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2013 ВЕСТНИК САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА Сер. 13 Вып. 3
ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ
УДК 811.512.161
Viktor G. Guzev, Ozlem Deniz Yilmaz
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (THOUGHT-MOOD) IN TURKISH1
As well known, judgement is a way of thinking which is composed of two components, namely logical subject and logical predicate. Logical subject is an image and projection of object that was discussed about and "judgement component reflecting the topic of the idea" [1, p. 503]. Logical predicate is an image encompassing knowledge; a knowledge/a claim that was claimed (either validated or negated) about logical subject in the judgement [see 1, p. 413]. On the other hand, judgement can be expressed by two methods in the languages: words representing logical subject (ls) and logical predicate (lp) [for example Hava (ls) / sicak (lp) "Weather is hot"; Yedi (ls) / be§ten buyuk (lp) "Seven is greater than five" etc.] (lexical method) or by means of a specific morphological form [Sicaktir "It is hot"; Sicakti "It was hot"; Geldim "I came" etc. (In these examples, logical subject is expressed by personal endings while logical predicate is expressed by stem)] (morphological method) [2, p. 135]. We define noun or verb forms that express the judgement by morphological method similar to the examples shown above as finite verbs [For example see 3, p. 36-42; 4, p. 189-194; 5, p. 18-19; 6, p. 37-38 for the concept of finite form].
If we refer to the language means representing the judgement by morphological method as depicted above, then the meaning of each finite form would be "abstract image/design encompassing the judgement (logical subject + logical predicate) model." The primary function of finite forms is to express this meaning. However, the sole categorical meaning of finite forms is not confined to "judgement image". The abovementioned forms also have meanings of "modality," "tense" or some of them carry meanings of "manner of action" and "aspect" in addition to this common categorical meaning [2, p. 135]. Therefore, the second-
Дениз Йылмаз Озлем Сабриевна — и. о. доцента, Институт тюркологических исследований Мраморноморского университета (Стамбул, Турция); e-mail: ozlemyilmaz_spb@hotmail.com; ozlem. yilmaz@marmara.edu.tr
Гузев Виктор Григорьевич — профессор, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет; e-mail: vgguzev@gmail.com
1 This is a revised version of the paper presented at 7th International Turkic Languages Congress (2428 September 2012, Bilkent Hotel and Conference Center, Ankara, Turkey). © Viktor G. Guzev, Ozlem Deniz Yilmaz, 2013
ary function of these finite forms is that they express modality, tense, manner of action, aspect etc.
One of the secondary functions of finite forms, as expressed above, is to articulate the meanings of modality.
Modality is a conceptual category that expresses the character of objective relations reflected in the utterance content along with the character of the connection between the utterance content and reality [See 7, p. 192, 198, 200]. In addition, modality is a conceptual category that reflects the speaker's attitude and perception on the content of the utterance and it is described through different kinds of morphological and lexical means such as modal word [See 8; 9; 10], particle, syntactic structure, intonation, word order, and mood [See 11, p. 237; 12; 13, p. 3; 14, p. 307-308; 15, p. 14, 15, 19-24, 70-72, 83-105, 142-147. Also see 16; 17; 18].
While, the term of modality is mostly used to articulate the concepts mentioned above, linguists generally consider concepts such as "command"; "volition" that can express senses/nuances (thought images/units) (Russ. smysli)2 of wish, intent, invitation, call, order, request, desire etc.; "being able to do something"; "condition"; "the necessity of the action"; "the conditions when the action could have potentially happened but actually did not occur", namely "unrealized possibility"3 [7, p. 191] as modality [For example cf. 7, p. 178, 191, 199-200].
