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E-mail: vkovniigim@yandex.ru
UDK 635.075:631.674.6
OBTAINING PLANNED YIELDS OF COURGETTES USING DRIP IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ПЛАНИРУЕМЫХ УРОЖАЕВ КАБАЧКОВ ПРИ КАПЕЛЬНОМ ОРОШЕНИИ НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ
E.A. Khodiakov, Doctor of agricultural sciences, Professor Е.А. Ходяков, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор Volgograd State Agrarian University Волгоградский государственный аграрный университет
Our scientific research in 2012-2014 showed that in the light-brown soils of Volga-Don inter-fluve in the climatic conditions of southern Russia It can obtain the planned yield of courgettes from 60 to 80 t/ha under drip irrigation. Our field experiments were carried out at 3 irrigation regimes with Soil Pre-Irrigation Moisture (SPIM) 75, 75-85-75 and 85 % of Full Moisture Capacity (FMC) in the background introduction of three doses of mineral fertilizers: Ni80P75K82, N2i0P87K96 and N240P99Kn0 kpn/ha. The comparison of irrigation rates, total water consumptions, water consumption coefficients, costs of irrigation water and bioenergy indicators has shown that there are 2 the most effective variants of obtaining the marrow yields 60 and 70 t/ha. Either you need to ensure the optimal irrigation regime 75-85-75 % of FMC simultaneously with the introduction into the soil the dose of mineral fertilizers Ni80P75K82 and N2i0P87K96 calculated for this yields or It necessary to support the lowest intensity of irrigation mode 75 % FMC at the same time with the introduction of the higher dose of fertilizer N2i0P87K96 and N240P99Kn0 respectively. There is only one the most effective option for getting the planned marrow yield 80 t/ha. It is necessary to maintain an optimal irrigation regime 75-85-75 % of FMC simultaneously with the introduction of the highest dose of fertilizers N240P99Kn0 kpn/ha.
Представлены результаты исследований 2012-2014 гг., позволившие установить, что на светло-каштановых почвах Волго-Донского междуречья в климатических условиях юга России можно получать планируемую урожайность кабачков 60-80 т/га при капельном поливе. Полевые опыты проводили при 3 режимах орошения с предполивным порогом влажности 75, 75-8575 и 85 % НВ на фоне внесения трёх доз минеральных удобрений: Ni80P75K82, N2i0P87K96 и N240P99Kn0 кг д.в/га. Сравнение оросительной нормы, суммарного водопотребления, коэффициентов водопотребления, затрат оросительной воды и показателей биоэнергетической эффективности показало, что существуют 2 наиболее эффективных вариантов получения планируемой урожайности кабачков 60 и 70 т/га. Либо нужно обеспечить оптимальный режим орошения с дифференцированным предполивным порогом влажности 75-85-75 %НВ одновременно с внесением рассчитанных под эту урожайность доз удобрений Ni80P75K82 и N2i0P87K96, либо поддерживать самый низкий по интенсивности режим орошения с предполивным порогом влажности 75 % НВ на фоне внесения более высоких доз удобрений соответственно равных N2i0P87K96 и N240P99Kn0. Для получения урожайности кабачков 80 т/га при капельном поливе самым эффективным вариантом является обеспечение оптимального режима орошения с предполивным порогом влажности 75-85-75 % НВ на фоне внесения рассчитанной под эту урожайность дозы минеральных удобрений N240P99Kn0.
Key words: irrigation regimes, level of mineral food, marrow, drip irrigation, planned yield, bioenergy.
Ключевые слова: режимы орошения, уровень минерального питания, кабачок, капельное орошение, планируемая урожайность, биоэнергетика.
Introduction. All vegetables in soil and climatic conditions of the Volgograd region in the south of Russia can be grown only under irrigation because evaporation is much greater than rainfall [5, 6].
Last 10 years in our region Drip Irrigation (DI) is developing rapidly. It allows significantly increase harvest and reduces the spending of irrigation water in comparison with sprinkling. Today, Russian farmers are able to receive the planned harvest of vegetables in accordance with the presence of water, labor, technical and financial resources and the possibility of selling vegetables in the market. Now the main task standing before Russian agrarian science is selection different varieties and hybrids, irrigation regimes of DI and levels of mineral food allowing to receive planned crops of vegetables in all weather conditions [1, 2, 7].
