CC BY
56JWPR
Journal of World's Poultry Research
2023, Scienceline Publication
J. World Poult. Res. 13(1): 96-102, March 25, 2023
Research Paper, PII: S2322455X2300010-13 License: CC BY 4.0
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.10
Investigating the Preventive Effect of Herbal Medicine (Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, and Quercus infectoria) against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens
Abolfazl Ghaniei , Seyed Ali Ghafouri*©, Soheil Sadr , and Negar Hassanbeigi ^
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Corresponding author's E-mail: saghafouri@um.ac.ir
Received: 21 December 2022 Accepted: 16 February 2023
ABSTRACT
Coccidiosis is a critical disease in the poultry industry worldwide. Producers apply different strategies to control and prevent this disease. Herbal drugs are suitable remedies for reducing losses associated with coccidiosis in poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an herbal mixture in preventing coccidiosis. A total of 160 broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups, with five replicates for each. Experimental infection of all groups, except group D, was carried out with mixed Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, and E. maxima) on day 14. Broiler chickens in group A were given an herbal mixture (75% Quercus infectoria, 16% Artemisia annua, and 9% Allium sativum) as feed additives during the rearing period, and group B was treated with Monensin. No treatment was applied to group C after the chickens were experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Group D was used as the negative control since chickens in this group were not infected or sick during the experiment. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rate, intestinal lesion scoring, and oocyst count per gram (OPG) were evaluated in this study. The results of the present study revealed that the highest mean body weight was gained in group D, followed by chickens in group A. The best FCR results were attributed to chickens in group D, followed by group B. In this study, both drugs decreased mortality rate, intestinal lesion scores, and OPG in the treated chickens. In conclusion, this herbal mixture can reduce coccidial lesions.
Keywords: Broiler, Coccidiosis, Herbal mixture, Prevention
Avian coccidiosis is an infectious parasitic disease of the intestinal tract caused by a protozoan of the genus Eimeria, including (E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella; Abd El-Hack et al., 2021). Coccidiosis results in mortality, poor growth, impaired performance, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections (De Gussem, 2007). World poultry production continues to be negatively affected by this parasitic condition (Noack et al., 2019). Residual effects and increased resistance are associated with conventional anticoccidials. The development of vaccines against poultry coccidiosis has benefited technology and immunology, but they still need to meet farmers' expectations as effective, safe, and economical (Alfaro et al., 2007; Kim and Lillehoj, 2019). Due to resistance, consumer concerns, increased regulations, and
the possibility of a ban on anticoccidial drugs as feed additives, alternative control strategies are needed. (Acharya and Acharya, 2017). Numerous studies indicated that natural products could be an effective means to combat coccidiosis (Brisibe et al., 2008; Idris et al., 2017). There is evidence that biologically active compounds from multiple plant types are effective alternatives to conventional methods of controlling coccidiosis (Peek and Landman, 2011). Plant extracts contain natural compounds containing metabolites capable of inhibiting the life cycles of various Eimeria species (Cobaxin-Cardenas, 2018). Artemisinin and its derivatives in the Artemisia annua were shown to be gametocytocidal and reduced the transmission potential of falciparum malaria (Willcox et al., 2004). Several studies have tried to investigate the efficacy of this herb against Eimeria parasites, and the results were promising (del Cacho et al., 2010; Dragan et
To cite this paper: Ghaniei A, Ghafouri SA, Sadr S, and Hassanbeigi N (2023). Investigating the Preventive Effect of Herbal Medicine (Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, and Quercus infectoria) against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens. J. World Poult. Res., 13(1): 96-102. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.10
al., 2010; Jiao et al., 2018). Artemisinin induces oxidative stress in parasite cells and directly inhibits sporulation and cell wall formation in Eimeria species (Muthamilselvan et al., 2016). Quercus infectoria has medicinal effects such as anti-inflammatory, astringent, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and gastroprotective. Quercus infectoria anti-parasitic activity against Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis hominis, and Leishmania major was studied before (Thangavel et al., 2020). It contains compounds such as gallic acid and its derivative, gallotannins and hydrolyzable tannins, which have been found to control coccidiosis in poultry (Arina and Harisun, 2019). Allium sativum (A. sativum) has been utilized as a spice and a native drug for years. It includes antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-cancerous, anticholesteremic, and vasodilator effects (Ogbuewu et al., 2019). Allium sativum, often used in alternative medicine, has attracted immense interest in the medical literature (Ibrahim et al., 2021). The A. sativum holds the highest concentration of sulfur, such as allicin, and other biological activities (Waqas et al., 2018). Thiosulfate allicin has effective antiprotozoal activity, and other non-sulfur components, including saponins, proteins, and phenolic compounds, can also be helpfull with its antiparasitic effects (Al-Massad et al., 2018).