Mood is a verb grammar category that reflects the speaker's attitude on the utterance content [See 20, p. 312; 14, p. 312], and the connection between the action represented by the verb and reality in the eyes of the speaker [21, p. 321]. In other words, mood is a verb grammar category having a concrete meaning of modality [5, p. 54]. According to V. V. Vinogradov, mood is the expression of modality by grammatical method [Cited by 21, p. 321]. The literature makes a distinction between two types of moods: direct (indicative) and indirect (oblique moods). Indicative mood that informs that the utterance content overlaps with reality and that there is an accord between the utterance content and reality is a direct mood. In other words, indicative expresses that the action (situation, process) represented by the verb stem, happened, happens, or will happen as perceived by the speaker. Moods other than indicative, also named as oblique moods such as (imperative, optative, conditional, debitive, subjunctive etc.) are categorized as indirect moods [11, p. 248-249].
The subjunctive mood is defined by terms such as Konjunktiv, Subjunktiv in German, subjonctif in French and soslagatel'noye nakloneniye in Russian. The subjunctive mood is an indirect mood showing that "the utterance content does not correspond to reality" [See 11, p. 249]. In principle, this mood refers to situations of hypothetically unreal actions or unreal actions concerning the possibility of the action at a particular situation or mood of compromise as perceived by the speaker and unreal actions as a wish (unreal wish) [See 22, p. 58]. In short, subjunctive mood is a verb conjugational category that articulates that the action has not come into effect in reality while it should have happened or it was possible and probable to have occurred through morphological method [5, p. 35].
2 See [19, p. 253-258, 267-290] for an explanation of the represented concept and term.
3 We are in the opinion that V. Z. Panfilov's statement of neosushchestvivshayasya vozmojnost' "unrealized possibility" (Turk. "ger9ekle§(tiril)memi§ olanak") in regards to the definition of the abovementioned mood can correspond to the usage of this mood defined as generally subjunctive mood in Western languages in Turkish.
World languages make use of the language means expressing the meaning of modality where the utterance content does not correspond to reality and use these forms in their grammars. This fact led some Turkic language researchers (primarily D. M. Nasilov [23, p. 14-15] and then researchers such as V. G. Guzev [24, p. 96], N. E. Gadjiaxmedov [22] etc.) to search for language units bearing similar meanings in Turkic languages. Accordingly, these studies helped pave the way for the discussion, investigation, and recognition of these abovementioned forms that had not been previously discussed in Turkic language grammars.4 Consequently, this article aims to render a contribution to the recognition of the concept/meaning of "subjunctive" in addition to the recognition of subjunctive mood forms bearing this modality meaning in Turkish.
Morphemes bearing the meaning of subjunctive mood in Turkish are as follows: -(E/i)r idi (1) [its negative form -mEz idi (2)] and -(y)EcEk idi (3):
(1) Hangisini istesem, evvelallah, ayagimin altma al-ir, evire gevire tepeliyebil-irdi-m. [26, p. 5] "Whichever one I wanted, I could have trashed it soundly." (This sentence aims to express the opposite of the action: In other words, in reality "I did not trash it soundly.").
(2) Bu iyiligin nasil yapilacagini bilseydin, bu kadar gok iyilik yapmak iste-mezdi-n. [27, p. 62] "If you had known how to make this favor, you would not have wanted to make a favor this much." ("But you wanted.").
(3) Teyzem, bu dakikada bana bir tatli kelime soylemi§ olsaydi, hafifge yanagima do-kunsa, sagimi ok§asaydi, aglayarak kollarina atil-acak, belki her §eyi soyle-yecekti-m. [28, p. 112] "If my aunt had told me something nice at this moment, if she had touched on my cheek softly, if she had patted my hair, I would have fallen into her arms crying, maybe I could have told her everything." ("But I did not fall into her arms crying and I did not tell her everything.").