Materials and Methods. Such scientific studies on the cultivation of vegetable crops under different irrigation methods I am spending with my graduate students in The Training Research and Production Center «Gornaya Polyana» of Volgograd State Agricultural University (TRPC «Gornaya Polyana» of Volgograd SAU) since 2000 [3, 4]. Field experiments on the cultivation of marrows using DI for planned productivity from 60 to 80t / ha were made in 2012-2014. Field experiments for land from 60 to 80 t/ha of were made in 2012-2014 with a grade zucchini Nevira.
It is known that a major factor of receiving planned yields of vegetables in the arid zone is a regulation of a water regime of the soil, providing of necessary amount of irrigating water during any period of plant development [8, 9]. Therefore, the first and foremost factor in our researches (factor A) was the irrigation regime in the active layer of soil to a depth of 0.4 m.
According to factor A (water regime of soil) we examined two constants (75 and 85) and 1 differential irrigation regime with Soil Pre-Irrigation Moisture (SPIM) 75-85-75 % of Full Moisture Capacity (FMC). Changing SPIM on the latest version took place for 3 interphase periods of «seeding - flowering», «flowering - early fruit formation» and " fruit formation - the last harvest.
According to factor B (level of mineral nutrition) we investigated 3 different doses of mineral fertilizers N180P75K82, N210P87K96, N240P99K110 kilogram of primary nutrient in hectare (kpn/ha), calculated for the planned crop yield, respectively 60, 70 and 80 t/ha zucchini.
Fertilizers were counted taking into account the content of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil and also the removal of these elements with the harvest.
Annually we applied nitrogen (ammonium nitrate), complex (ammophos) and potassium (potash) fertilizers. One part (50 %) of the estimated dose of phosphate and potash fertilizers was applied for each variant before the autumn plowing, and nitrogen - in the spring under cultivation before sowing. The remaining amount of fertilizer used in the 2 feedings, which was carried out before flowering and before fruit formation.
Marrows were seeded through 1.4 m, and in a row - through 0.7m. All drip lines were placed along each row of plant.
The experience field was situated at the territory between famous Russian rivers Volga and Don. The soils were light brown, without salts, according to granulated structure - medium and tight loams. Maintenance of humus wasn't more than 1...2 %. Our courgettes were seeded 25 May and collected harvest to 6 September. The marrow fruits were collected 2 times a week for 1.5 ... 2.0 months before last yield.
According to the relation of the sum of the rains to the sum of air temperatures for vegetation 2012 and 2014 years were very dry and only 2013 year was little dry. That is, we received planned yields of courgettes even in the years with worst weather conditions.
It should be noted that the analog research on the cultivation of marrows under drip irrigation was carried out in Ukraine too [10]. There used other varieties. Nevira variety is not examined. In contrast to us, a sowing scheme of marrow was a single line (the rows across 0.9 m and in a row - through 0,5 m) or 2 lines: 1,3+05*0,45 or 1,6+0,5*0,4. That is, the thickness was almost 2 times higher than in our studies. However, the doses of fertilizers were significantly below: Nitrogen - 150-180, Phosphorus - 90-100 and Potassium - 150-180 kpn/ha.
Results and Discussion. Our field studies have shown that, when SPIM increased from 75 to 85 % FMC, the value of water application rates of 1 watering (irrigation rates) decreased from 130 to 78 m3/ha, while the number of irrigations increased an average from 28 to 56, irrigation norms for the field season (irrigation norms) - from 3640 to 4342 m3/ha, and the total water consumption - from 4666 to 5229 m3/ha.
