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throughout the year and are common across the school or district in which they are administered. These assessments often measure instructional units or groups of standards, but typically not the depth and breadth of the standards at one time.
References
1. Allen M.J. (2004). Assessing Academic Programs in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2. Suskie Linda (2004). Assessing Student Learning. Bolton, MA: Anker.
LANGUAGE EXPRESSIVE MEANS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TEXTS
Aminova G.R.
Aminova Guzal Rakhatovna - English Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF THE THEORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASPECTS, ENGLISH
LANGUAGE FACULTY 2, UZBEK STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article is devoted to features of conveying expressiveness in media texts with the help of the linguistic means by which various emotions are expressed in the English discourse. Connection between expressiveness and the emotionality is proposed to study using emotionally evaluative means.
Keywords: expressive means, neologisms, colloquial and emotionally colored vocabulary, figurative phraseological units.
Recently, the interest of linguists in the expressiveness of media speech has noticeably increased. This is due to the fact that the corpus of media texts is very large, and the power of their informational and psychological impact on the audience is unlimited. Expression takes on particular importance in the spheres of politics, journalism, radio and television. It encourages the audience to a certain reaction to the transmitted information, influencing the life of society, the consciousness and ideas of people. When translating media texts, the translator often encounters difficulties in connection with the need to convey the essence of the information as correctly as possible without losing the stylistic coloring and avoiding ambiguity. In this regard, the study of linguistic and translation aspects of expression in media texts seems relevant.
Expressiveness (lat. Expressio) - "a property of a text or part of a text that conveys meaning with increased intensity and results in emotional or logical reinforcement, which may or may not be figurative" [1, p. 51]. Putting his thought into a linguistic form, the author of the message inevitably expresses a subjective attitude towards the content or addressee of the text. Therefore, expression is considered as the detection of the speaker's individuality, manifested in the feelings, emotions and evaluations of the subject. Many researchers point to the connection between expressiveness and the concepts of "emotionality" and "evaluativeness" [2, 51; 3, 21].
Expressive means of language include: literary and book vocabulary, neologisms, foreign language inclusions, abbreviations and abbreviations, colloquial and emotionally colored vocabulary, figurative phraseological units, paths and figures, etc. [4, 43-124]. Expressiveness is a typological and functional feature of the texts of the "writing" and "electronic" press, which are divided into four functional genre types: news, information analytics and commentary, journalism and advertising [5, p. 59]. All the above types of media texts, except for advertising, served as the material for this study.
News texts are characterized by a global cliché, a high degree of cultural and ideological modality. Here there is a dry, somewhat "protocol" manner of presentation and the absence of subjective-evaluative elements of the language. The only exceptions are those cases when any fragment from the speaker's direct speech containing expression is cited. In news texts, when transmitting emotional-evaluative information to target language, translators most often resort to contextual image substitution in order to preserve semantic information ('We will never return our relationship to normal') ... If the traditions of compatibility and expression of emotional and evaluative information coincide in the source language and the target language, the translators strive to preserve the expressive means ('These alliances are sealed with blood and common sacrifices - unlike many of our opponents, who have fewer allies than fingers on their hand'; 'to reset relations'."
In the case of a discrepancy between the traditions of compatibility and the expression of emotional-evaluative information in the source language and the target language, the transfer of the conceptual content of the image / stylistic neutralization is used, often accompanied by omission (he enthusiastically endorsed - 'he agreed'). As a result, the expression in translation is lost; this is typical for this type of text, since the main function of news text is informative.
Information and analytical texts abound in expressive emotional and evaluative means. Here the language is more expressive than in news texts, and less expressive than in journalistic texts.
When conveying imaginative and emotionally evaluative means, contextual image replacement is most often used here (by tightening internal authoritarian controls -'tightening the screws inside the country more and more'; 'to overthrow unwanted regimes') and additions to give the text great emotionality. Where possible, based on the traditions of compatibility and the expression of emotional and evaluative information, translators strive to preserve figurative means.
