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***** ИЗВЕСТИЯ *****
НИЖНЕВОЛЖСКОГО АГРОУНИВЕРСИТЕТСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА
АГРОНОМИЯ И ЛЕСНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО
УДК 631.635
METHODS OF VEGETABLE CROPS PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE IN RECLAIMED LANDS OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA
A.S. Ovchinnikov, Corresponding Member of Russian Agricultural Academy, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Rector
V.S. Bocharnikov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor,
Academic Secretary
M.P. Meshcheryakov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor at the Agricultural Water Supply and Hydraulics Department
O.V. Bocharnikova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Assistant Professor at the Agricultural Water Supply and Hydraulics Department
A.A. Pahomov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assistant Professor at the Agricultural Water Supply and Hydraulics Department
Volgograd state agrarian university
The article presents the researches results of natural sorbent materials new technology using in drip irrigation systems, providing irrigation water saving and improving the quality of the products. It was established that to produce a harvest of sweet pepper of at least 65 t/ha on light-brown soils in the Volgograd region it is necessary to maintain prewatering threshold of soil moisture at 80 % of field moisture capacity, and to apply macrofertilizers with the norm Nn0P70K110 fractionally with irrigation water in predetermined amounts in different periods of vegetation with the vegetative and root mass growth and development. In the phase of the third and fourth true leaf : 16-22 % N, 12-16 % P, 16-18 % K, in the budding phase 32-38 % N, 26-36 % P, 28-32 % K, at the flowering stage 12-18 % N, 17-24 % P, 38-46 % K, in the fruiting stage 22-40 % N, 24-45% P, 4-18 % K. It is necessary to apply natural zeolite in the norm of 7 t/ha with following plowing.
Key words: drip irrigation, natural sorbent material, system, moisturizer.
The economy transition to sustainable development determines the solution of a number of national economic objectives important priorities including the highly efficient energy-resource processes creation ensuring the environmentally friendly products manufacture. The production activities scale increases along with the population growth, that's why the problem of optimizing the interaction between a human and nature is actual and is of great importance in the environment improving.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution soil irrigation is the subject of intensive agricultural and industrial development. The nonirrigated areas development at the present stage of scientific-technological progress is a difficult and most relevant task for the Southern regions of Russia. On the one hand, it requires increased costs, special methods and equipment application, on the other hand it is closely connected with environmental protection, rational land management and ecological situation improvement [1, 5, 12, 14].
Today there is a large proportion of saline lands as the sprinkling got a widespread development. Some authors note that reclamation systems in the Nizhneje Povolzhje region in recent decades have deteriorated condition of irrigated lands. There is a rise of ground water level, salinity of active soil layer, etc. Most of the irrigation systems, built over 30 years ago, have developed their resources.
If based on the previous researches it is possible to conclude that at the present time drip and subsurface irrigation are the most promising. At these irrigation methods, unlike surface and sprinkling ones, water can be supplied in small irrigation rates and watering can be carried out with any frequency. In this regard, there is no need to restore soil moisture reserves from prewa-
tering threshold humidity up to 100 % of field moisture capacity as it is possible to maintain the level of water supply with fluctuations in 5-10 % of field moisture capacity [2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13].
The use of unconventional ameliorants on irrigated lands contributed to the accumulation of soil moisture without agricultural landscapes ecology damage is of a considerable interest. To determine the effect of natural sorbent materials on crop yield and vegetable production quality we carried out field experiments on sweet pepper crops using drip irrigation with the introduction of natural zeolite of the norm 7 t/ha, followed by plowing. The scheme 90 +30 x 25 cm with planting density of sweet pepper 70.4 thousand/ha was adopted correspondent^ to the distance 0.25 m on irrigation pipelines between drippers.
To get a harvest of sweet pepper of at least 65 t/ha the macrofertilizers N110P70K110 were applied fractionally with irrigation water in predetermined amounts in different periods of the growing season with the vegetative and root mass growth and development In the phase of the third and fourth true leaf the macrofertilizers were applied according to the calculated volumes: 16-22 % N, 12-16 % P, 16-18 % K, in the budding phase 32-38 % N, 26-36 % P 2832 % K, at the flowering stage 12-18 % N, 17-24 % P 38-46 % K, in the fruiting stage 22-40 % N, 24-45 % P, 4-18 % K.