The three-year study of marrows cultivation under drip irrigation on light-brown soils of Volga-Don interfluve demonstrated, that the planned harvest from 60 to 80 t/ha can be obtained by application of mineral fertilizers and maintaining irrigation regimes with SPIM 75,75-85-75 and 85 % FMC as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Combinations of adjustable factors for growing the planned yield of marrows under _drip irrigation (the average for 2012 - 2014.)_
Polificness, t / ha Deviations from the Experiment variants
planned factual planned crop yield SPIM, Doses of fertilizers,
t / ha % % FMC kpn/ hectare
50,1 -9,9 -16,5 75
60 61,0 1,0 1,7 75- 85 - 75 N180P75K82
62,1 2,1 3,5 85
70 58,4 -11,6 -16,6 75
71,3 1,3 1,9 75- 85 - 75 N210P87K96
73,0 3,0 4,3 85
68,8 -11,2 -14,1 75
80 82,4 2,4 3,0 75 - 85 - 75 N240P99K110
83,9 3,9 4,9 85
However, the assessment of irrigation norms, total water consumption, water consumption coefficients and energy indicators has allowed to establish that the planned crop yield of courgettes can be find by the more effective combinations of the water regime of the soil and the doses of mineral fertilizers (Table 2).
For the planned yield of marrow 60 t/ha, there are 3 different combinations of investigated factors with deviations +/- 10 %.
Variant №1 - crop yield of courgettes 62,1 t/ha. This harvest was obtained by maintaining SPIM 85 % FMC on the background of the applying fertilizers Ni80P75K82 kpn/ha. In these conditions of the courgettes cultivation we carried out on average 56 waterings, the irrigation norme was equal to 4342 m3/ha, and the total water consumption - 5229 m3/ha.
It was the most inefficient option because the values of water consumption coefficient (84.2 m3/t), the expenses of irrigation water (69,9 m3/t), the energy intensity of production (11,1 GJ/t) were the highest, and EER (2,14) was the most low.
Variant №2 - yield marrows 61,0 t/ha. At the same fertilized soil, this option differed from the version №1 by maintaining the differentiated SPIM 75-85-75 % FMC. In this case marrows yield declined slightly (1,1 t/ha), but the number of waterings has decreased from 56 to 39 on average for 3 years of researches.
Table 2 - The irrigation rate, total water consumption, water consumption coefficients and energy indicators to obtain the planned yields of courgettes (average for 2012 - 2014)
Polificness, t/ha Experiment variants Irrigation norm, m3/ha Total water consumption m3/ha Water consumption coefficient, m3/t Expenses of irrigation water, m3/t Energy Efficie ncy Ratio (EER) Energy intensity of production, GJ / t
plann ed factual SPIM, % FMC Doses of fertilizers, kpn/ hectare
60 62,1 85 60 4342 5229 84,4 69,9 2,14 11,1
61,0 7585-75 60 4117 5078 83,4 67,6 2,33 10,2
58,4 75 70 3640 4666 79,9 62,3 2,51 9,5
70 73,0 85 70 4342 5229 71,7 59,5 2,60 9,2
71,3 7585-75 70 4117 5078 71,2 57,7 2,71 8,8
68,8 85 80 4342 5229 67,8 52,9 2,68 8,9
80 83,9 85 80 4342 5229 62,4 51,6 2,63 9,0
82,4 7585-75 80 4117 5078 61,7 49,9 2,76 8,6
So the irrigation norm was reduced to 4117 m3/ha, the total consumption of water - to 5078 m3/ha, the water consumption coefficient - up to 83,4 m3/t, the expenses of irrigation water - up to 67,6 m3/t, the energy intensity of production - to 10.2 GJ/t in conjunction with an increase in the EER to 2.33. It indicates that the option №2 was more effective than the variant №1.
Variant №3 - crop yield of courgettes 58,4 t/ha. In this embodiment, I supported the less intensive irrigation mode with SPIM 75 % FMC simultaneously with the increase of mineral nutrition level up to N210P87K96 kpn/ha. Due to the decrease of waterings to 28 for season the irrigation norm was reduced to 3640 m3/ha, and the total water consumption - up to 4666 m3/ha.
Among these three options the lowest yield marrow It was obtained here. However, in comparison with the embodiment №2, such irrigation regime and doses of fertilizers allowed to get the lowest water consumption coefficient (79.9 m3/t), the lowest expenses of irrigation water to create 1 ton of courgette product to 62.3 m3/t and the lowest energy intensity of production - to 9.5 GJ/t at the same time to increase EER up to 2,51.
It testifies that due to non-uniform changes in electricity price for supplying irrigation water and prices of fertilizers the options №3 and №2 can be considered as alternative, approximately equal variants to receive planned yield marrows 60 t/ha.
