CC BY
59
В1СНИК ВДНЗУ «Украгнська медична стоматологгчна академя»
ГУМАН1ТАРН1 ПРОБЛЕМИ МЕДИЦИНИ ТА ПИТАННЯ ВИКЛАДАННЯ У ВИЩ1Й МЕДИЧН1Й ШКОЛ1
УДК 811.111
Lysanets Yu.V., Havrylieva K.H.
MEDICAL NEOLOGISMS IN THE BRITISH MASS MEDIA DISCOURSE
Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine "Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy", Poltava
The article focuses on the mechanisms of neologisation in the British mass media discourse as exemplified by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. Affixation by means of Latin and Greek term elements as one of the most productive models for the formation of medical neologisms has been examined. The authors' pragmatic intentions and communicative strategies in using certain medical suffixes for neologisation have been described and analyzed.
Key words: mass media, discourse, medical terminology, neologisms, affixation, communicative strategy.
Intr0ducti0n behaviour or a problem in medical terms, "using
Modern languages constantly develop neolo- medical language" and "adopting a medical frameModern languages constantly develop neol° work" to describe and understand this problem, or gisms to name new objects, phenomena and proc- K
esses, and therefore there is a need for their study and description. Neologism is a lexical unit which is deliberately introduced into a language as a means of expressing critical attitude or enhancing the literary style. Neologisms can fall into two categories: stable (which have gained common usage and are included into slang dictionaries) and unstable (which are proposed by individuals or are used in a limited subculture) [1]. Moreover, protologisms (from Greek protos, "first" + logos, "word"), i.e., "newly created words which have not yet gained any wide acceptance <...> before they may become current in writing or speech" [1] are defined as a separate subgroup within this classification. However, as soon as a protologism appears in published press or online, it is automatically transformed into a neologism. In other words, mass media is an important means for reflecting the up-to-the minute neological processes in a language.
Analysis of recent researches and publications
Medical neologisation in this research is considered as an integral part of medicalisation process, i.e., the spreading impact of medical terms upon the other, "non-medical" spheres of life [2; 12; 16]. The term "medicalisation" first appeared in Michel Fou-cault's The Birth of the Clinic (Naissance de la clinique, 1963), where the philosopher described "the dogmatic "medicalisation" of society, by way of a quasi-religious conversion, and the establishment of a therapeutic clergy" [6]. Irving Zola interprets medicalisation as the "process whereby more and more of everyday life has come under medical dominion, influence and supervision" [3]. According to Peter Conrad, medicalisation consists in defining
to "treat" it [4]. Among the reasons for spread of "medicalised definitions" [7], researchers mention the improved quality of life, overall expansion of technical capabilities and dissemination of information in the communication space, increased interest in physicality, active study of medicine as a social institution [5]. The linguistic factors of medicalisation embrace the basic principles of modern languages development: expansionism, anthropocen-trism, functionalism and explanatory nature [13].
Medicalisation in the British mass media discourse is observed at four linguistic levels: (1) at the level of morphemes: "And it's not just worka-holism that marks contemporary life, it's hobby-aholism, activity-aholism and fun-aholism"; (2) at the level of lexical units: "Xenophobia can metastasize like cancer unless society is on guard against the pernicious tendency to view others as less than humans"; (3) at the level of phrases: "It is hardly surprising that we have begun to suffer from mass attention deficit disorder"; (4) at the level of sentences: "The economy is severely ill and needs an immediate dose of budget and tax proposals" [15].
As one can easily observe from the examples given above, medical neologisation in the British mass media discourse is most commonly observed at the level of morphemes combination. In particular, affixation, i.e., adding prefixes or suffixes to word stems, is one of the most productive ways for creating medical neologisms. Affixed medical neologisms are formed by using morphemes according to the word-building models which are well-established in the language system. For instance, andrologist (the doctor who deals with men's health, especially their reproductive system);
AKTya&BHi npoSAeMH cynacHoi' MeAHUHHH
rawism (raw food diet); on-call-ogist (the doctor who often works on calls); overprescription (prescription of excessive amounts of drugs) [14].