As can be seen from the examples shown above, the subjunctive mood forms are not primary elements in Turkish. Instead, these forms are secondary combined units composed of two morphemes [-(E/i)r + idi (its negative -mEz + idi) and -(y)EcEk + idi]. This feature along with the fact that subjunctive mood morphemes of -(E/i)r idi and -(y)EcEk idi are homonyms with indicative's special tense categories "present tense in the past" (-(E/i)r/ -mEz + idi) and "future tense in the past" (-(y)EcEk + idi) of the general tense must have prevented Turcologists to realize this category existing in other languages. However, the interaction between the meanings of the past and future tenses, the merging, clash, or contraction of these meanings are among one of the preconditions of the emergence of subjunctive mood's meaning [See 24, p. 96-97; 29, p. 702]. The emergence of the meaning of subjunctive through the contraction of the meanings of the future and past tenses is a characteristic observed also in Indo-European languages: For example, Eng. 'You would have been awfully insulted if I didn't try', Jules said. (Mario Puzo, Godfather), Fr. S'il faisait beau, on irait se promener etc.
The forms of subjunctive mood cannot be interpreted as indicative forms since they do not inform that the utterance content overlaps with or corresponds to reality. In addition, these forms cannot be categorized as an indicative mood form because they do not articulate action or process that is a direct reflection of reality. We believe that we should
4 According to Tumasheva, this mood has been recognized in Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Khakas, and Tofa (Qaragas) languages [13, p. 3]. Also see [25].
make a distinction between meanings where "the content of the utterance corresponds to reality" and "the content of the utterance that does not correspond to reality" respectively while analyzing indicative and subjunctive moods. For instance, future tense in the past (futur dans le passé) among indicative's tense forms and subjunctive (subjonctif) in French would support this view. These two French verb categories have a similar form [See 30, p. 193-197]. In this respect, it is necessary not to mix indicative's tense forms (4, 5) with those of subjunctive mood forms (6, 7, 8) in Turkish. Thus, these two categories should be considered as completely independent categories from one another.
(4) Yalnizca naki§ ve tezhip yap-ardi-m; sayfa kenarlarini susle-r, çerçeve içine renkler, renkliyapraklar, dallar, guller, çiçekler, ku§lar çiz-erdi-m: [31, p. 10] "I only used to embroider and illuminate; I used to decorate edges of pages; and I used to draw colors, colored leaves, branches, roses, flowers, and birds:" (indicative's present tense forms in the past).
(5) Okudugumuz kitaplardan misal getir-ecek, ... bir zaman peygamberlerin en zengini olan Eyup Peygamberin bir sikinti zamaninda yabanciya el açtigini anlat-acakti-m. [26, p. 79] "I would have given an example from the books we have read, ... I would have explained Prophet Shet, who was once the richest of all Prophets, had begged for a foreigner at a period of financial straits." (indicative's future tense forms in the past).
(6) Dunyanin en çirkin, fakat en dogru kadinina rastlasam, onu derhal sevebil-irdi-m, caddenin ortasinda ayaklarina kapanabil-irdi-m. [32, p. 194] "If I met the ugliest but the most truthful woman of the world, I could love her immediately, I could throw myself at her feet in the middle of the street." (subjunctive mood forms).
(7) "Onu bilsen merak et-mezdi-n. Oyle korkunç bir adamdir ki..." [33, p. 285] "If you had known him, you would not have wondered him. He is such a terrible man.." (subjunctive mood form).
(8) Oglan bir aglasaydi, ben de dayanama-yacak, ... hungur hungur agla-yacakti-m. [34, p. 52] "If the boy started crying, I would not have resisted ... I would have cried my eyes out." (subjunctive mood forms).
In Turkish subjunctive mood forms that express determined event, mostly determined action can be processed with finite forms expressing "unreal event" accompanying them and undertaking the mission of secondary predicate in the utterances. For instance, these mood forms can be used with conditional mood forms (-sE and -sE idi) that depict the action represented by the verb used in the subordinate clauses of compound sentences in the form of "unreal condition" (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) and with the past tense forms of optative mood (-(y)E idi) that articulate "unreal event" (15, 16, 17, 18) rather than wish/volition concerning the realization of the action.5 However, this is not a universal rule. Aforesaid subjunctive mood forms (19, 20, 21) can also be active in simple sentences:
(9) Fakat eger bir din edinmek iste-se-m mutlak Musluman ol-urdu-m. [33, p. 83] "But if I wanted to have a religion, I would absolutely become a Muslim.".