Our results showed that there are 3 option combinations of yield forming factors for the planned marrow yield of 70 t/ha under drip irrigation.
Variant №1 - crop yield of marrow 73,0 t/ha.
This variant is characterized by entering of the calculated doses of fertilizers N210P87K96 kpn/ha, obtaining the highest yield of courgettes among 3 options and maintaining a constant irrigation mode with highest SPIM 85 % FMC.
In this conditions the irrigation norm was equal 4342 m3/ha, the total water consumption - 4342 m3/ha, the water consumption coefficient - 71,7 m3/t, the expenses of irrigation water - 59.5 m3/t, EER- 2,60 and the energy intensity of production - 9,2 GJ/t.
Variant №2 - yield marrows 71,3 t/ha. This variant differs from the variant №1 by maintaining the less intensive irrigation regime SPIM 75-85-75 % FMC at the same dose of mineral fertilizers. Under these conditions, the number of irrigations decreased from 56 to 39, an average of 3 years of research. Because of this, irrigation rate was reduced to 4117 m3 / ha and the total water consumption - up to 5078 m3/ha.
Because the yield of zucchini decreased slightly (by 2,3 %), and the amount of irrigations is reduced very significantly (by 30,3 %), the water consumption coefficient decreased to 71,2 m3/t, the expenses of irrigation water - up to 57,7 m3/t, the energy intensity of production - to 8,8 GJ/t simultaneously with the increase of EER to 2,71. Therefore the variant №2 was more efficient than the embodiment №1.
Variant №3 - crop yield of marrows 68,8 t/ha.
It was the lowest yield of courgettes among these 3 options. But here, in comparison with variant №2, It was maintained the lowest SPIM 75 % FMC and the highest level of mineral fertilizers N240P99K110 kpn/ha. This combination of water and food soil conditions allowed us to obtain the lowest water consumption rate (67,8 m3/t), the expenses of irrigation water (52,9 m3/t) with similar energy intensity of production marrows (8,9 GJ /t) and the EER (2,68).
Because of uneven changes in electricity price for supplying irrigation water and fertilizer prices, the options №3 and №2 can be considered as alternative, approximately equal variants to receive planned yield marrows 70 t/ha.
To obtain planned yield of courgettes 80 t/ha there are 2 option combinations of yield forming factors.
Variant №1 - yield marrows 83,9 t/ha.
This variant is characterized by obtaining of the highest yield of courgettes among all options of our research and support of the constant irrigation regime with highest SPIM 85 % FMC in conjunction with entering of the biggest doses of fertilizers N240P99K110 kpn/ha.
In this embodiment the irrigation norm was equal - 4342 m3/ha, the total water consumption - 5229 m3/ha, the water consumption coefficient -62,4 m3/t, the expenses of irrigation water 51,6 m3/t, EER- 2,63 and the energy intensity of production - 9,0 GJ/t.
Variant № 2 - crop yield of courgettes 82,4 t/ha.
This option differed from the version №1 by maintaining the less intensive irrigation regime SPIM 75-85-75 % FMC at the same dose of mineral fertilizers.
230
In conditions of this soil water regime the number of waterings has decreased from 56 to 39 on average for 3 years of research. Because of this the irrigation norm was reduced to 4117 m3/ha and the total consumption of water - to 5078 m3/ha. The marrows yield fell slightly (not more than 5 %) and the number of irrigations reduced very significant (more than 30 %) so the water consumption coefficient was diminished to 61,7 m3/t, the expenses of irrigation water - to 49,9 m3/t, the energy intensity of production - to 8,6 GJ/t in conjunction with an increase in EER to 2,76. Therefore, It was the best option to obtain a yield of courgettes 80 t/ha.
The yield 60-80 t/ha was accompanied by good quality courgettes and even a slight improvement of soil fertility. After 3 years of growing of marrows using drip irrigation in conjunction with the introduction of defined doses of fertilizers, low content of mobile phosphorus P2O5 (no more than 30 mg/kg) in the arable and subarable horizons was changed to the average content (respectively 31,4 and 38,1 mg/kg). The increased content of exchangeable potassium K2O (300 mg/kg in the layer of soil 0,0 - 0.25m and 400 mg/kg in the layer of soil 0,25-0,50 v) increased on 10 ... 13 %, and the low amount of nitrate nitrogen - to 2,7 ... 3,5 times.