The aim of the research is to analyze the features and functions of medical neologisms in the British mass media discourse as exemplified by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. The research is relevant due to rapid development of the vocabulary of the English language and significant spread of medical neologisms which are used to denote the most crucial societal issues.
Results and their discussion. The analysis of The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph issues revealed the following productive word components of medical neologisms: "-itis" ("inflammation"); "-osis" ("a state of disease"; "destructive process"); "-ectomy" ("excision", "cutting out") [11].
The affix "-itis" is used to criticize an overwhelming tendency or an annoying practice which becomes recurrent. Hence, the communicative strategy of skepticism expression is effectively implemented: "The world of the singer is much more afflicted by cancel-itis than any other area of classical music" (The Guardian, 2008); "Former press secretary reveals his warning to Tony Blair about "world-leader-itis" and his views on Cherie Blair's pendant" (The Guardian, 2011); "Referendum-itis: beware the soft options" (The Guardian, 2011); "It can take a few weeks for the muscle to repair itself and the pain and stiffness to subside, though for some the symptoms can persist for many years, resulting in chronic disability. There is no obvious explanation for this, as X-rays and MRI scans are normal, prompting the suggestion that this might be a form of accident neurosis or "compensation-itis", for which the only cure is an injection of a large cheque into the victim's bank account" (The Daily Telegraph, 2013); "...the 2016 sample test for key stage 2 English grammar, punctuation and spelling <...> suffers from a severe case of terminology-itis" (The Guardian, 2015); "The only thing she's suffering with is a severe case of Bone-idle-itis\" (The Daily Telegraph, 2015).
Occasionally, the "-itis" component is also used to describe an unusual condition of behaviour: "Fri-day-after-Thanksgiving-itis is a disease second only to the bubonic plague in its effects" (The Daily Telegraph, 2016); "Speaking at the New York Public Library as part of a series celebrating William Shakespeare, Mirren said she gets "Queen-itis" whenever she comes face to face with the monarch she famously portrayed in The Queen, the 2006 film. "It's a bit like when you meet a big movie star, and I also get a bit of movie star-itis," she explained. "And I get Queen-itis, what I call Queen-itis, when I meet the queen. You're suddenly quite self conscious about where your hands are and weird words come out of your mouth that you say, 'I don't talk like that'" (The Daily Telegraph, 2016).
As the condition exacerbates, the affix "-osis" becomes relevant: "Children's fiction goes down with a plague of cliffhanger-osis. Young readers are
being seriously short-changed by the fashion for breaking plots into separate volumes" (The Guardian, 2009); "With a fleet of thousands cars, a hundred permutations and scenarios quickly unfold, and it becomes a cesspool of administrosis" (The Daily Telegraph, 2009). The authors aspire to alert the readers, to focus their attention on the burning societal problems by means of "diagnosing" them.
Another widespread way to criticise the pernicious tendencies of the modern society is the use of affix "-ectomy". Quite often, these medical neologisms denote the loss of something essential for mankind: "Facade-ectomy" — there's a new word. And even if it's actually the opposite of what it means, it's a word that's been gaining some sort of currency recently. It describes the practice of retaining a building's historic facade, but building something new behind it (technically a "building-ectomy') and it's the becoming the standard technique for replacing damp, crumbling old apartments or offices with glossy, lucrative new ones" (The Guardian, 2007); "Our greatest fear is the gradual emasculation known as a man-ectomy, where we lose all say on how we dress, what we eat, and who we see. It's most clearly seen when a man holds a woman's purse for her, leaving him manstrapped" (The Daily Telegraph, 2012); No "Compassion-ectomy" required <... > I think that pure journalistic neutrality is more suited to the college classroom than in the real world, although it does cause listeners, viewers and readers to wonder if we are forced to have a "compassion-ectomy" in order to do our jobs" (The Guardian, 2015). Furthermore, the following medical neologisms serve for manifestation of national interests and self-preservation of the nation: "America needs to safeguard its tradition of effective economic and cultural integration. But as my own immigration to the United States proceeds, I tend to worry much more about Europe. For Mexicans are not Moroccans. And the US has not yet suffered a Blunkett-style History-ectomy" (The Daily Telegraph, 2005); "Satirical wagsters Andy Zaltzman and John Oliver have never been more on the ball, pretending that they've farmed out the writing of their jokes to a 10-year-old Indonesian boy - and pithily encapsulating Britain's collective amnesia regarding past foreign policy blunders with the coinage "history-ectomy" (The Daily Telegraph, 2005). By using these medical neologisms, journalists aspire to emphasize the unnatural, pathologic and traumatic character of the above-mentioned tendencies in the modern society.
