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Influence of zeolite honguruu on growth and development, digestibility and metabolism of geese
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UDC 636.6.08 UAC Code 06.02.08
| DOI: 10.32417/1997-4868-2020-196-5-80-85
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vo N. M. Chernogradskaya1, R. L. Sharvadze2, M. F. Grigoriev1E, A. I. Grigorieva3 ^ 1 Yakut State Agricultural Academy, Yakutsk, Russia g 2 Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Blagoveshchensk, Russia q 3 North-Eastern Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
°E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of zeolite honguruu on the growth and development, digestibility and metabolism of geese in the conditions of Yakutia. During the experiment, research methods generally accepted in poultry farming were used. Live weight - by weighing birds, digestibility and metabolism according to the method of VIZH, VNITIP. The scientific novelty of the research was to find the possibility of involving natural zeolite in the feed ration of young goose young in the conditions of Yakutia. For carrying out the experiments, we formed 3 groups of geese of 20 animals in each analogue method. Therefore, we determined the effect of zeolite on growth, development, physiological state, and digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the research is to identify the degree of safety when using zeolite in poultry farming and to obtain an environmentally friendly product for human nutrition. The use of zeolite contributed to an increase in gross increase in live weight by 14.13 % and 19.22 %. So, the supplement contributed to an increase in average daily growth during all periods of cultivation: in 60-70 days - 7.85 % and 15.24 %; in 70-80 days - by 21.73 % and 28.30 %, in 80-90 days - by 13.61 % and 15.76 %. During the experiment, the control group of geese accounted less than the experimental groups of birds - 14.14 % and 19.22 %. A physiological experiment was conducted to determine the effect of zeolite honurin on metabolism. It was found that the additive contributes to better digestion of nutrients in terms of dry matter by 0.9 % and 1.58 %, organic matter by 0.83 % and 1.38 %, protein by 0.64 % and 0.92 %, fat by 0.84 % and 1.58 %, fiber by 0.33 % and 2.21 %, and nitrogen-free extractives by 0.96 % and 1.42 %. During the experiment, it was found that the nitrogen balance in all geese was positive but had differences in the degree of deposition in the body. So the experimental geese of the experimental groups exceeded their peers from the r^ control group by 3.47 % and 5.56 %, respectively. Thus, the use of zeolite zeolite is positive for the growth and development,
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digestibility and metabolism of geese.
Keywords: geese, feeding, feed additives, metabolism.
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.¡^ For citation: Chernogradskaya N. M., Sharvadze R. L., Grigoriev M. F., Grigorieva A. I. Influence of zeolite honguruu on
<5 growth and development, digestibility and metabolism of geese // Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 2020. No. 05 (196). Pp. 80-85.
~ DOI: 10.32417/1997-4868-2020-196-5-80-85.
Paper submitted: 07.04.2020.
(j Introduction increase in the safety of birds. In the USA, Cuba, Bulgaria,
^ Zeolites are of particular importance in the feeding of farm Hungary and Japan, zeolites have been widely used in various
^ animals and birds. Their inclusion in the diet contributes to the industries [14, p. 54].
^ enrichment of the mineral composition, and also to more active Conducted comprehensive research Yu. V. Pavlenko (2018)
^ assimilation of nutrient and mineral elements. Zeolites have on the use of zeolite shivyrtuin as a feed additive in the sec-
^ ion-exchange, sorbing and bactericidal properties [1, p. 433], tors of livestock and poultry, specialized dairy and beef cattle
[4, p. 2], [7, p. 1130], [8, p. 3488], [11, p. 2092], [20, p. 160]. breeding, sheep breeding, fish farming, as well as in the pro-
Zeolites are used in feeding poultry not only as the me- duction of premixes, various veterinary preparations, animal
i—l chanically acting factor, but also as an effective source of feed, etc. showed the economic and practical effectiveness of
macro- and microelements. Their use in feeding birds helps their use in agriculture. It allowed determining the norms for
to mitigate the regime of limited feeding, as well as it im- their inclusion in the diets ensuring environmental safety of
proves the degree of the safety of birds [6, p. 102], [17, p. 2], the resulting food product [16, p. 35].