Conclusions. Thus, the research results showed that on the light-brown soils of Volga-Don interfluve in the climatic conditions of southern Russia It can obtain the planned yield of courgettes from 60 to 80 t/ha under drip irrigation.
There are 2 the most effective variants of obtaining the marrows yield 60 t/ha. Either you need to maintain the optimal irrigation regime with differentiated SPIM 75-85-75 % FMC simultaneously with the introduction into the soil the dose of mineral fertilizers N180P75K82 kpn/ha calculated for this yield or it is necessary to support the lowest intensity of irrigation mode with SPIM 75 % FMC at the same time with the introduction of the higher dose of fertilizer N210P87K96 kpn/ha. There is also 2 the most effective variants for receiving the planned crop of marrows 70 t/ha. Either it is necessary to maintain the optimal irrigation regime 75-85-75 % FMC simultaneously with the introduction of the mineral fertilizers N210P87K96 or it has to maintain the lowest intensity of irrigation regime 75 % FMC simultaneously with the introduction of the higher dose of fertilizer N240P99K110 kpn/ha.
There is only one most effective option for getting the planned crop of marrows 80 t/ha. It is necessary to maintain an optimal irrigation regime simultaneously with the introduction of the highest dose of mineral fertilizers N240P99K110 kpn/ha.
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E-mail: e419829@yandex.ru УДК 631.42:631.67:633.3:631.95:608.2
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЕМОВ ДЛЯ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ АГРОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОЧВ, НАРУШЕННЫХ КОЛЕСАМИ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНЫХ МАШИН
APPLICATION OF FARMING PRACTICES TO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OPTIMINIMIZATION OF THE SOILS VIOLATED BY WHEELS IRRIGATION SYSTEM
А.С. Овчинников1, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор Ю.Н. Егоров2, кандидат технических наук А.Н. Цепляев , доктор сельскохозяйственных наук А.П. Тибирьков1, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук
1 2 1 1 A.S. Ovchinnikov , J.N. Egorov , A.N. Tseplyaev , A.P. Tibirkov
1Волгоградский государственный аграрный университет 2Департамент научно-технологической политики и образования Минсельхоз России, Москва
1 Volgograd State Agrarian University 2Departament of scientific and technological policy and education of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, Moscow
Рассмотрены возможные комбинации на основе научных изысканий по изменению аг-роэкологического состояния светло-каштановых почв при использовании оросительных машин колесного типа путем устранения последствий колееобразования. Для восстановления оптимальных показателей глубины колеи и плотности почвы - применялись органо-минеральные смеси (агрохимикаты органической и минеральной природы) с заделкой их в почву заравнива-телями. Определение плотности почвы и глубины колеи проводилось согласно методикам: плотность почвы - по методике Н.А. Качинского; глубина колеи - ручная методика с использованием специального глубиномера. Опытные делянки были заложены на 3, 6 и 9 фермах оросительной машины «Кубань ЛК». Статистической обработкой данных по критериям плотности и глубины колеи, полученной в многофакторных полевых опытах, установлено положительное действие вариантов стабилизации плотности почвы и глубины колеи, остающейся от проходов оросительных машин «Кубань ЛК» при использования сферических (дисковых) заравнивателей с обязательным внесением органического или минерального агрохимиката (вещества), благоприятно оказывающих влияние на данные факторы агроэкологического состояния почв светло-каштановой зоны. При рассмотрении разных культур на орошении - и кукурузы на зерно, и суданской травы на зеленый корм - этот момент влияния сохранялся. При этом отмечено, что наилучшим и оптимальным вариантом оказалась система использования сферических (дисковых) заравнивателей с внесением агрохимиката органической природы. При этом стабилизация значений данных критериев сформировывалась к 4-му проходу оросительной машины на всех вариантах исследований. Их изменения относительно контроля составили до 0,08 т/м3 по плотности почвы и до 0,10 м вымеления глубины соответственно.