Yet another widespread affix is "-aholic (-oholic), -aholism (-oholism)" ("addicted to something" or "addiction", "overengaging"). This affix is relatively new: it was first abstracted from the word "alcoholic" in 1965 ("sugarholic"), followed by "foodo-holic" (sic., 1965); "workaholic" (1968), "golfaholic" (1971), "chocoholic" (1971), "shopaholic" (1984) [8] and so on. The contemporary society is in a compulsive need for certain phenomena or processes. Hence, medical neologisms are used to reveal and
TOM 17, BwnycK 3 (59) 251
В1СНИК ВДНЗУ «Украгнська медична стоматол.ог%чна академя»
denounce these addictive agents: "No one but a dedicated pork-aholic would go to Cuba for the cuisine" (The Guardian, 2003); "No, I'm not a shopping person at all. But I am a shoe-aholic and a bag-aholic" (The Guardian, 2007); "When I lost my mother, father and brother in quick succession, I tipped over from normal spending to spendaholism" (The Guardian, 2010); "I'm a shoe-aholic, so I'd pick the Giuseppi Zanotti shoes for Christopher Kane's show, £765 (were £1,530), or the Laurence Dacade biker boots, £465" (The Daily Telegraph, 2010); "It always depresses me when people moan about how commercial Christmas is. I love everything about it. But then you're dealing with a complete Christmas-aholic" (The Daily Telegraph, 2010); "Confessions of an earring-oholic: With a pair of sufficiently ornate earrings a girl can do just about anything in life" (The Daily Telegraph, 2012); "Somewhere between the flourless chocolate gateau and the probiotic after-dinner tea, the divorce-aholics always kick off" (The Daily Telegraph, 2013); "no business is immune from the lure of workaholism" (The Guardian, 2015); "A self-confessed "art-oholic", he and his wife have forsaken holidays and a car to indulge their passion" (The Daily Telegraph, 2016).
Conclusions
The affixation way of neologisation is a productive source for enrichment of British mass media discourse. It involves the combination of root and affixal morphemes by using the standard wordformation models, rules and trends that exist in a language at present stage of its development. Medical neologisms are constantly being created and used to describe new phenomena of reality, new objects or concepts. These lexical units constitute an integral part of the medicalisation tendency which prevails in the modern English language. The most productive medical affixes in the British media discourse as exemplified by The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are "-itis", "-osis", "-ectomy" and "-aholic (-oholic), -aholism (-oholism). This list is by no means exhaustive - it stipulates further development and elaboration. The abovementioned cases of neologisation effectively implement the following communicative strategies and pragmatic intentions: skepticism expression; alerting and at-
Реферат
МЕДИЧН1 НЕОЛОГ1ЗМИ В БРИТАНСЬКОМУ МЕД1ЙНОМУ ДИСКУРС Лисанець Ю.В., Гаврильева К.Г.
Ключовi слова: засоби масовоТ шформацп, англомовний дискурс, медична термЫолопя, неолопзми, афкса^я, комунлкативна стратепя.
У статт дослщжено мехаызми неолопзаци у британському медшному дискурс на матер1ал1 перю-дичних видань "The Guardian" та "The Daily Telegraph". Розглянуто одну з найпродуктившших моделей формування медичних неолопзм1в — аф1ксац1ю за допомогою латинських та грецьких термшоелемен-т1в. Проанал1зовано прагматичн штенци та комун1кативн1 стратеги використання авторами конкретних медичних суф1кс1в у процеа неолопзаци.
tracting the readers' attention; revealing and denouncing the addictive phenomena and processes of the present-day world; manifestation of national interests and self-preservation of the nation. Moreover, the affixation way of neologisms formation provides the newly created words with a vivid stylistic shade. This allows the journalists to transfer their messages to readers immediately and effectively, thus serving as an important means of time and space saving.