[18, p. 1633], [19, p. 77], [22, p. 422]. Stationary studies of the effect of various dozolite of the
The first tests of zeolite as feed additives were carried out Khotynetsk field of the Oryol region in the feeding of farm s in Japan in 1965. Zeolite was included in the composition of animals and birds. The authors found out that the optimal dose
feed for birds. Studies have shown that the inclusion of 3.5- for cattle is their inclusion in the amount of 5 % of the dry
'O 10 % of zeolites in animal feed contributed to a decrease in weight of the feed, this proportion was most conducive to
feed intake, as well as an increase in growth intensity and an increasing the immunity and productivity of cattle: increase
in large-fruited by 11.8 %, increase in the content of immunoglobulins by 13.1 % , milk productivity by 7.8 %, young growth in live weight by 7-16 % with a decrease in feed consumption for growth by 0.4-0.5 feed units, improved blood picture (increase in the number of red blood cells by 9.2 %, content total protein by 6.2 % and albumin 5.4 %, improved phosphorus-calcium metabolism in the organism of experimental animals. In feeding sows and piglets, the optimal dose of zeolite incorporation was found to be 3 % of the dry weight of the feed. The use of zeolite in pig diets made it possible to: increase immunity, improve the morphological composition and biochemical parameters of blood, increase the average daily increase by 7.2-13.5 %, save by 11.1 %, reduce the incidence of the gastrointestinal tract. Tests of zeolite in the feeding of hen eggs revealed that the additive is the optimal norm which amounted to 4-5 % of the dry weight of the feed. The use of zeolite 4 % of dry food in the diet of Super nick cross chickens allowed to achieve: improved morphological and biochemical parameters of blood (red blood cells by 1.8-4.2 %, hemoglobin by 3.3-4.6 %, total protein by 9, 7-12.1 %, albumin by 1.6-7.6 %, calcium by 7.0-13.1 %), while the qualitative indicators changed (egg weight increased by 3.3-5.3 %, thickness shells by 13.2-14.6 %, strength by 5.4-16.1 %, egg production by 10.7 %). The use of zeolite 5 % of dry food in the diet of hens cross-country Lohmann Brown, allowed to improve indicators: blood (red blood cells by 6.57.4 %, hemoglobin by 2.8-4.2 %, total protein by 4.9-11,0 %, albumin by 8.9-38.0%, calcium by 13.7-14.6 %), a decrease in feed costs for growth by 5.1-13.0 % and egg production by 10.5 % , preservation by 3.1-9.5 %, egg production by 11.7 %, egg weight by 1.4 %. When using the Khotynets zeolite, the performance indicators were in feeding cattle 1.8 rubles, pigs 3.41-4.76 rubles, chickens - 4.4 rubles for 1 ruble of expenses [5, p. 37].
In Yakutia, there is a large deposit of zeolite - hongu-ruu in the Suntarsky district [9, p. 32065], [10, p. 20010], [15, p. 1652].
The aim of the research is to study the effect of zeolite honguruu on the growth and development, digestibility and metabolism of geese.
Research objectives:
- to study the growth and development of geese when feeding them zeolite honguruu;
- to indentify digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen metabolism of geese when honguruu zeolite is included in the diet.
Methods
The studies were carried out in the subsidiary farm of the Yakut State Agricultural Academy. Scientific and economic experiments were conducted on geese at the age of 8 weeks with the use of zeolite honguruu as part of their diet according to the following scheme (table 1).
Zeolite honguruu was mixed with a daily portion of the diet of birds. The geese were fed 4 times a day, the content is outdoor. The main diet was calculated on the basis of feeding rates, taking into account the availability of feed. The quality of feeding was controlled by live weight, age and the amount of feed consumed. At the end of the experiment, a pathological dissection of three geese from each group was performed, followed by a histological examination of the internal organs. The living conditions of all experimental birds were the same and corresponded to the technology adopted in the Yakut State Agricultural Academy farm.
Results
The organization of feeding geese has its own peculiarities of their growing technology [2, p. 526], [3, p. 536], [13, p. 888]. Therefore, the feeding of geese is taken into account with the calculation of the breeding season of birds, where they must have good nutrition. For a day, geese in a good pasture can consume up to 2 kg of green food.
