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LINGUOPRAGMATIC FEATURES OF MODAL WORDS IN THE ENGLISH AND
UZBEK LANGUAGES Iroda Kaharova
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Philological Sciences Uzbekistan State World Languages University Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: iroda.kaharova@mail.ru https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7368910
Abstract. The scope of the category of modality in linguistics is extremely wide and is the object of the research, reflecting the rich aspects of communication. The concept of modality is considered as a category of meaning that expresses the attitude of a speaker to the content of the spoken word, to reality, that is, the objective reality is reflected in the mind of a speaker, and it expresses its attitude with the help of various semantic categories. The category of modality is widely used in lexicology, phraseology, word formation, morphology and linguistics of the text.
The presence of wide possibilities in the manifestation of the modal category, of course, indicates that this category is a universal phenomenon and its study is of great importance for understanding the essence of a language construction. In this article, the author analyzes the relationships of the language to the most complex and comprehensive category of modality in English and Uzbek, as well as the expression of the category of modality. Also, the examples analyzed in Gafur Gulam's story "A Naughty Boy" clearly show the diversity of attitudes towards this category.
Key words: modal words, modal particles, mood, category of mood, prepositional phrase
INTRODUCTION
Linguistics studies in detail all the changes that occur in the language. The science that exists in any language, in turn, arises and develops out of necessity. Society has always paid particular attention to the development of science and the study of its problems in order to ensure its own development.
Modality is one of the integral functional features of oral speech. The category of modality is one of the most complex and meaningful aspects of linguistic communication. This category is one of the problems that of interest not only scholars in the field of natural and social sciences but also linguists, which is widely used in lexicology, phraseology, word formation, morphology, cognitive and textual linguistics
MAIN PART
The scholar J.A. Yakubov analyzed the existing scientific works on the category of modality in linguistics, systematized the theoretical views of scholars and divided the semantic type of modality according to linguistic means [Yoqubov J.A., 2010; 62].
According to scholar M.M. Juraeva, linguistic symbols form a system of modal logic that actively participates in the definition of the predicate calculus. A message of different content expresses information vividly, clearly and economically and conveys it, forming a lexical-semantic, grammatical category, which occupies a higher level than the category of inclination.
The modality category is generally defined from a linguistic and literary point of view. "Modality is a whole universe, a vast and deep sea, an endless forest, an endless desert, an endless expanse, a fertile field, an unquenchable fire, a majestic mountain, a mysterious cave... -
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a conventional linguistic sign that serves to express many modal meanings denoting various relationships between objects and sentences, a comprehensive category that reflects the most complex, multifaceted and meaningful, scientifically significant, meaningful aspects of communication" [Jo'raeva M.M., 2016].
The presence of such a wide range of possibilities in the manifestation of the modal category indicates that this category is a universal phenomenon and that its study is extremely significant for understanding the essence of language construction.
Words that express the speaker's attitude (modal meaning) to the thought being expressed are called modal words. Modal words include: афтидан, дархакиккат, дарвокке, аттанг, эхтимол, афсус, шубхасиз, сузсиз, табиий, албатта, хакиккатдан, нихоят, бупти, демак, айтмоккчи, уз-узидан, бор, йук and etc). For example: Дархдкикдт, менинг фикрим тугри чикди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 87) - Actually, I was right (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 74); Дарвокке, хужайиннинг айтгани тугри, олди киш, борадиган, ётадиган маконимиз йук. (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 81) - Actually, the boss was right. The winter was coming and we did not have any place to live (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 70).
Modal words have the following grammatical features:
1. Modal words cannot be terms of reality (they do not mean an object, a sign, an action,
etc.).
2. Modal words add additional modal meaning to the thought expressed through speech. Modal expressions perform the following functions in speech.
1) without syntactic connection with parts of speech, the introduction acts as a word. For example: Х,айтовур, поччанг келиб онангни тинчитиб кетибди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 19) - Then your brother-in-law came and calmed your mother down (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 15).
2) performs the predictable function. For example: Шу дарёнинг мурдор тулкинлари ичида мен шурлик нима, битта хас-чупдек ютилиб кетишим мумкин (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 91) - I could sink in this big river (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
3) may come in the form of a predicate. For example: Тартиб керак, интизом керак (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 5) - Keep the order (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 7).
4) the word serves as a sentence: For example: Пул сурайдиган жойига етиб колдими? - Йук. (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 137) - Is it reached at this time - No, they don't ask about this issue. Then your brother-in-law came and calmed your mother down (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
Modal words, as mentioned above, give different modal meanings to an idea.
Accordingly, modal words are divided into the following types according to their semantic properties:
1. Modal words that express modal meanings such as clarity of thought, confidence, approval: албатта, шубхдсиз, уз-узидан, хакиккатдан, табиий, дархакиккат. For example: Билет олиб куришга, албатта, сенда накд акча булмайди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 89) - Of course, you won't have money for purchasing a ticket (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 77).