References
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2. Byron Anderson J. Sick English: Medicalization in the English Language / Janet Byron Anderson. — North Charleston : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012. — 76 p.
3. Conrad P. Medicalization and Social Control / Peter Conrad // Annual Review of Sociology. — 2003. — 18(1). — P. 209—232.
4. Conrad P. The Shifting Engines of Medicalization / Peter Conrad // Journal of Health and Social Behavior. — 2005. — No 46 (1). — P. 3—14.
5. Conrad P. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Medical Disorders / Peter Conrad. — Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. — 204 p.
6. Foucault Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: Archaeology of Medical Perception / Michel Foucault. — London : Routledge, 1973. — 215 p.
7. Jamoulle M. Quaternary Prevention, an Answer of Family Doctors to Overmedicalization / Marc Jamoulle // International Journal of Health Policy and Management. — 2015. — 4 (2). — P. 61—64.
8. Online Etymology Dictionary [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу : www.etymonline.com
9. The Guardian Online [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу : https://www.theguardian.com
The Daily Telegraph Online [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу : http://www.telegraph.co.uk
Беляева О. М. Латинсько-укра'шський тлумачний словник клшь чних термов / О. М. Беляева. — К. : ВСВ "Медицина", 2016. — 222 с.
Бурганова Л. А. Медикализация и эстетизация здоровья в рекламной коммуникации / Л. А. Бурганова, Ж. В. Савельева // Социологические исследования. — 2009. — № 8. — C. 100—107. Кубрякова Е. С. Эволюция лингвистических идей во второй половине ХХ века (опыт парадигмального анализа) / Е. С. Кубрякова // Язык и наука конца ХХ века. — М., 1995. — С. 144—238. Кучумова Н. В. Способи утворення неолоriзмiв у сучаснш анг-ломовнш медичнш лексиц / Н. В. Кучумова // Науковi записки Нацюнального ушверситету "Острозька академiя". Сер. : Фто-лопчна. — 2013. — Вип. 39. — С. 55—58.
Лисанець Ю. В. Медикалiзацiя як сучасна тенден^я англомов-ного дискурсу / Ю. В. Лисанець, К. Г. Коваленко // Медична наука в практику охорони здоров'я : матерiали Всеукра'шськоТ нау-ково-практично''' конференцп для молодих учених (м. Полтава, 9 грудня 2016 р.). — С. 122.
Макарова О. С. Лингвистический аспект медикализации: постановка проблемы [Электронный ресурс] / О. С. Макарова // Ученые записки НГУ имени Ярослава Мудрого. — 2015. — № 2. — Режим доступа:
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АктуальН проблеми сучасно! медицины
Реферат
МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ В БРИТАНСКОМ МЕДИЙНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ Лисанец Ю.В., Гаврильева К.Г.
Ключевые слова: средства массовой информации, англоязычный дискурс, медицинская терминология, неологизмы, аффиксация, коммуникативная стратегия.
В статье исследованы механизмы неологизации в британском медийном дискурсе на материале периодических изданий "The Guardian" и "The Daily Telegraph". Рассмотрена одна из самых продуктивных моделей формирования медицинских неологизмов — аффиксация с помощью латинских и греческих терминоэлементов. Проанализированы прагматические интенции и коммуникативные стратегии использования авторами конкретных медицинских суффиксов в процессе неологизации.