It is known that geese are distinguished by an intensive metabolism [21, p. 288], [23, p. 2], therefore, their diets should contain all normalized organic, mineral substances and vitamins.
Under the conditions of industrial poultry farming, geese are fed with full-feed feed families in loose and granular form (pellet size does not exceed 6 mm), on average, geese can consume up to 330-350 g of feed per head per day.
There is a message that when energy is reduced to less than 1.01 MJ in compound feeds, a decrease in live weight is observed, and while ensuring high caloric content of compound feed (above 1.17 MJ), obesity and termination of egg laying are observed.
Therefore, the diets of geese should be optimal in accordance with modern detailed feeding standards. Feeding of adult geese should be carried out taking into account their biological cycle and level of productivity. Therefore, the quality control of feeding geese should be carried out systematically taking into account the live weight and quality of the eggs. When feeding goslings take into account the breed, age and direction of productivity. In the first eight weeks, goslings are characterized by very intensive growth, therefore, for sufficient supply, highly nutritious diets are required.
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Table 1
Scheme of experience in testing honguruu in the diet of young geese
Group of birds Experimental groups Number of animals Feeding conditions
Control 20 BD
Fattening young geese I experimental group 20 BD + Х 3 % of the dry matter of the diet
II experimental group 20 BD + Х 5 % of the dry matter of the diet
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When growing geese, they can use the dry type of feeding, namely the use of full-feed compound feeds in accordance with modern classifiers (brands PK-31, PK-32, PK-33).
Peculiarities of feeding geese from other types of farm birds lies in the possibility of eating feed at night. Therefore, in the evening, the feeders are filled with feed and drinking water. With poor plumage, goslings need to include methio-nine or feather flour in the diet, and instead of water, drink a weak solution of sodium chloride (0.2-0.3 %) for 2-3 days to better cleanse the beak.
This must be done to preserve the number of birds.
During the day, geese can consume up to 2 kg of green food. Geese perfectly eat the green mass of legumes and cereal grasses.
Experimental geese on walking grounds from special feeders received up to 15 % of fresh herbs and mixed fodder, chalk, vitamin and amino acid supplements (lysine, methionine and cystine), to improve digestibility, along with gravel, they gave honguruu.
An active exercise was organized daily for experimental geese, feeding of experimental geese was organized 5-6 times a day until reaching 30 days of age, 4 times until reaching 60 days, 3 times - over 2 months of age. During the experiment, geese were provided with clean, warm drinking water, in order to improve the vitamin-amino acid nutrition of birds, trivit and methionine were additionally included in the diet (table 2).
Feeding analysis of geese meets the required feeding standards. Energy supply is 101.2 %; the ratio of calcium and
phosphorus is 1.73:1, according to the composition of the essential amino acids, there are some differences in the lysine content of 85.4 %, methionine + cystine, respectively, 86.2 %; there is a lack of sodium of only 30 %.
The quality control of the feeding of experimental geese was evaluated by live weight and the amount of feed consumed.
At the age of 9 weeks, experimental birds consumed cereal grasses, complete feed from 30 to 90 g or more (per head per day), as well as 150 g of cabbage leaf (table 3).
At the end of the scientific and economic experiment, experimental geese consumed 270 g of mixed feed and 150 g of cabbage leaf or 3.040 MJ of exchange energy, which corresponded to the required feed for bird feeding in terms of energy content.
Thus, the analysis of the actual feeding of the experimental geese corresponded to the norms of feeding poultry.
According to [12, p. 11], the quality control of feeding young geese should be carried out according to live weight and average daily feed intake (table 4).
The live weight of the experimental geese was recorded at the beginning of the experiment - 3248-3254 g, at the end of the experiment it was 5180.06 g in the control, 5450.41 g in the experimental I and 5554.59 g in the experimental II (fig. 1).
The addition of 3 % honguruu to the main diet, or 8.6 g/day per head in the experimental group I increases the gross increase in live weight by 14.13 % (P > 0.999), in the experimental group II, where the supply of zeolite was 5 % (14,4 g/day) - by 19.22 %, compared with the control (P > 0.999).
