas. Depths of water on land are called lakes. Larger lakes are sometimes called seas (Caspian Sea, Aral Sea). Whites can be divided into several types depending on their size. Large streams formed from groundwater and surface water are called rivers. The largest rivers in the world are the Amazon in South America, the Mississippi in North America, the Yangtze in China, the Ob, the Yenisei, the Volga in Russia, the Amudarya and the Syrdarya in Central Asia.
The Narpay canal, which originates from the Zarafshan River in present-day Samarkand Province, was called Nahri Fay in the Middle Ages and a canal that draws water from it slightly higher is now called Payarik, the Uzbek form of the Nahri Fay hydronym. In the Andijan region, the Ulugnor canal, which receives water from the Shaxrixansay, is originally the Great River. Toponymists consider hydronyms to be the most ancient toponyms. In fact, it is. For example, the ancient names of the Amudarya and Syrdarya can compete with the age of any monument.
The largest river in Central Asia, the Amudarya, was called Araks in the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (V century BC), and later (I century BC, in the I century AD) in the works of later Greek historians as Ox (or Oxos). Scholars believe that this Oks (sometimes Oksos) is the ) the ancient turkic name of the Amudarya is Oguz, which means "river".
In the Avesta and some historical sources, the ancient names of the Amudarya are Arang, Raha, Ranha, Aranha. The Arabs called it "Jayhun" (river). It is believed that Jaihun was named after the Jewish holy book, the Torah. The current name of the Amudarya is said to be derived from the medieval city of Omul (Omuy, Omuyya). The city may be named after a river
[4].
Zarafshan "Dice-scattering" river. The river is so named because of the presence of gold particles in the sand in the riverbed. But the name of the river Zarafshan appeared in the following centuries. In the works of Greek historians before BC, Politimet was called Obi Kohak-Kohaksuvi in the Middle Ages. [3].
The Kashkadarya hydronym proves that the names of large water bodies are ancient. No matter how many speculations have been made about the origin of the name of this river, the etymology of the hydronym cannot be determined correctly. The word Qashqa has many meanings. Academician According to
V.V.Barthold, Kashkadarya is the result of a phonetic change in the name of the city of Kesh (Shahrisabz). The name Kesh was originally Kash because the city's epithet was Kashi-dilkash. In the centuries of Arab geographers, Kashkadarya (10 th century) was called Keshkirud, during the Timurid period it was called Khashka (Khashkarud) and later became Kashkadarya.
The etymology of the name Surkhandarya is still a mystery. In Tajik it means "Kyzylsuv" and should be called surkhob (the main part of the river is called Kyzylsuvdeb up to the city of Denov). In the Middle Ages, in the history of Amir Temur, it was also called Chagonrud. In Mongolian, Chagan is said to be "white" (rud-river).
Conclusions. There are so many streams and tributaries of these rivers and streams. In addition, how many lakes (Aral Sea, Arnasay lakes, etc.), reservoirs (Kattakurgan, Tuyamuyin, South Surkhan, Chimkurgan, Charvak, Tashkent Sea, Kuyimazar, etc.).), there are also countless wells. We can also give the names of hydronyms associated with springs, wells, swamps, waterfalls, canals and many other water bodies.
References:
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[3]. Ishakov F. A concise glossary for "Baburnama". -Andijan, 2008. - 236 p.
[4]. Karaev S. Do you know the meaning of geographical names? -Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 1970. - 191 p.
[5]. Nafasov T. Kashkadarya Uzbek folk words. -Tashkent, Muharrir, 2011. -468 p.
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