2. Modal words expressing modal meanings such as doubt, uncertainty: балки, хойнахой, чоги, афтидан, мазмуни, чамаси, шекилли. For example: Чамаси, ювгувчи топилмай бир неча кун туриб колган булса керак, анча хидланиб кетган эди (Гафур Гулом.
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Шум бола, 35) - I think he had laid there for several days because they hadn't found a person who could wash it. There was a bad smell there (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 29).
3. Modal words expressing modal meanings such as goal, requirement, condition: керак, зарур, даркор, лозим. For example: Энди Омоннинг ахволидан хабар олиш зарур эди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 36) - Now we had cared for Omon (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 30).
4. Modal words denoting existence and assertion: бор, майли, хуп (sometimes тугри, яхши, тузук qualities are also used in this sense based on function). For example: Майли, улгуржирок пул топсанг, иккинчи боришда сени х,ам хджга олиб бораман (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 115) - If I find much money, I will bring you to Hadj with me (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 96).
5. Absence, denial, objection: йук. For example: Пул сурайдиган жойига етиб колдими?- Йук (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 137) - Is it reached at this time? (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 115).
6. Represents an approval value: дуруст, бупти. For example: Дуруст, - деди Омон (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 86) - Well, - said Omon (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 73).
7. Concluding remarks, modal words denoting stress: демак, хуллас, модомики. For example: Хуллас, мен учун бу ер шикоят киларли даражада зериктирувчи жой эмас эди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 104) - Thus, this place was not boring for me (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 88).
8. Modal words expressing the meaning of a reminder: дарвоке, айтгандай, айтмокчи. For example: Дарвоке, хужайиннинг айтгани тугри, олди киш, борадиган, ётадиган маконимиз йук (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 81) - Actually, the boss was right. The winter was coming, and we did not have any place to live (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 69).
9. Sadness is a modal word that means regret: афсус, аттанг, эссиз. For example: Аттанг, бебилиска пул топадиган касб кулдан кетадиган булди-да! (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 58) - It's a pity that I gave away the chance to earn money (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 49).
10. Order of thought: аввало, охири, них,оят (sometimes this problem also uses sequence numbers like биринчидан, иккинчидан...). For example: Согман, хужайин, ут, аввало, угилхонага тушди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 68) - I'm not crazy, my boss. First, the stable burned. (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 57).
Grammatical features of modal words: Modal words are morphologically integral; that is, they are not divided into morphemes [Shoabdurahmonov Sh., Askarova M., Khojiev A., 1980]. For example: Демак, Тошкентнинг каттик киши менинг учун чанада шувгандай тез утиб кетади (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 101) - In this manner, the winter would pass fast (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 86).
Борингки, хдфтада чойчакангизни х,ам бериб турай, илло бошка пул важидан узр... (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 81) - Each week, I'll give your money.. .(Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 69).
Modal words are also pure and carried over from other categories:
1. Purely modal words: керак, лозим, шарт, даркор, бор, йук, демак, албатта, х,ойнах,ой, хуллас, модомики, дарвоке, эссиз, хдйтовур, ажабо, хдйрият, шукр, хуп, майли, хуллас, модомики, бинобарин, кошки, шояд, ишкилиб, таажжубки.
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2. Modal words moved from another category:
a) from noun: чоги, эхтимол, афтидан, хакиккатдан хам, дархакиккат, чамаси, мазмуни, афсус, аттанг, назарида, одатда, бахтимизга, эхтимол, мазмуни;
b) from adjective: тузук, дуруст, тугри, яхши, табиий, шубхасиз, сузсиз, тугрироги, яхшиси, тузук, рост, бор, йук;
c) from numerals: first, second, primary;
d) from pronoun: уз-узидан, хар калай, менимча, сенингча, сизнингча, бундан ташкари;
e) from verb: айтгандай, айтмокчи, десангиз, айтайлик, курасизки, ишонасизми, кечирасиз, уйлайманки, биласизми, чикар, бупти;
f) from adverb: хакиккатан, аввало, умуман, асосан, зотан, аксинча, тахминимча, айтишларича, очиккчасига, албатта.
For example: Бирламчи, Х,ак таоло ва таборакнинг уз зотидурким, кулли мавжудот унинг кудрати билан пайдо булибдур ва унинг амри билан жахонда баркарордур (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 136) - The first, with the order of God, all the nature was created (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 113); Хуллас, бечора Омон каравотни оркалаб олиб, кун буйи сигир кувлабди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 86) - So, poor Omon held the bed and chased the cow (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 73); Албатта, мен уларни уз чунтагимга кайириб олар эдим. (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 124) - Of course, I put them in my pocket (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 106).