5 -sE form found in subordinate clauses, can demonstrate the action either in the characteristic of "real" or "unreal condition." In other words, this form is indifferent as to whether the condition is real or unreal. However, when this abovementioned form accompanies subjunctive mood form found in the main clause, it always indicates "unreal condition." Meanwhile, -sE idi form is marked with "unreal condition" contrary to -sE form. -(y)E idi form is used to denote "unreal event" in Turkish.
Musluman olurdum "I would become a Muslim", which is an subjunctive mood word form, found in the main sentence of the compound sentence is accompanied by istesem "if I wanted", which is a finite word form showing the action in the form of unreal condition.
(10) "Seni sev-seydi-m gocuklugumda sev-erdi-m" diye yine fisildadim. [31, p. 338] "I whispered again saying "if I had loved you, I would have loved you in my childhood".".
Subjunctive mood word form of severdim "I would have loved" is used with the finite word form of sevseydim "if I had loved" representing the action in the characteristic of unreal condition.
(11) §air ol-saydi-m, sevda §iiriyaz-mazdi-m. [35, p. 416] "If I were a poet, I would not write love poems.".
Subjunctive mood word form of yazmazdim "I would not write" is used with the finite word form of §air olsaydim "If I were a poet" representing the action in the characteristic of unreal condition.
(12) Mesela Tevfik adi bir soytari ol-sa goktan itiraf ed-erdi. Kuvvetli bir erkek ol-sa bir kadin gibi agla-mazdi. [33, p. 176] "For example, if Tevfik were a vulgar clown, he would already confess. If he were a strong man, he would not cry like a woman.". Subjunctive mood word forms of itiraf ederdi "he would confess" and aglamazdi "he would not cry" are active with finite word forms of soytari olsa "if he were a clown" and erkek olsa "if he were a man" representing the action in the characteristic of unreal condition.
(13) Eger imam vaktinde yeti§me-se, belki Emine onu dov-ecekti. [33, p. 71] "If imam had not arrived on time, Emine maybe would have beaten her.". Subjunctive mood word form of dovecekti "she would have beaten" is accompanied by finite word form of yeti§mese "if he had not arrived" representing the action in the characteristic of unreal condition.
(14) §ayet, §u yatakta sizip kendinden gegmi§ adama kapilmami§ ol-saydi-m bugun beni Anadolu kasabalarindan birinde ogretmen olarak bul-acakti-niz... [36, p. 138] "If I had not fallen in love with this drunk man sleeping on this bed, you would have found me as a teacher in one of the Anatolian towns today ...". Subjunctive mood word form of bulacaktiniz "you would have found" is used with finite word form of kapilmami§ olsaydim "if I had not fallen in love with" representing the action in the characteristic of unreal condition.
(15) Sen gergek sevdali olsaydin, siki§mi§ obanin siki§mi§liginin ustune varma-yaydi-n, belki de Ceren senin ol-urdu, algak. [37, p. 281] "If you had been truly in love and if you had not suppressed these poor nomad people, maybe Ceren would have been yours, coward.".
Subjunctive mood word form of olurdu "she would have been" found in the main clause of the compound sentence is accompanied by finite word form of sevdali olsaydin "if you had been in love" and ustune varmayaydin "if you had not suppressed" informing unreal event in the subordinate clause.
(16) Herife bir temiz sopa gek-eydi-k, i§ temizlen-irdi. [16, p. 43] "If we had beaten the guy up, the problem would have been solved.".
Subjunctive mood word form of temizlenirdi "it would have been solved" is used with finite word form of sopa gekeydik "if we had beaten" informing unreal event.
(17) Sen, erkekge hareket ed-eydi-n bu olanlar ol-mazdi. [38, p. 59] "If you had acted like a real man, those happened would not have taken place.".