An herbal formulation, including extracts of Allium Sativum, Artemisia Annua, and Quercus infectoria, was evaluated based on a comparative model to determine its effectiveness as an anticoccidial agent in infected broiler chickens.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Ethical approval
Guidelines for animal care and use were followed at all international, national, and institutional levels (IR.UM.REC.1400.217). This experiment was performed following the guidelines approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Study design
A total of 160 day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were purchased and reared under standard management practice with free access to feed (Table 1) and water in a specialized clinic of the Faculty of the Veterinary Medicine of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. All broilers were raised in floor pens and placed in cages after 14 days (Four broiler chickens in each cage). During the first week of the trial, the temperature was kept at 33°C, gradually decreased to 21°C on day 21, and
remained constant until the end of the clinical trial.
Table 1. The diet and chemical analysis of broiler chickens during 45 days of study
Ingredient Weight (Kg)
Corn 604
Wheat 35
Soy 315
NaCl 2
Carbonate 8
Diphosphate 8
Oil 15
Liquid methionine 2.2
Lysine 1
Choline 1.5
Cocci Phyt 1
Supplement 5
Phytase 0.1
Bicarbonate 2
Multienzyme 0.05
Threonine 0.15
Total 1000 kg
Pr 19.00%
Ca 0.78%
P 0.43%
MET 0.43%
LYS 1.00%
Na 0.18%
Cl 0.17%
K 0.83%
Energy 3012 kcal
Parasite
A mixture of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. was purchased from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran. Microscopic analysis showed that the suspension contains 50% E. tenella, 25% E. maxima, and 25% other species, including E. acervulina and E. necatrix. On day 14 of age, each broiler in groups A, B, and C were challenged via oral gavage with 200,000 sporulated oocysts of the prepared Eimeria spp.
Grouping and treatment
At the same time as the chickens got sick, the broilers were moved to cages following the completion of the second week and randomly gathered into groups. Four groups were isolated, with five repeats included eight chickens in each replicate. Herbal mixtures (Cocci Phyt®, Iran) are given to group A. It contains 75% Quercus infectoria with a minimum of 30% total tannin, 16%
Artemisia annua with a minimum of 0.02% artemisinin, and 9% Allium sativum with a minimum of 0.4% total phenol contents. Group B was treated with Monensin. Group A received an herbal mixture and group B received Monensin at the daily dose of 1 kg/ton of feed from the first day of age. Group C did not receive any treatment. Group D was not infected experimentally, and the chickens were clinically healthy during the experiment.
Weighing chickens, measuring feed consumption, and calculating the feed conversion ratio
All broiler chickens were weighed individually on the experiment's first day and weekly until day 42. The daily feed consumption of each replicate was recorded after the challenge weekly, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated at the end of study as the proportion of average feed intake to average daily gain.
Clinical signs and casualties
All broiler chickens were monitored for clinical manifestations of coccidiosis, including reduced daily feed intake, lethargy, depression, feces status, and recumbency. Also, mortality rates throughout the experiment were recorded.
