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omission are often used in the translation of news texts, but in other types of texts their use
is limited and comes down to the need to comply with the norms of language and speech.
References
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2. Halperin I.R. Stylistics of the English language / I.R. Halperin. M.: Higher school, 1977. 334 p.
3. Halperin I.R. Essays on the style of the English language / I.R. Halperin. M.: Publishing house lit. on in. languages, 1958. 458 p.
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LINGUISTIC QUALIFICATION AND MEANS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS IN THE ENGLISH DISCOURSE Aminova G.R.
Aminova Guzal Rakhatovna - English Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF THE THEORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASPECTS, ENGLISH
LANGUAGE FACULTY 2, UZBEK STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article examines the linguistic means by which various emotions are expressed in the English discourse. Some classifications of emotions and the main means of expressing emotions are considered.
Keywords: emotions, emotional side of a word, emotional coloring, emotive words, expressiveness.
The study of emotions and ways of expressing them today is one of the most pressing research topics in various scientific disciplines. The category of emotionality is studied to a greater extent in psychology, as well as philosophy, ethnology, sociology, biology, physiology, linguistics and other sciences. So, linguists note that in everyday communication the same words are used to convey a wide range of experiences. Therefore, the role of the context in this case is key for the correct interpretation of a particular linguistic unit. In modern psychology, emotionality is understood as "the entire range of human emotional experiences, including mood, emotion itself, feeling, affect, passion ... the core of the human personality".
To express emotions in linguistics, units of all language levels are used. Emotional means of expression include phonetic, lexical and grammatical means.
Speaking about the phonetic means of expressing emotions, many researchers name, first of all, intonation, stress, tones. They combine these phonetic characteristics with the concept of prosody (gr. Prosodia - stress, the chorus is the same as a poem or versification). It should be noted that these characteristics can only be detected in speech. In any language, they form a system of means, which is characteristic only of this language and through which emotions can be expressed and understood.
An example of the use of phonetic means of language to express emotions and their impact on the emotional sphere of the listener has a huge arsenal of techniques that are
based on a special image of the selected sound and rhythmic organization of the utterance. These include alliteration, rhyme, onomatopoeia, and rhythm. These means are used mainly in poetry, but rhyme is also found in ordinary non-poetic speech and is widely used in vernacular and jargon as emotional and evaluative means.
The emotional state of the speaking person leaves a certain imprint on the syntactic design of speech. All cases of expression of emotions of the syntactic organization of the utterance can be reduced to:
1) a change in the order of words accepted in the language;
2) an increase in the number of cases of grammatical incompleteness;
3) interrupting the chain of text unfolding;
4) violation of grammatical agreement, up to complete grammatical disorganization of speech in a state of frustration
In the language of a literary text, vocabulary is used that has such qualities as emotionality and expressiveness. In recent years, works have appeared in which emotivity is considered as a linguistic expression of emotions, for example, in the works of V.I. Shakhovsky. The author emphasizes the need to take into account the factors of emotionality, expressive characteristics of linguistic consciousness in the study of speech communication. It should be noted that language serves as a means of expressing a person's personal, subjective attitude to the subject of speech and situation, as well as his feelings and emotions. Language is a means of emotional impact on the listener.
L.G. Babenko identifies six grammatical classes of vocabulary expressing emotions:
1) Emotive verbs. According to L.G. Babenko, this part of speech is most suitable for expressing emotions. This part of speech has tremendous possibilities for displaying various feelings. "Emotions are conveyed by verbs as a state (to be sad) and as the formation of a state (to fall in love), as an attitude (to love), and as an impact (to fall in love), and also as an external manifestation of emotions (to kiss, hug)" [Babenko 1989: 65].
2) Emotive nouns. Substantial vocabulary expressing emotions belongs to the lexico-grammatical category of abstract nouns. But it should be noted that most of this vocabulary is made up of "motivated words, various nominalizations, as well as verbal words, such as fury, affection, tenderness" [see. ibid. 65-66]. The smaller part is "unmotivated words such as trouble, fear, sadness, passion, torment, sadness" [see. ibid. 65]. Verbal emotive nouns denote emotional states, relationships, actions: inspiration, favor.