The determined action represented by subjunctive mood word form of olmazdi "those happened would not have taken place" is accompanied by the determining action in the finite word form hareket edeydin "if you had acted".
(18) Buna benzer ufak tefek sahtekarliklari hig yapmami§ degilim. Hele «Nur-i irfan» mektebi katipligi devam ed-eydi bu i§te az gok bir ihtisas bile edin-ecekti-m. [26, p. 110] "It is not that I have not committed small frauds similar to this one before. Above all, if clerkship of «Nur-i irfan» school had continued, I would even somewhat have specialized in this job.".
The determined action represented by subjunctive mood word form of ihtisas edinecektim "I would have specialized in" is accompanied by the determining action in the finite word form devam edeydi "if it had continued".
(19) — Niye bana soylemediniz? Ben yap-ardi-m. (informant). " — Why didn't you tell it to me? I would do it.".
(20) Bunu soyleyen bir insana dokunul-maz, birakil-ir, elleri de opul-urdu. [37, p. 178] "You would not touch a person saying this, you would leave him and you would kiss his hands.".
(21) Bir gok kadin daha agli-yacakti ... Bir suru ocak daha son-ecekti! [33, p. 171] "Many more women were going to cry ... Many more families would perish!".
The meaning that "the utterance content does not correspond to reality" denoted by subjunctive mood forms can be reinforced with lexemes such as az daha/kaldi/kalsin "almost, nearly, about to", belki "maybe", ramak kaldi "be within an ace of" (22, 23, 24, 25, 26) lexically as pleonasm in Turkish:
(22) Az daha du§-ecekti-m. (informant) "I was about to fall.".
(23) Hayvan ileriye dogru oyle bir firladi ki, ben az kalsin sirt yerde bacaklar havada tepinekal-acakti-m. [34, p. 167] "The animal leaped forward in such a way that I almost stamped falling on my back and my legs upwards.".
(24) Sen gergek sevdali olsaydin, siki§mi§ obanin siki§mi§liginin ustune varmayaydin, belki de Ceren senin ol-urdu, algak. [37, p. 281] "If you had been truly in love, and if you had not suppressed these poor nomad people, maybe Ceren would have been yours, coward.".
(25) Teyzem, bu dakikada bana bir tatli kelime soylemi§ olsaydi, hafifge yanagima dokunsa, sagimi ok§asaydi, aglayarak kollarina atil-acak, belki her §eyi soyle-yecekti-m. [28, p. 112] "If my aunt had told me something nice at this moment, if she had touched on my cheek softly, if she had patted my hair, I would have fallen into her arms crying, maybe I could have told her everything.".
(26) Deriyi ramak kaldi tuzla-yacakti-k. [37, p. 81] "We were within an ace of dying."
Subjunctive mood form can also be used to express a wish in a polite way (27, 28) as
will be shown in the examples below in Turkish:
(27) — Zuhtu bey, zatialiniz misiniz? — Benim n'olacak? — Hig... sorduk. Birazpazen al-acakti-k da ... [39, p. 164] "- Zuhtu beg, is this you? — Yes it is me, why are you asking? — Nothing ... we just asked. We were going to buy some fustian ...".
(28) — Hani, anne, oyun oyna-yacakti-k. (informant) "Well, mother we were going to play a game.".
The copula of degil which constitutes negative predicate forms of the noun can also be used in the composition of finite verb forms.6 We believe that this kind of a formation (29) should be deemed as subjunctive mood form if it has a meaning where "the utterance content does not overlap with or correspond to reality":
(29) Bunu soylese, ben oraya kadar git-mez degildi-m. [32, p. 159] "If he had told me this, it is not that I would not have gone there.".