Oocyst count
To assess coccidial oocyst shed by chickens, oocyst per gram of feces (OPG) was counted using the McMaster method on days 5, 7, 9, and 11 after the challenge (Haug et al., 2006).
Lesion score
On day seven after the challenge, lesion scoring was performed using the method of Johnson and Reid (1970). For this reason, three broiler chickens from each replicate were slaughtered and evaluated for gastrointestinal lesions at the end of study period. Because the ingested Eimeria solution mostly contained Eimeria tenella, the cecum was selected for the autopsy and scoring lesions. The scoring system ranged from 0 to 4, in which 4 indicates the most damage to the intestinal. To get a score of zero, the chickens had to be in the best possible health without lesions.
Statistical analysis
The data relating to body weight of 42-day-old, FCR, and OPG were processed using ANOVA, coupled with the Tukey test (SPSS ® Software version 16). P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the analyzed data.
RESULTS
Weight gain
The mean body mass gain during the rearing period and feed conversion ratio are shown in (Table 2). As expected, the highest weights were observed in group D, which did not get infected. There was no statistical difference between the mean body weights of chickens in groups A and B up to 35 days of age. Still, the mean was significantly higher in the herbal mixture-treated group at the end of the experiment on day 42 (p < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in groups A, B, and D compared to group C (p < 0.05), but no difference was observed between treated groups (p > 0.05).
Clinical signs
The broiler chickens were perfectly healthy, and the feces consistency was standard on the day of the challenge. Two-day post challenge (DPC), blood clots were seen in the broiler chickens' feces, but in terms of clinical signs and appetite, the broilers' condition was normal. Bleeding in feces increased gradually for 2 days, and it was seen as bloody diarrhea finally. Bloody diarrhea and lethargy were observed in broilers in three DPC. Nevertheless, still, almost a third of the broiler chickens were clinically healthy. Reduced feed intake was observed on the fifth DPC and returned to normal on the 9th DPC. Most clinical signs and bloody diarrhea in chickens were improved in treated groups on the 9th DPC.
Mortality rate
Mortality rates in treated groups were identical, and the highest rate was related to the untreated challenged group (Table 3). Present results indicated that preventing coccidiosis could decrease mortality.
Oocyst count
Oocyst count was significantly lower in treated groups (p < 0.05), and no significant difference was seen between these groups (p > 0.05). The herbal mixture has been observed to reduce oocysts per gram of feces, as determined by counting the number of oocysts per gram of feces. A sharp decrease in fecal oocysts is observed in treated groups after 11 days, which is essential to stop parasite shedding in infected chickens.
Lesion score
The results showed no lesion in the intestines of group D. This group D scored zero, representing a healthy
gut. In group C, the majority of injuries, like hemorrhages and ulcers, were observed, as would be expected. Notably, the intestinal lesions score decreased in group A compared
to group B, which showed perfect performance of the herbal mixture.
Table 2. The mean body weight gains and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens, before and after challenged with Eimeria
_
Average weight _Age (Day)_ FCR
of group 1* 7* 14* 21** 28** 35** 42**
A (g) 43.19±1.58 115±2.58 238.2±5.20 303.2±8.18 739.4±14.58 1403±20.15 2194±31.62a 2.65±0.16a
B (g) 44.5±1.58 113±2.76 271.6±5.16 489.4±12.23 850.8±15.27 1327±18.79 2010±30.45b 2.55±0.15a
C (g) 46.7±1.58 149±3.57 309±6.14 454.2±10.45 796.5±13.78 1202±17.89 1871±29.67b 2.92±0.18b
D (g) 46.7±1.58 149±3.57 316±6.32 524.4±14.31 916.8±15.69 1482±21.70 2214±35.50a 2.46±0.14a
A: Herbal mixture treated group. B: Monensin treated group. C: Untreated group. D: Unchallenged group. Values with different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p < 0.05). *: Days 1, 7, and 14 are before challenging broiler chickens with Eimeria spp. **: Days 21, 28, 35, and 42 are after challenging broiler chickens with Eimeria spp.
