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44УДК 8. 80. 81
Научная статья
ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКАЯ ПРИРОДА МЕСТОИМЕНИЙ
Закирова Д.Ф., Жандаева У.Ж., Сатпаева А.Ж., Байсеитова А.Ж., Актелинова А.
Кокшетауский университет им. Абая Мырзахметова (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан)
Аннотация. Местоимение - это самостоятельная часть речи, которая указывает на предметы, признаки, количество, но не называет их, т.е. заменяя имена существительные. Среди других самостоятельных частей речи местоимения возникли очень рано, что обусловлено, во-первых, слишком обобщающим характером значений местоимений, а во-вторых, сохранением в морфемном составе древних индивидуальных особенностей. Первые труды были направлены на выявление общих свойств и закономерностей, характерных для местоимения как самостоятельной части речи, истории и системы их образования. В казахском языкознании указывается научный подход К. Жубанова, который выделил местоимения из других частей речи и обозначил их как отдельный вид. В современном казахском языкознании местоимения являются одной из наиболее изученных по структуречастей речи. В казахском языке местоимения изучаются с точки зрения лексики, происхождения, значения, сходства в тюркских языках, их лексической и грамматической характеристики, семантических особенностей. В статье рассматриваются категории местоимений в казахском языке. Приведены результаты исследований, проводимых учеными разных лет. В современном казахском языке имеются сведения о том, как в разное время рассматривались употребляемые местоимения.
Ключевые слова: языкознание, грамматика казахского языка, лексико-грамматическая природа, местоимение, основные виды местоимений, морфологическая категория, предметное понятие, качественное понятие, количественное понятие.
Для цитирования: Закирова, Д.Ф. Лексико-грамматическая природа местоимений / Д.Ф. Закирова, У.Ж. Жандаева, А.Ж. Сатпаева, А.Ж. Байсеитова, А. Актелинова //Наука и реальность. - 2022. - № 4 (12). - С. 2529.
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL NATURE OF PRONOUNS
Zakirova D.F., Zhandayeva U.Z., Satpayeva Zh.A., Baiseitova A.Zh., Aktelinova Asel
Abay Myrzahmetov Kokshetau University (Kokshetau, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Annotation: A pronoun is included in a noun phrase, «a lexical and grammatical character of a word that does not explicitly name an object or its adjective or number, but instead follows it». Among the word classes, pronouns appeared very early, which is based, first of all, on the extreme generalization of the meanings of pronouns, and secondly, on the preservation of ancient personalities in the morphemic composition. The first works were aimed at identifying the general properties and patterns inherent in pronouns, the history and system of their formation are named. Kazakh linguistics reflects the scientific point of view of K. Zhubanov, who has separated pronouns from nouns and showed them as a separate vocabulary. In modern Kazakh linguistics pronouns are one of the most studied structural words. Pronouns in the Kazakh language are studied in terms of their individual vocabulary, origin, meaning, similarity in the Turkic languages, their lexical and grammatical characteristics, semantic features. The article considers the category of pronouns of the Kazakh language. Researchers from different years have given definitions of ownership. There is information about how the semantic forms of pronouns used in the modern Kazakh language were considered in different eras.
Key words: Linguistics, grammar of the Kazakh language, lexical and grammatical nature, pronouns, semantic forms of pronouns, morphological category, material concept, critical concept, numerical concept.
For quoting: Zakirova, D.F. Lexical and grammatical nature of pronouns / D.F. Zakirova, U.Z. Zhandayeva, Zh.A.Satpayeva, A.Zh. Baiseitova, A. Aktelinova // Science and Reality. - 2022. - № 4 (12). - P. 25-29.
In the course of the development of linguistics, including Kazakh linguistics, pronouns have been comprehensively considered from a semantic, morphological, and syntactic point of view. In this regard, scientists have studied the pronoun in different ways and given different definitions. This, in turn, made it possible to better recognize the word herd, which is called a pronoun, and to learn it more deeply.
In Kazakh linguistics, professor K. Zhubanov, who separated pronouns from pronouns and represented them as separate words, defined: «By the name of the substitute (pronoun), we mean roots that go to the places of both Root and auxiliary syllables» [1, 45], A. Baitursynov clarified: «Pronouns are words that go to the place of nouns, adjectives, numerals» [2, 226]. And the Kazakh grammar of 1967 says: «Words that are used to replace and pronounce the names of a particular object, quantity or phenomenon, action and some other concepts, without repeating them» [3,106]. A. Iskakov says: «Pronouns do not mean the name, adjective, number, or names of things, but are used instead of them (nouns, adjectives, numerals)» [4, 207]. «The pronoun does not mean the name of the object itself, nor the sign, nor the number, but only points to it, points to it, and is used instead. Therefore, sometimes pronouns are also called substitute words», - concludes S. Isaev [5, 224].
It can be seen that all of the above definitions are given based on the use of pronouns instead of other word classes (nouns, adjectives, numerals). In this case, «What is the difference between a pronoun and a substitute word class?» the legal question arises. Pronouns are considered a special word class due to their specific meaning and grammatical variability. Pronouns have a different side. This is the fact that grammatical forms of verb and noun words (personal, possessive endings) are formed by these pronouns.
There are two main different situations that cause pronouns to be classified as a special word class: 1) the meaning of pronouns; 2) their grammatical form [6, 23].
One of the main features of the pronoun is its very general meaning. Not a single word with a common lexical meaning can be represented as an exact pronoun. Therefore, the general meaning of the pronoun is considered its main feature [7, 179]. This is the lexical and semantic difference between pronouns.