The modal words керак, лозим, шарт, даркор are shorthand words used in the name of action. The action name used with these modal words is not found. If used without a possessive suffix, if used with 1st and 2nd person possessive suffixes, it is an unknown personal clause; if used with 3rd person possessive, it is part of an unknown personal sentence. Words that turn into modal words express lexical meaning within their category are part of speech. When expressing modal meaning, they lose the following properties: For example, Чамаси, овккатлар ичида "хушхазм" булган мушак сабзи хунарини курсатмокда эди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 80) -Maybe his stomach was aching because of the carrots he had eaten (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 69); У кирк-кирк беш ёшлар чамасидаги корачадан келган, хушккомат, каламкош бир хотин эди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 4) - She was forty or forty-five years old. She was a beautiful woman (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 6); Чамаси, девона сигир кечаги менга килган "хунар"ини икки баравар ошириб Омонга хам курсатибди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 85) - So, poor Omon held the bed and chased the cow (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 73).
The modal words in each category are mutually synonymous: афтидан, чамаси, шекилли, соги, эхтимол, хайтовур. But there is no antonymic phenomenon between modal words.
Modal words perform a syntactic function but do not function as parts of speech. Although modal words in syntax enter into a syntactic relationship with parts of speech, they do not enter into a syntactic relationship.
Most modal words serve as introductory words in a sentence: For example: Демак, мен шу соатдан бошлаб ер кишиси эмас "Худо" махкамасининг масъул уринларидан биттасига коровуллик вазифасига тайинландим (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 85) - I decided to stay in the servant's shelter of that man (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 54);
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Modal words can also be used as verbs: For example: Хуп-хуп, боринг, кечки обиёвгонга келарсиз, албатта? - Албатта! (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 101) - All right, all right, you can go - Of course (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 86).
As in other categories, modal words also have an intermediate tertiary form. As in other categories, modal words also have an intermediate tertiary form. For this reason, modal words like бор and йук fulfil the syntactic function that a noun performs, taking on the morphological features of the equine family: For example, Зорим бор, зурим йук (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 94) - I can't do anything (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 79).
Some categories consist of the words "yes" and "no": борликк, йукчилик, йукла, борича.
Modal words do not name objects, characters, actions, etc., as independent words and cannot become part of speech. Therefore, they are not syntactically related to parts of speech. Demak, макиён экан (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 118) - Clear, it is a cock (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 101).
Modal particles, representing the category of modality in the Uzbek language, are divided into the following groups according to their meaning: 1) interrogative particles meaning surprise: -ми, -микан; 2) particles indicating limit value: факат, -гина, -кина; 3) suspicious, alleged particles: -дир, -тир; 4) particles in the sense of a request or command: -чи; 5) denial particles: -на-на, and so on. For example: Узи берган тун-ку, кайтиб сурармикан? (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 149) - He gave it to me (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 125); Унга на Худо, на пайгамбар, на Шохидаёт хожию Орифхужа эшон, на Олим козию Шарифжон дума - барибир сукаверар эди (Гафур Гулом. Шум бола, 4) - They humiliated everybody, even God or the Prophet (Gafur Gulom. A Naughty Boy, 6).
In addition to linguistic units, special affixes play an important role in expressing the modality of subjective forms of evaluation in the modern Uzbek language. Here is what E. Kilichev writes about such a semantic feature: "In the modern Uzbek language, affixes and affixes like -гина (-кина, -цина), -ча, -чоц, чак, -лоц, -жон, -хон, -ой, -вой express the speaker's modal attitude to the spoken. The objective being, to his speech, is form of subjective evaluation. These forms represent connotative meanings such as love, caress, reduction, distinction" [Yoqubov J.A., 2005; 123].
CONCLUSION
The human factor requires a timely revision and modification of traditional views on the functional state of various events in the language. The inclusion of views in the category of modality should not be overlooked. The concept of modality is widely used in world linguistics. The concept of modality as a semantic category varies depending on the nature of a particular form of expression and the combination of different meanings. In world linguistics, there is no consensus on the content and scope of the category of modality. This is due to the complete incompatibility of linguistic modality with logical modality.
REFERENCES
1. Gafur, Gulam. (2015). A Naughty Boy (160 p.). Tashkent: A New Generation.
2. Gafur, Gulam. (2017). A Naughty Boy (Translation) (128 p.). Tashkent: A New Generation.
3. Juraeva, M.M. (2016). Linguocognitive, national-cultural features of the modality category in French and Uzbek fairy tales. Dis. abs. doc. phil. sci. Tashkent.
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4. Yakubov, J.A. (2000). Semantic features of logic and linguistic representation of the modality category (pp. 62, 123, 224). Tashkent: Science.
5. Yakubov, J.A. (2007). Features of logic and language expression of the modality category. PhD thes. inphil. (315 p.). Tashkent.