Table 3. Oocyst per gram of feces, lesion score, and mortality rate of broiler chickens after challenging with Eimeria spp.
Groups OPG (DPC) Mean score of lesion Mortality (%)
5 7 9 11
A 530±16a 934±11a 1080±16a 505±4a 1.1±0.6b 3
B 550±40a 1048±81a 950±36a 475±20a 0.8±0.4ab 3
C 15600±816b 17000±1061b 17500±816b 12340±277b 2.6±.08c 10
D N N N N N 0
A: Cocci Phyt® treated and challenged group. B: Monensin treated and challenged group. C: Untreated and challenged group. D: Untreated and unchallenged group. Values with different superscripts in a column differ significantly (p < 0.05). N: Not seen; OPG: Oocyst per gram; DPC: Day post challenge.
DISCUSSION
Since 2006, the prophylactic use of anticoccidial chemicals as feed additives has been strictly limited in European countries. In this context, scientists examined natural compounds as potential anti-coccidiosis agents daily (Tewari and Maharana, 2011). Coccidial infections are associated with reduced weight gain and poor feed conversion ratio (Lillehoj and Lillehoj, 2000; Abebe and Gugsa, 2018). The findings showed that herbal mixtures could improve weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), as no significant differences exist between treated and unchallenged groups. Furthermore, the highest mean weight gain in challenged groups was related to the herbal treatment group. Previous studies indicated the potential of Artemisia annua leaves in better weight gain and feed consumption due to high levels of crude protein, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and antioxidants, which resulted (Brisibe et al., 2008; Brisibe et al., 2009). In addition, these compounds could help birds maintain their commensal microflora, enhancing digestion and absorption and improving immune response (Septembre-Malaterre et al., 2020; Ekiert et al., 2021). Furthermore, the beneficial effects of Allium sativum on poultry performance have been shown in several studies
(Navidshad et al., 2018; Ogbuewu et al., 2019). Allium sativum could improve feed conversion ratio (FCR) by modifying small intestine morphology in broiler chickens (Lee et al., 2016). There has been some evidence that tannins promote growth in monogastric animals by balancing their adverse effects on feed palatability and nutrient digestion with their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and promoting the health status of an intestinal ecosystem (Starcevic et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018). Immune responses during infection cause free radical production as a defense mechanism against Eimeria parasites; however, it damages host cells ( Masood et al., 2013). The antioxidant capacity of A. annua, A. sativum, and tannins could alleviate detrimental effects of oxidative stress in the gut and thus improve animal performance during coccidiosis in broiler chickens (Chung, 2006; Nahed et al., 2022). In the current study, the efficiency of herbal mixtures in reducing oocyst shedding and lesion score was comparable to Monensin, a widely used coccidiosis drug. Herbal formulation reduced oocysts shed in feces compared to the control group. These results align with the previous finding about the anticoccidial effects of Artemisia annua on broiler and layer chickens (Allen et al., 1997; Quiroz-Castañeda and Dantán-González, 2015; Muthamilselvan et al., 2016). The
A. annua anticoccidial activity was attributed to artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone containing an endoperoxide bridge (Acharya and Acharya, 2017). Del Cacho et al. (2010) reported a lower oocyst sporulation rate of E. tenella in chickens treated with pure artemisinin due to inhibition of sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) expression in macrogametes (del Cacho et al., 2010). The SERCA plays a role in calcium homeostasis and affects the secretion of wall-forming bodies (Dragan et al., 2014). The inhibition effect of artemisinin on SERCA was shown in Toxoplasma gondii previously (Nagamune et al., 2007). Also, artemisinin facilitates the apoptosis of infected host cells and inhibits the inflammatory response against E. tenella infection (Jiao et al., 2018). There is little information about the anticoccidial effects of hydrolyzable tannins. In Tosi et al. (2013) study, chestnut hydrolyzable tannins could reduce Clostridium perfringens in the gut of broiler chickens challenged with E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima (Tosi et al., 2013). The anticoccidial activity of A. sativum was attributed to allicin Allicin was shown to inhibit E. tenella replication in vitro (Alnassan et al., 2015). Various thiol-containing enzymes in microorganisms are inhibited by allicin when it interacts with the SH group on cysteine residues.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, herbal drug containing Artemisia Annua, Quercus infectoria, and Allium Sativum could improve performance and have anti-coccidiosis effects on the broiler chickens challenged by Eimeria spp. To determine how effective this drug is for controlling coccidiosis in breeders, turkeys, and layer chickens, more research is needed, especially for drug residue in meat. It may be possible to develop new anticoccidial drugs by extracting active ingredients of Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, and Quercus infectoria.
DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
In appreciation of prepared supports, the authors would like to extend their thanks to the deputy research director at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The authors would like to thank Amir Ali Amiri and Behnoush Dianat (Makian Dam Pars Science-Based Company, Tehran, Iran) for providing us herbal mixture.
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Authors' contributions
Seyed Ali Ghafouri contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing, and editing the original draft. Abolfazl Ghanei took part in the methodology, formal analysis, writing, and editing the original draft. Soheil Sadr contributed to the methodology, formal analysis, writing and editing the original draft. Negar Hassanbeigi participated in the research design, and writing the original draft. Ali Ghafouri supervised the whole study. All authors checked and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication in the present journal.
Competing interests
The authors confirm that there was no conflict of interest with any financial, personal, or other relationships with other people or organizations related to this paper
Ethical consideration
Ethical issues (including plagiarism, consent to publish, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, and redundancy) have been checked by all the authors.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
Abd El-Hack ME, Alaidaroos BA, Farsi RM, Abou-Kassem DE, El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Shafi ME, Albaqami NM, Taha AE, and Ashour EA (2021). Impacts of supplementing broiler diets with biological curcumin, zinc nanoparticles and Bacillus licheniformis on growth, carcass traits, blood indices, meat quality and cecal microbial load. Animals, 11(7): 1878. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.3390%2Fani11071878
Abebe E and Gugsa G (2018). A review on poultry coccidiosis. Abyssinia Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1): 1-12. Available at:
https://abjol.org.et/index.php/ajst/article/view/76
Acharya K and Acharya N (2017). Alternatives to fight against coccidiosis: A review. Nepalese Veterinary Journal, 34: 152-167. Available at:
https://www.nepiol.info/index.php/nvi/article/download/229 18/19495/
Al-Massad M, Al-Ramamneh D, Al-Sharafat A, Abdelqader A, and Hussain N (2018). Effect of using garlic on the economical and physiological characteristics of broiler chickens. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 44(3): 276-281. Available at:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S10683674180300
Alfaro D, Silva A, Borges S, Maiorka F, Vargas S, and Santin E (2007). Use of Yucca schidigera extract in broiler diets and its effects on performance results obtained with different coccidiosis control methods. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(2): 248-254. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.2.248
Allen PC, Lydon J, and Danforth HD (1997). Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens. Poultry Science, 76(8): 1156-1163. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.8.1156
Alnassan AA, Thabet A, Daugschies A, and Bangoura B (2015). In vitro efficacy of allicin on chicken Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Parasitology Research, 114(10): 3913-3915. Available at:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-015-4637-2
Arina MI and Harisun Y (2019). Effect of extraction temperatures on tannin content and antioxidant activity of Quercus infectoria (Manjakani). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 19: 101104. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101104
Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Brisibe F, Magalhaes PM, Ferreira JF, Luthria D, Wu X, and Prior RL (2009). Nutritional characterisation and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L. Food Chemistry, 115(4): 1240-1246. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.033
Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Owai PU, and Brisibe F (2008). Dietary inclusion of dried Artemisia annua leaves for management of coccidiosis and growth enhancement in chickens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(22): 40834092. Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59520
Chung LY (2006). The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide. Journal of Medicinal Food, 9(2): 205-213. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.205