3) Emotive adjectives, which "due to their explicit situationality, semantically and functionally are attracted to the verb, and formally grammatically gravitate towards nouns" [Babenko 1989: 67]. "An emotive adjective has a combination of meanings that convey emotion as a state of being (identifier "filled with feeling"), causation of the state (identifier "evoking feeling"), expression of an emotional state (identifier "expressing feeling"), emotional attitude (identifier "related to feeling" ).
4) Emotive adverbs, expressing emotions, are guided by "accompanying states that characterize emotively, various actions (sad to look, sad to say) and signs (sad-languid eyes)" [see. ibid. 68]. The depiction of emotions in adverbs has its own specifics. It should be noted that this specificity is manifested in the peculiarities of their compatibility: "the grammatical nature of emotive adverbs does not allow them to correlate emotions directly with their carrier, therefore, the relationship with the subject of emotions is carried out in the text indirectly, through his actions or adjectively expressed signs" [Babenko 1989: 68 - 69].
5) Emotive interjections. L.G. Babenko defines this type of interjections, due to their complex nature, as "a special syncretic class of words, gravitating towards emotives -nominatives, and emotives - connotatives" [Babenko 1989: 70].
The nominative unit of the language, according to L.L. Nelyubina is the word. To words that have emotional meaning, L.L. Nelyubin relates:
1) Interjection words, for example, oh! Oh! eh!
2) Words that express feelings. "Words denoting feelings almost always carry an emotional meaning along with a subject-logical meaning" [Nelyubin 2005: 122]. For example, love, hate, fear, horror, joy, etc.
3) "A certain group of words tends to lose their subject-logical meaning and compensate for this loss with a strong emotional meaning. These words include vulgar layers of vocabulary: swear words, curses, obscene words, etc."
It should be noted that to designate emotionality as a property of a linguistic sign in linguistics, there is a special term "emotiveness". And a unit that has a given sign in its meaning is called an emotive. The principles for classifying emotives have not yet been clearly developed. If words expresses or can express emotions, then it is emotive. The following types of emotives can be distinguished:
1) Affectives are words that include only the semes of emotionality. This type of emotive characterizes the highest degree of emotionality. This includes interjections and interjection words, vocabulary of name calling and fondling, abusive vocabulary. For example, nonsense! Damn it!
2) Connotatives - words, the emotive part of the meaning of which accompanies the main subject-logical meaning. Unlike affectives, this type of emotive is characterized by a greater awareness of the emotions that they express. This includes word-formative derivatives of different types: zoolexics with someone else's denotations ("an object or phenomenon denoted by language in a specific speech work; ... an object denoted by a lexical unit, a phrase" [Neliubin 2003: 43], emotional-evaluative adjectives, emotionally amplifying adverbs, archaisms, poetry, etc., for example, talking shop, chatter.
3) Slangisms, jargon, vulgarisms - words that in the literary language belong to the category of emotive, for example, get-together, bazaar (in the sense of a dispute).
4) Expressives - linguistic units that increase the influencing power of imagery. For example, metaphors, paremia, allusions (heated debate, arguing to the point of whitening).
In linguistics, there are two approaches to describing emotions, which can be conventionally called semantic and metaphorical. The semantic approach was proposed in the first works of A. Vezhbitskaya and L.N. Jordanian, where emotions were described through prototypical situations in which they arise. The metaphorical approach was developed in detail by M. Johnson and J. Lakoff [Lakoff, Johnson. 1990: 387], the same approach is implemented by N.D. Arutyunova [Arutyunova 1990: 5].
Reflection of emotional phenomena in language is one of the most difficult problems of modern linguistics. First, emotions themselves as a phenomenon of the human psyche are extremely complex, and, accordingly, because of this, their linguistic representations are complex. Any emotional means of language introduces a person into a complex world of feelings and experiences, which he cannot always clearly differentiate at the level of consciousness. Secondly, the very study of emotionality in language is carried out in various ways and by different branches of linguistics, thus, being a borderline object, linguistic emotionality equally belongs to the sphere of general linguistics and psycholinguistics.
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