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27could not be predicted from the meanings of the individual parts. Samuel Johnson, a famous linguist and lexicographer of the 18th century who, in 1755, published the Dictionary of the English Language, wrote in the preface to the Dictionary, that»there is another kind of composition more frequent in our language than perhaps in any other, from which arises to foreigners the greatest difficulty. We modify the signification of many words by a particle subjoined...», and gives such examples as make up, take over, sort out, etc. Dr. Johnson was one of the first lexicographers to pay close attention to what is referred to in Modern English as the phrasal verb; and he couldn't have been any more accurate in stressing just how frequently we use them, and how dumbfounded foreigners can become on hearing them [3.52].
A phrasal verb in Present-Day English is a verb that takes a complementary particle, in other words, an adverb resembling a preposition, necessary to complete a sentence. A common example is the verb «to fix up»: «He fixed up the car» The word «up» here is a particle, not a preposition, because «up» can move: «He fixed the car up.» These movements of the particle «up» quickly distinguishes it from the preposition «up». Because the forms of the particle and the preposition are themselves identical, it is easy to confuse phrasal verbs with a very similar-looking type of verb: the prepositional verb. A prepositional verb takes a complementary prepositional phrase. Movement verbs are readily identifiable examples. For example, the verb «to go» is intransitive, and without the benefit of context, it cannot operate in a complete sentence only accompanied by a subject. One cannot say, «I went» and expect to satisfy a listener without including a prepositional phrase of place, such as «I went to the store.» Prepositional verbs are immediately distinguishable from phrasal verbs in terms of movement, as prepositions cannot move after their objects. It is not possible to say, «I went the store to» and so «went» is a prepositional verb. There are, in fact, several syntactic tests to distinguish phrasal from prepositional verbs, and these will be discussed in detail in the final section. It is also necessary to understand that the term «verb phrase» refers not to phrasal verbs, but more generally to a sentence verb, its complements, and matters of tense, aspect, mood, voice and so on. Phrasal verbs are currently productive, and there has been the rise of a more complex form, the three-part phrasal-prepositional verb, which includes a verb, a post-positioned particle, and a complementary prepositional phrase. Examples of the first type include «put up with» and «do away with», which qualify as phrasal verbs because they can be translated by the single Latinate verbs «tolerate» and «abolish», although their particles are not movable: «I put up with traffic every day», not to put with traffic up every day.
References
1. ArnoldI.V. Leksikologiya sovremennogo angliyskogo yazo'ka- Ucheb. dlya in-tov i fak. inostr. yaz. M.: Vo'sshaya shkola, 1986.
2. KuninA.V. Kurs frazeologii sovremennogo angliyskogo yazo'ka. Moskva, Dubna, 1996.
3. Pak A.D. Frazovo'e glagolo' v sovremennom angliyskom yazo'ke. Tashkent, 2003.
4. Bozorova L.B. Sovremenno'e informatsionno'e texnologii v protsesse formirovaniya leksicheskix navykov na urokax angliyskogo yazyka «Nauka, obrazovanie i kultura» № 4 (19), 2017.
5. Bazarova L.B. Learning foreign language through reading «Nauka i obrazovanie segodnya» № 5 (16), 2017. Str. 40.
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SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF THE VARIETY OF TOPONOMICS IN ENGLISH
AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Norkuzieva Z.K.
Norkuzieva Zebo Kamalovna — Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES THROUGH FACULTIES, PHILOLOGY FACULTY, GULISTANSTATE UNIVERSITY, GULISTAN, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the world of geographical names is exclusively various and interesting. From the birth we live in this complicated and unlimited world. By geographical names we perceive most of the events of our life. However, we rarely think about the deep meaning of this or that well-known name for us. So in this article the author clarifies the challenges most people face during active usage of geographical names. Keywords: civilization, geographical, toponyms, linguistic, expression.
It is impossible to imagine the modern civilization without geographical names. Toponyms - are obligatory elements of the development of society and humanity in general. Geographical names- are visiting cards, from which begins acquaintance with the country, city or natural objects.