УДК 378.6:61(477)
Варданян А.О., С.М. Ефенд'1Сва, Н.М. Н'шолаева
ФОРМУВАННЯ ОСНОВНИХ ГРУП КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЕЙ СТУДЕНТ1В-МЕДИК1В
ВДНЗ Украши «Украшська медична стоматолопчна акаде1^я», м. Полтава
У статт/ розглянуто актуальнсть формування основних груп компетентностей студент'т-медик'т як засобу модершзаци вищо)' медично)' ос&ти. Автор обфунтовуе необх'дн'ють формування досл'джуваних компетентностей студент'т у склад! медично)' пдготовки, що в'дбуваеться у про-цес! навчання. Описано сутнсть основоположних компетентностей майбутнх лiкарiв. З'ясовано, що вирiшальним чинником досягнення основних цлей сучасно)' ос&ти е формування ключових компетентностей, як необх'дн'! для будь-яко)' професйно)' д'яльност'!.
Ключов1 слова: компетентнють, компетентнюний глдхщ, професюнал1зм, професмне сгллкування, студент-медик.
Вступ
Протягом останшх рош система медичноТ осв^и нацтена на випуск фахiвцiв, зокрема лн карiв, як «володшть рiзнобiчними навичками й мають широкий свтогляд, здатн штегрувати свою роботу з дiяльнiсть як шших пра^вниш сектора охорони здоров'я, так i з шшими профе-сшними сферами», можуть самостшно приймати професшш ршення на пiдставi оволодiння ви-значеним колом функцiй i завдань [1]. Всесв^ня органiзацiя охорони здоров'я ратифкувала таке визначення сучасного висококвалiфiкованого лн каря: це особа, яка «надае допомогу, приймае рiшення, сшлкуеться, керуе та враховуе iнтереси й потреби сусптьства» [7]. Формулюючи мету та завдання професшно-мовленневоТ пiдготовки лн карiв у медичних унiверситетах УкраТни перед-бачаеться досягнення високого рiвня професю-налiзму та компетентностi.
Мета
Метою дослщження е вивчення основних груп компетентностей майбутых лiкарiв як необхщного чинника формування професшноТ дiяльностi.
Результати та 1х обговорення
Щоб отримати диплом з медицини та продо-вжувати навчання на пюлядипломному рiвнi ви-пускник повинен набути таких основних компетентностей:
1) академiчна;
2) фахова (кл^чы навички в межах загальноТ клiнiчноТ подготовки);
3) соцiальна;
4) професiйно-релевантна;
5) лшгвютична.
У межах академiчноТ компетентност студенти
мають оволодiти базовими поняттями структури i функцiй органiзму, здоров'я i хвороби, фазово-стi переб^у патологiчного процесу, а також осо-бливостями людськоТ психiки в нормi i при патологи, розумшня людини як соцiальноТ iстоти й впливу на неТ зовнiшнiх факторiв (суспiльних, природних), етичних принципiв медицини, мати системний споаб мислення та структурований пщхщ до вирiшення медичних проблем. Важли-вими е здатнють розвивати здiбностi й вмiння вчитися, використовувати мiждисциплiнарний пiдхiд при виршены проблем, використовувати навички системного та порiвняльного аналiзу, набувати вмiння працювати самостшно, використовувати знання шоземноТ (англшськоТ) мови, а також професшноТ латинськоТ термiнологiТ в об-сяз^ необхiдному для виконання професiйних i громадянських обов'язкiв.
Фахова компетентнiсть передбачае: оволо-дiння вiдповiдними дiагностичними алгоритмами, здатнютю приймати адекватнi терапевтичн рiшення, здатнiстю розпiзнавати екстренi стани й надавати невщкладну допомогу, можливютю проводити диференцiйну дiагностику найбiльш поширених захворювань i складати протокол лн кування, можливiстю використання нових шфо-рмацiйних технологiй з метою дiагностики та лн кування хворих [6].
Випускник мае волод^и наступними профе-сiйними компетентностями за видами дiяльностi:
ПрофiлактичноТ допомоги:
- Використання занять фiзичною культурою i спортом для збереження власного здоров'я та пропаганди здорового способу та стилю життя;
- Використання методiв статистичного, юто-ричного, економiчного аналiзу у вивченн та про-гнозуваннi показникiв здоров'я населення, в оцн
Том 17, Випуск 3 (59)
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