We can also express subjunctive (unrealized possibility) modality sense/nuance (thought image) in Turkish with forms such as -mEli idi (30, 31), -sE idi (32, 33, 34), -(y)E idi (35, 36), -sE (37), -(i)yor idi (38, 39). These forms do not have a primary function of denoting the fact that the action has not been put into effect even if it should have been or it was possible or probable. In other words, these abovementioned forms are not specialized in conveying this function. However, this does not mean that these abovesaid forms are subjunctive mood forms. Therefore, these forms are members/forms of the category under question:
(30) Onun Beyliginde kocaman bir adam kugucuk bir gocugu doveme-meliydi. [37, p. 213] "In his Kingdom, a big man should not have been able to beat a small kid.".
(31) Bizler bugun, olumunden ellibe$yil sonra, Ataturk'un ilkelerini, yaptiklarini, daha iyilerini yapabilmek igin, ele$tirebil-meliydi-k. [41, p. 33] "We should be able to criticize principles and deeds of Ataturk in order to be able to improve them today fifty-five years after his death.".
(32) Ke$ke orada kalmi$ ol-saydi-m. [34, p. 129] "I wish I had stayed there.".
(33) Kizi Sekine Hanima dedi ki: "Allah canimi al-saydi da, bugunu gorme-seydi-m; bu felaketi i$itme-seydi-m!.." [42, p. 113] ""I wish God had taken my life so that I had not witnessed today; I had not heard of this disaster!." he said to her daughter Sekine.".
(34) Ke$ki $ahini isteme-seydi-m de, dedemin sozunu tut-saydi-m da, bu i$ler gelme-seydi ba$imiza, diye gegirdi iginden. [37, p. 128] "I wish I had not wanted the falcon, I wish I had listened to my grandfather's words, I wish these things had not happened to us, he was thinking through.".
(35) Ke$ki ben senin gibi degilim, ben bir can igin sana yalvarmam dediginde, gocugu bu yigitliginden dolayi birak-aydi-m. [37, p. 178] "I wish I had left him because of his courage when he told me that he was not like me and he would not beg for me for life.".
(36) Kedilere benzeyebil-eydi-k ke$ke. [43, p. 212] "I wish we could act like cats.".
(30-37) — Ne saadetler kagirdim, Allahim, diyordu, ne ahmakgasina davrandim, nasil
kafamin dikine gittim ... §ehzadeye kul kole ol-maliydi-m, kadinlarinin her emrini yap-mali, sultanlarin her yaptigini ho$ gor-meliydi-m; Suzidil'den ayrilmamak igin her gileye, gugluge katlan-maliydi-m. Tek onun yaninda bulun-aydi-m, ayni damin altinda onun havasinda ya$a-saydi-m ... Beni isteme-se de, odama girme-se, surat et-se, hatta, ne olur, gozumun onunde ba$kasiyla sevi$-se de orada kal-saydi-m. Bir
6 If we consider that most verbal tense forms develop from verbal nouns (nominalizations) (for example see [40, p. 72, 74, 113-114, 146]) and that verbal noun forms represent the action in noun (namely object, quality or circumstance) images (for example see [6]), it should be deemed natural that the negative copula degil is used together with verb stems as will be seen from the examples below: Fakat ben kendi hesabima bu i$e pek de $a$iyor degilim. [26, p. 9] "On my side, it is not that I am so much surprised to what has happened."; Buna benzer ufak tefek sahtekarliklari hig yapmami$ degilim. [26, p. 110] "It is not that I have not committed small frauds similar to this one before." etc.
devlet kaybettim, omrumun son devletini! [36, p. 90] "My God I have missed so many happy moments, I have behaved in such a silly way, I have gone on my way, he was saying. I should have been at sultan's son's back, I should have done each and every order of his women, I should have condoned each deed of princesses; I should have withstood any kind of hardship and suffering in order not to separate from Suzidil. I only wish that I had stayed near her, I wish I had lived under the same roof with her. Even if she does not want me, she does not come to my room, she makes a face, or she makes love with someone else in front of my eyes, I should have stayed there. I lost happiness, the last happiness of my life!".