Publicistic texts demonstrate the whole range of lexico-stylistic and syntactic-stylistic means of expressiveness and emotional stress. There is also widespread use of vernacular and slang (I wanna save the history , they only chew the fat. In journalistic texts, translators strive to preserve imagery and other subjective-evaluative emotional elements in the composition of the target language text, therefore they use the technique of preserving figurative means (But why aren't Crooked Hillary & the Dems the focus? Hillary and company? '; Tries to fight all windmills at once'; I would say he's not in the mainstream'); contextual replacement of the image (The standard line of defense of President Trump during the investigation of Russia's actions suffered a slight setback'); transcription and tracing when translating neologisms and euphemisms (alternativist); syntactic assimilation in the transmission of emotional syntax. Only in small amount of cases translators allow stylistic neutralization and omission ('He earned himself a decent reputation'), as well as a descriptive translation ( pro-Yeltsin - 'supported Yeltsin'); this is not typical for this type of text in translation, since the main function of journalism is to influence the addressee in order to convince him of the correctness of what has been said or to cause in him the desired reaction to what has been said with the strength and emotional intensity of the statement ".
Thus, expression is presented in media texts of all genres and topics under consideration, and its growth is observed from a news text to journalism, due to the function of the text. The main translation strategy in working with media texts is to convey the main content and preserve the imagery and emotional-evaluative charge of the text. The main factors when choosing a translation technique in relation to expression are: the type of text and its function, the national characteristics of the stylistic systems of both languages, the norms of language and speech. The main translation techniques for the transmission of expression in media texts are the preservation of figurative and emotional-evaluative means, contextual replacement of the image and addition, stylistic neutralization and omission (no cases of applying compensation have been identified). Techniques of stylistic neutralization and
omission are often used in the translation of news texts, but in other types of texts their use
is limited and comes down to the need to comply with the norms of language and speech.
References
1. Navitskaite E.A. Expression of the semantic category of expressiveness in journalism dedicated to Islam / E.A. Navitskaite. // Bulletin of IGLU. Series: Philology. Irkutsk, 2011. № 2 (14). S. 49-55.
2. Halperin I.R. Stylistics of the English language / I.R. Halperin. M.: Higher school, 1977. 334 p.
3. Halperin I.R. Essays on the style of the English language / I.R. Halperin. M.: Publishing house lit. on in. languages, 1958. 458 p.
4. Dobrosklonskaya T.G. Medialinguistics: a systematic approach to learning language of the media (modern English media speech): textbook / T.G. Dobrosklonskaya. M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2008. 203 p.
LINGUISTIC QUALIFICATION AND MEANS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS IN THE ENGLISH DISCOURSE Aminova G.R.
Aminova Guzal Rakhatovna - English Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF THE THEORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASPECTS, ENGLISH
LANGUAGE FACULTY 2, UZBEK STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article examines the linguistic means by which various emotions are expressed in the English discourse. Some classifications of emotions and the main means of expressing emotions are considered.
Keywords: emotions, emotional side of a word, emotional coloring, emotive words, expressiveness.
The study of emotions and ways of expressing them today is one of the most pressing research topics in various scientific disciplines. The category of emotionality is studied to a greater extent in psychology, as well as philosophy, ethnology, sociology, biology, physiology, linguistics and other sciences. So, linguists note that in everyday communication the same words are used to convey a wide range of experiences. Therefore, the role of the context in this case is key for the correct interpretation of a particular linguistic unit. In modern psychology, emotionality is understood as "the entire range of human emotional experiences, including mood, emotion itself, feeling, affect, passion ... the core of the human personality".
To express emotions in linguistics, units of all language levels are used. Emotional means of expression include phonetic, lexical and grammatical means.
Speaking about the phonetic means of expressing emotions, many researchers name, first of all, intonation, stress, tones. They combine these phonetic characteristics with the concept of prosody (gr. Prosodia - stress, the chorus is the same as a poem or versification). It should be noted that these characteristics can only be detected in speech. In any language, they form a system of means, which is characteristic only of this language and through which emotions can be expressed and understood.
An example of the use of phonetic means of language to express emotions and their impact on the emotional sphere of the listener has a huge arsenal of techniques that are