Toponymies - is a scientific discipline which studies geographical names, their etymology, development, present-day state, notional meaning, writing and spelling. Each toponym carries various information: historical, geographical and linguistic. The process of the naming is - the process of people's creation, inexhaustible at all times and having own national and language peculiarities. Historians, archaeologists, social anthropologists very frequently address toponymies. It is connected with historical geography, after all.
Each of us are a little bit familiar with the geographical names which are exist around the world, in our country, city, town, regions, districts, streets, villages. They are studied not only by historians and linguists but geographers, too. However, toponyms will be investigated fully by such sciences, as history, geography and linguistics. They will be authentic by using historical, linguistic, cartographical, geographical, statistical and etymological methods. Toponymy is - the language of the landscape and its verbal expression. These methods help to reveal the landscape's history, features, dynamics of its development and relationship with other sciences [1. 78].
Interestingly, there are names for different types of toponyms including anthroponyms- names of the people, zoonyms- names of animals, austronyms - names of celestial bodies, ethnonyms- names of tribes and people, phytonyms- names of the plants, ergonyms - names of organizations and offices, urbanonyms - names of the streets, squares and alleyways. Nevertheless, given classification does not limited. Most of the specialists come to this or that toponymical class by various ways.
Hydronyms represent the names of body of water (seas, rivers, lakes) and they have very high linguohistorical value, because their names remain for a long time and rarely change. Because of the analysis of hydronyms, scientists can keep an eye on ethnical processes in the territory, establish geographical conditions of the locality, historical events and ethnolinguistic bygones, and present ethnocultural background There are also subgroups, as pelagonyms- names of the seas. As examples we can give The North Sea, The Irish Sea, Aral Sea. Lymnonyms- names of the lakes and ponds: Dengizkul, Sudochye, Tuzkan - Uzbekistan, Barton Broad - Norfolk, Ringstone Edge Reservoir West Yorkshire ; pothamonyms- names of the rivers: Severn, Thames, Great Ouse, Amudarya, Sirdarya, Chirchik in Uzbekistan.
Place names often reveal something about the history or topography of a place. Examples include state names like Mississippi (meaning either "the Father of Waters" or "great river"), city names like Chicago (which is thought to be a French version of the Miami-Illinois word with two meanings: a "striped skunk" or "wild leek" which grew along the river banks where the city is now located) [2.184].
Other place names give clues about who settled in that area either because their name is used or because the founders wanted to honor someone, like Osawatomie -state Kansas where lived John Brown famous fighter for the liberty of Negroes named Old Brown of Osawatomie, Hannibal- city in the state Missouri, on the bank of the river Mississippi, where well-known American writer Mark Twen spent his childhood, named after commander Hannibal; The street Ghete which is situated in the Mirzo Ulugbek district was named in honor to the great German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Amir Temur avenue- situated in Yunus-abad and Mirabad districts, named in honor to an outstanding statesman Amir Temur.
Toponymies as a studying geographical names investigates not only their origin, but their fate, reasons of changing and conditions of keeping. Geographical names appeared in certain historical periods. They are chronological evidences of historical events. Most of the toponyms are mentioned in historical documents and also they are considered to be as objects of historical studying. E. M. Pospelov in his book «Топонимический словарь» («Typonomic dictionary») explains the origin of the names and gives information from the historical and etymological point of view: «Samarkand- city in Uzbekistan. Mentioned by the old Greek authors as «Marakanda». In XV century it was resulted from Shamarkand («Settlement of Shamara») or from Samarkand (large settlement) [3.240].
Modem etymologists acknowledged it at the second part of the name - kand- «settlement, city», but they are explaining the first part from the Iranian- asmara -stone.
Summing up, we can say that toponymies is going on to develop as a scientific discipline and the scientific, historical and geographical values of geographical names as important elements of spiritual life of civilization are still remaining as an objects of investigation of given discipline.
References
1. Danilenko V.P. Lingvisticheskiya spektstandartizatsii terminologii. M., 1993. 280 s.