Cobaxin-Cárdenas ME (2018). Natural compounds as an alternative to control farm diseases: Avian coccidiosis. Farm animals diseases, recent omic trends and new strategies of treatment. pp. 135-149. DOI:
https://www. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen. 72638
de Gussem M (2007). Coccidiosis in poultry: Review on diagnosis, control, prevention and interaction with overall gut health. Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. pp. 253 - 261. Available at: https://asset-
pdf.scinapse.io/prod/1578533817/1578533817.pdf
del Cacho E, Gallego M, Francesch M, Quílez J, and Sánchez-Acedo C (2010). Effect of artemisinin on oocyst wall formation and sporulation during Eimeria tenella infection. Parasitology International, 59(4): 506-511. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2010.04.001
Dragan L, Gyorke A, Ferreira JF, Pop IA, Dunca I, Dragan M, Mircean V, Dan I, and Cozma V (2014). Effects of Artemisia annua and Foeniculum vulgare on chickens highly infected with Eimeria tenella (Phylum Apicomplexa). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 56: 22. Available at:
https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/17 51-0147-56-22
Dragan L, Titilincu A, Dan I, Dunca I, Dragan M, and Mircean V (2010). Effects of Artemisia annua and Pimpinella anisum on Eimeria tenella (Phylum Apicomplexa) low infection in chickens. Scientia Parasitologica, 11(2): 77-82. Available at: http://www.zooparaz.net/scientia/2010 11 02/sp2010-pp077-082%20-%20Dragan.pdf
Ekiert H, Swiqtkowska J, Klin P, Rzepiela A, and Szopa A (2021). Artemisia annua-importance in traditional medicine and current state of knowledge on the chemistry, biological activity and possible applications. Planta Medica, 87(08): 584-599. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1055/a-1345-9528
Huang Q, Liu X, Zhao G, Hu T, and Wang Y (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2): 137-150. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004
Haug A, Williams RB, and Larsen S (2006). Counting coccidial oocysts in chicken faeces: A comparative study of a standard McMaster technique and a new rapid method. Veterinary Parasitology, 136(3-4): 233-242. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.024
Ibrahim D, Ismail TA, Khalifa E, Abd El-Kader SA, Mohamed DI, Mohamed DT, Shahin SE, and Abd El-Hamid M I (2021). Supplementing garlic nanohydrogel optimized growth, gastrointestinal integrity and economics and ameliorated necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens using a clostridium perfringens challenge model. Animals, 11(7): 2027. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072027
Idris M, Abbas R, Masood S, Rehman T, Farooq U, Babar W, Hussain R, Raza A, and Riaz U (2017). The potential of antioxidant rich essential oils against avian coccidiosis. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(1): 89-104. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0043933916000787
Jiao J, Yang Y, Liu M, Li J, Cui Y, Yin S, and Tao J (2018). Artemisinin and Artemisia annua leaves alleviate Eimeria tenella infection by facilitating apoptosis of host cells and suppressing inflammatory response. Veterinary Parasitology, 254: 172-177. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.017
Johnson J and Reid WM (1970). Anticoccidial drugs: Lesion scoring techniques in battery and floor-pen experiments with chickens. Experimental Parasitology, 28(1): 30-36. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(70)90063-9
Kim WH and Lillehoj HS (2019). Immunity, immunomodulation, and antibiotic alternatives to maximize the genetic potential of poultry for growth and disease response. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 250: 4150. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1016/i.anifeedsci.2018.09.016
Lee K, Lee K, Kim G, Kim J, Yeon J, Cho S, Chang B, and Kim S (2016). Effects of dietary fermented garlic on the growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morphology, cecal microflora and serum characteristics of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18(3): 511518. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0242
Lillehoj HS and Lillehoj EP (2000). Avian coccidiosis. A review
of acquired intestinal immunity and vaccination strategies. Avian Diseases, 44(2): 408-425. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.2307/1592556