Even morphologically, it is necessary to note the features of pronouns that differ from other word classes only in their own way. For example, pronouns, like other types of words, tend to be plural and declinable. But the transformation into such categories is not always the same. For example, although most pronouns are declassified, some of them are «not amenable to change» to declassify.
When it comes to word generation, one thing that can be observed is that etymologically, although the pronouns themselves are complex words, a new word is not created from the pronouns themselves [8, 94].
The scientist S. Tuleuov,when dividing pronouns according to their personal composition, shows four types: four main root personalities (I, you, he, his, we, you, where, this, this, who, etc.), derivative root personality (what, how many, how many, how many, which, etc.), combined root person (never, everyone, several). For example, there is no such blessed mouth among those who look at it warmly and smile (A. Kekilbayev, Urker, P.85) [9, 85].
In addition to grouping by composition, pronouns are grouped differently in the grammars of the Kazakh language and in separate studies, depending on their semantic nature and relation to the general grammatical meanings of Word classes [10, 68].
«The pronoun is not a word class that refers to either one or all of the general grammatical concepts inherent in Word classes. However, word classes relate to three types of common grammatical concepts: the subject concept, the sign concept, and the quantitative concept», N. Oralbayeva points out [7, 183]. Depending on these concepts, the scientist divides pronouns into three groups: 1) subject pronouns (substantive); 2) Sign pronouns (attributive); 3) quantitative pronouns [7, 183]. N. Sauranbayev, on the other hand, shows three types of abstract concepts expressed by pronouns: possessive, referential, and generalizing [6, 24]. And A. Iskakov concludes: «There are two branches: substitutions of words denoting an object concept are substantive pronouns, and secondly, substitutions of words denoting a feature of a thing are attributive pronouns» [4, 208-209]. In the grammars of the Kazakh language, there is also a division of
pronouns into substantive and attributive pronouns, depending on their relation to generalized nouns and generalized sign names [3, 107].
Pronouns in the modern Kazakh language, due to their lexical, semantic and grammatical features, are divided into several groups that clearly differ from each other, as well as from other word classes. A feature that serves as the basis for such partial division of pronouns into groups is the principle of distinguishing them according to their lexical and semantic meaning. Because not every group is uniform in terms of transformation forms and functions in the sentence. Therefore, the only sign that connects the words in individual groups is their meaning [3, 107].
Scholars differ on the semantic grouping of pronouns in the Kazakh language.
First of all, referring to the grouping of A. Baitursynov, the scientist points out: «Pronouns in the Kazakh language have five chapters: 1) personal pronoun; 2) demonstrative pronoun; 3) interrogative pronoun; 4) subject pronoun; 5) indefinite pronoun» [2, 226-230].
N. Sauranbayev divides pronouns into six types:
1. personal pronouns; 2. demonstrative pronouns; 3. possessive pronoun; 4. reflexive pronoun; 5. negative pronoun; 6.interrogative pronoun [6, 24].
In the Kazakh grammar of 1967, in the works of A. Iskakov, S. Isaev, S. Tuleuov, A. Ibatov, N. Oralbayeva, seven semantic types of pronouns are given. It is believed that in modern Kazakh linguistics there are seven semantic groups of pronouns.
Thus, in the Kazakh language, pronouns are considered as separate Word classes. Nouns, adjectives, and numerals replace nouns. It has its own semantic groups. It turns out that the lexical and grammatical nature of pronouns that we use now has been studied by scientists in different ways. Then they fall into one system, and on this day seven groups of meanings are considered.
Bibliographic list
1. N. Oralbaeva. Morphology of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty, 2007, 388 pages.
2. K. Doskeeva. Genetic connections of classification nouns (article) / Doskeeva K.// "Kazakh language and literature". Almaty, 2009, №6.-P.66-69.
3. G.O. Syzdykova. Morphology of the modern Kazakh language. Textbook / GO Syzdykova - Almaty, 2012. - 160 pages
4. G.S. Meirmanova. The function of pronouns in the syntactic system // Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences. Almaty, 2008.
5. A. Baitursynov. "Language reading" (works on the Kazakh language and education). Almaty, "Mother tongue", 1992, 448 pages.
6. K. Zhubanov. Research on the Kazakh language. - Almaty: Gydlym, 2003. 359 pages.
7. N. Oralbaeva. Word formation of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty: Science, - 1989, 368 pages.
8. A. Toleuov. Word classes. Almaty: School, - 1982, p. 126.
9. A. Kekilbayev. Urker.-Almaty: Region. 1999, - 551 pages
10. A. Iskakov. "Modern Kazakh language". - 2nd edition. Almaty: Mother tongue, 1991.384 pages
Закирова Д.Ф., старший преподаватель, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова, (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Ш
: Dinara_78_05@mail.ru
Жандаева У.Ж., старший преподаватель, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова, (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Ш
: omirbekova_2000@mail.ru
Сатпаева А.Ж., старший преподаватель, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова, (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Ш
: satpaev2006@mail.ru
Байсеитова А.Ж., старший преподаватель, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова, (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Ш
: bayseitoval4@mail.ru
Актелинова Асель, студент, Кокшетауский университет имени Абая Мырзахметова, (г. Кокшетау, Республика Казахстан).
Ш
: asel.aktelinova@gmail.com Дата поступления: 02.11.2022 © Закирова Д.Ф., Жандаева У.Ж., Сатпаева А.Ж., Байсеитова А.Ж., Актелинова А., 2022