(38) "Hani sen yaz ortasina kadar kal-iyordu-n?" dedi Nilgun. [44, p. 290] ""Were not you supposed to stay until mid summer?" said Nilgun.".
(39) Sabahin bu saatinde bizi azdaha ez-iyordu-nuz... [44, p. 204] "You were about to run over us at this time of the morning.".
As noted at the beginning of the article, if we consider that modality meanings are conveyed by different methods in languages (morphological, morphological-lexical, lexical, intonation etc.), we should also pay attention to the methods used to convey the abovementioned subjunctive modality senses/nuances (thought images) and we should evaluate the language means accordingly. The carriers of subjunctive modality senses are not the morphological forms being subject to this article in the examples shown below. Instead, they are lexical means (40, 41, 42). Therefore, finite forms in these utterances are beyond the scope of our research:
(40) Ke§ke bu vapur, yillarca, dalgalar ustunde, sonu karaya varmaz bir yolculukla galkalan-sa, butun denizleri a§-sa, dunyanin her iskelesine ugra-sa, higbir §ehre indirmeden, yabanci yuzu gostermeden, gegim derdi gektirmeden, uskur ninnisi iginde, olumune kadar gok ile deniz arasinda don-se, dola$-sa! [36, p. 12] "I wish this ship labored on the waves through a journey without making landfall for years, passed all seas, stopped by all seaports of the world, wandered between sky and sea until its death with the melodies of propeller lullaby without laying down to any city, without seeing any foreigner, and without struggling to make a living.". At first sight, it might seem that subjunctive modality is conveyed through word forms with -sE galkalansa "it labored", a§sa "it passed", ugrasa "it stopped", donse dola§sa "it wandered" in the example shown above, actually this meaning is conveyed through ke§ke "I wish". When we get rid of ke§ke, then the abovementioned finite word forms connote to "real condition" ("possible reality") and "desire" in regards to the realization of action stemming from its conditional meaning.
(41) Bagiracak-mi§ az kalsin. [32, p. 32] "He was about to shout."
In this example, subjunctive modality sense/nuance is expressed by lexical method with the usage of az kalsin "about to". When we get rid of az kalsin from the sentence, finite word form of bagiracakmi§ "they say that he will shout" turns into a word form adding meaning of "indirectness modality" to that of the future tense meaning.
(42) — Canim oyle yandi ki! Nerdeyse agla-yacakti-m. (informant) "- I hurt myself in such a way that I was about to cry."
In this sentence, subjunctive modality sense is expressed by lexical method through the usage of nerdeyse "almost, nearly, about to". If we get rid of the word
of nerdeyse "almost, nearly, about to", then the sentence can be evaluated as an indicative word form.
Conclusion
An analysis of materials in Turkish shows that forms of subjunctive mood -(E/i)r idi (its negative form -mEz idi) and -(y)EcEk idi are compound morphemes and that they can be used in simple sentences or in the main clauses of compound sentences. In addition, this analysis reveals that "subjunctive modality" senses/nuances (thought images) can be strengthened lexically with word and word groups such as az daha/kaldi/kalsin "almost, nearly, about to", belki "maybe", nerdeyse "almost, nearly, about to", ramak kaldi "be within an ace of" etc.
In Turkish, predicate category has a mechanism of form conjugation. Since mood categories are subcategories of category of predicate, all mood categories including the subjunctive mood carry a mechanism of form conjugation. To put it differently, -(E/i)r idi (its negative form -mEz idi) and -(y)EcEk idi forms have six personal endings, namely these forms are conjugated for six persons.
To sum up, subjunctive mood informs that the action, which was necessary, probable, or possible, actually has not taken place. In other words, subjunctive mood demonstrates that the utterance content does not overlap with reality. This mood is made by morphemes of -(E/i)r idi (its negative -mEz idi) and -(y)EcEk idi and it is a group of finite verb forms composed of two special categories.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 23 апреля 2013 г.