Masood S, Abbas RZ, Iqbal Z, Mansoor M, Sindhu Z, Zia M, and Khan JA (2013). Role of natural antioxidants for the control of coccidiosis in poultry. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 33(4): 401-407. Available at: http://pvj.com.pk/pdf-files/3 3_4/401 -407.pdf
Muthamilselvan T, Kuo TF, Wu YC, and Yang WC (2016). Herbal remedies for coccidiosis control: A review of plants, compounds, and anticoccidial actions. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016: 2657981. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2657981
Nagamune K, Beatty WL, and Sibley LD (2007). Artemisinin induces calcium-dependent protein secretion in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Eukaryotic Cell, 6(11): 2147-2156. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1128/EC.00262-07
Nahed A, Abd El-Hack ME, Albaqami NM, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, Swelum AA, El-Saadony MT, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, and AbuQamar SF et al. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: A review. Poultry science, 101(1): 101542. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101542
Navidshad B, Darabighane B, and Malecky M (2018). Garlic: An alternative to antibiotics in poultry production, a review. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(1): 9-17. Available at:
https://ijas.rasht.iau.ir/article 538739 10bf7af3d2370e37f6f 2a07eb1988470.pdf
Noack S, Chapman HD, and Selzer PM (2019). Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitology Research, 118(7): 2009-2026. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5
Ogbuewu I, Okoro V, Mbajiorgu E, and Mbajiorgu C (2019). Beneficial effects of garlic in livestock and poultry nutrition: A review. Agricultural Research, 8(4): 411-426. DOI: https://www. doi. org/10. 1007/s40003-018-03 90-y
Peek H and Landman W (2011). Coccidiosis in poultry: Anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Veterinary Quarterly, 31(3): 143-161. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2011.605247
Quiroz-Castaneda RE and Dantan-Gonzalez E (2015). Control of avian coccidiosis: Future and present natural alternatives. BioMed Research International, 2015: 430610. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1155/2015/430610
Septembre-Malaterre A, Lalarizo Rakoto M, Marodon C, Bedoui Y, Nakab J, Simon E, Hoarau L, Savriama S, Strasberg D, Guiraud P et al. (2020). Artemisia annua, a traditional plant brought to light. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14): 4986. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144986
Starcevic K, Krstulovic L, Brozic D, Mauric M, Stojevic Z, Mikulec Z, Bajic M, and Masek T (2015). Production performance, meat composition and oxidative susceptibility in broiler chicken fed with different phenolic compounds. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(6): 1172-1178. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6805
Tewari A and Maharana B (2011). Control of poultry coccidiosis: Changing trends. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 35(1): 10-17. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-011-0034-7
Thangavel G, Mukkalil R, and Chirakkal H (2020). Plant parts and extracts having anticoccidial activity. United States Patents, pp. 1-36. Available at:
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/9f/e5/f4/b57b8 7bd50a764/US10568923 .pdf
Tosi G, Massi P, Antongiovanni M, Buccioni A, Minieri S, Marenchino L, and Mele M (2013). Efficacy test of a hydrolysable tannin extract against necrotic enteritis in challenged broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12(3): e62. DOI:
https://www.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2013.e62
Waqas M, Akhtar R, Akbar H, Lateef M, Rashid I, and Ijaz M (2018). Evaluation of anticoccidial activity of different extraction products of allium sativum (garlic) in broilers. Journal of The Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 69(3): 1055-1058. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.1887
Willcox M, Bodeker G, Bourdy G, Dhingra V, Falquet J, Ferreira JF, Graz B, Hirt HM, Hsu E, and de Magalhaes PM et al. (2004). Artemisia annua as a traditional herbal antimalarial. Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria, 4: 43-59. Available at:
https://lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/20196 annua as a traditio nal herbal antimalarial.pdf