Table 1 shows macrofertilizers influence on sweet pepper productivity the basic parameters at cultivation in drip irrigation system with the maintenance of pre-irrigation moisture at 70, 80 and 90 % of field moisture capacity in the active soil layer of 0-0.8 m.
Table 1 - Basic indicators of sweet pepper productivity in a drip irrigation _system in the alluvial laminated soils subzone_
Pre-irrigation soil moisture level, % of field moisture capacity Fruits quantity on one plant, pcs. Fruits mass on one plant, kg. One fruit mass, kg.
Drip irrigation Drip irrigation Drip irrigation
70 6,3 0,78 0,124
80 6,7 0,94 0,140
90 6,4 0,85 0,133
Pepper responds to the lack of water in the soil very sensitively. Increasing of dry substance content in the leaves juice up to 8 % indicates a significant deficiency in the soil moisture, and the increase of their concentration up to 10 ... 12 % is accompanied by stunt and body vital functions disorder.
Interruptions in the water supply and plant mineral nutrition restrain the overground and underground organs growth, limit plants productivity. Missed opportunities in the manifestation of growth can not be recovered in the future, even under the most favorable conditions due to the limited vegetation period.
The root system productive work has a significant value in crops potential realization in the high yields formation. Accumulation of plants root mass is more intensive when applying macrofertilizers and natural zeolite in areas of pepper drip irrigation.
To produce a harvest of 65 t/ha of sweet pepper in a drip irrigation system in the active soil layer of 0-0.8 m the pre-irrigating humidity threshold was maintained at the level of 70, 80 and 90 % of field moisture capacity (table 2).
Plants and their separate organs growth and development are resulted in water absorption. Water has a direct influence on the processes occurring in plants: photosynthesis, respiration, metabolism and yield formation. Indicator of water consumption of a particular culture differs by relative stability compared with the amount and norms of irrigation.
Sweet pepper total water consumption under drip irrigation increases with irrigation regime increase and changes within 4604 ... 5413 m3/ha.
Table 2 -
ndicators of sweet pepper productivity, depending on the irrigation regime, t / ha
Watering method Pre-irrigation soil moisture level, % of field moisture capacity Density, thousand/ha Crop capacity, t/ha Yield increase with moisture content increase,
t/ha %
KO 70 70,4 54,9 - -
80 70,4 66,2 11,3 20,6
90 70,4 59,8 4,9 8,9
Under irrigation it is necessary to consider the sweet pepper plants moisture consumption throughout the growing period [4, 6, 11].
Soil water regime has a significant influence on the value of the average daily water consumption. The data analysis shows that daily water consumption depends on the age of the plants, respectively, from the vegetation mass accumulation dynamics, and, more precisely, from dynamics of dry biomass average daily increase. In the period from transplanting to flower-bud formation and flowering the plants of sweet pepper consume moisture with a minimum intensity during the vegetation period, so they perform 2-4 waterings. In phase "bloom -technical - biological ripeness" water consumption for evapotranspiration per a day takes maximum values, swings and lack of water lead to fall off the flowers, and during the "fruiting" period lead to fruit cracking, so they perform 6-9 waterings. In subsequent periods, the average daily water consumption reduces. Accordingly, each watering was conducted in dependence of the weather conditions with the soil active layer moisture maintenance of 70, 80 and 90 % of field moisture capacity.
The phase of maturity and harvesting time influence the pepper fruit quality. Best pal-atability is marked at the biological ripeness.
Pepper relates to plants containing small quantity of nitrate. Nitrate content in our experiments was 16 mg/kg, and dangerous level of threshold allowable concentration is 150 mg/kg.
Thus, on the basis of the carried out researches, it is possible to conclude on the natural zeolite use feasibility on the background of macrofertilizers application in drip irrigation systems for vegetables growing.
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