Table 2
The ration of geese during the experiment (age 8 weeks, live weight 3250 g), per one head per day
Index Norm Geese group
Control I experimental group II experimental group
Compound feed, g 328 328 328
Cabbage leaf, g 100 100 100
Zeolite,% of the dry matter of the diet or g per day per 1 head — 8.6 g 14.4 g
The ration contains, g:
Metabolic energy, MJ 3.961 4.009 4.009 4.009
Dry matter 280.0 293.0 293.0 293.0
Crude protein 75.0 64.7 64.7 64.7
Crude fiber 15.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
Fat 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.8
Calcium 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.5
Phosphorus 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4
Lizin 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4
Methionine + cystine 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3
Sodium 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3
Table 3
Ration geese at the end of scientific experience, age 9 weeks
Index The amount of feed, g Metabolic energy, MJ Dry matter, g Crude protein, g Crude fiber, g Са, g P, g f g
Compound feed 270 2.835 229.5 42.12 13.23 3.24 1.67 0.74
Cabbage leaf 150 0.209 21.3 3.6 2.85 0.24 0.06 0.07
Total — 3.044 250.8 45.72 16.08 3.48 1.73 0.81
Normally required — 3.040 243 44.2 17.35 3.98 1.83 0.84
Difference — +0.004 + 7.8 +1.52 -1.27 -0.5 -0.1 -0.03
Enough feed, % — 100.1 103.2 103.4 92.7 87.4 94.3 96.4
Control group of geese
1st experimental group of geese
2st experimental group of geese
70 days
80 days
90 days
fu st 60 days of the experiment
Fig. 1. Dynamics of live weight of experimental geese, g
gross inflow
Control group of geese
1st experimental group of geese
2nd experimental group of geese
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Fig. 2. The average daily gain in live weight of experimental geese, g
Table 4
Consumption of feed and nutrients of geese during the experiment (30 days), kg
Indicator During the experiment, one head per experience (all feed) During the experiment, one head per experience (feed) During the experiment for 20 animals per experiment (all feed) During the experiment, 20 animals per experience (feed)
Compound feed PK-32 8.97 10.05 179.4 201.0
Cabbage leaf 3.75 75.0
Meadow grass, g 5.10 153.0
Contained in the diet
ME, MJ 117.6 117.6 2 352.0 2 352.0
ME, kcal 28 350.0 28 350.0 567 000.0 567 000.0
Crude protein, g 1 769.1 1 809.0 35 382.0 36 180.0
Calcium, g 160.5 160.8 3 210.0 3 216.0
Phosphorus, g 74.7 80.4 1 494.0 1 608.0
Sodium, g 43.8 40.2 876.0 804.0
Zeolite honguruu (I experimental group), g 300 300 6 000 6 000
Zeolite honguruu (II experimental group), g 510 510 10 200 10 200
The dynamics of average daily gains in live weight of geese with the inclusion of 3 % and 5 % honguruu is presented in the diagram (fig. 2).
The addition of honguruu to the daily diet of geese contributed to an increase in the average daily growth of young animals of the experimental groups of birds in comparison with the control group of geese by growing periods: in 60-
70 days - 7.85 % and 15.24 %; in 70-80 days - by 21.73 % and 28.30 %, in 80-90 days - by 13.61 % and 15.76 %, respectively. On average, the control group lost 14.14 % and 19.22 % to the experimental groups of birds during the experiment. For all growing periods, the difference is significant P > 0.999. This proves that honguruu has a positive effect on the growth and development of experimental geese.
Table 5
The digestibility coefficient of nutrients of geese, % (M ± m, n = 3)
Geese group Dry matter Organic matter Protein Fat Cellulose nitrogen-freeextractive substances
Received with feed, g
Control 269.82 248.21 56.95 13.73 19.76 157.76
I experimental group 269.82 248.21 56.95 13.73 19.76 157.76
II experimental group 269.82 248.21 56.95 13.73 19.76 157.76
Excreted in feces, g
Control 94.93 ± 13.33 77.57 ± 10.50 10.44 ± 1.80 5.05 ± 0.88 9.42 ± 1.09 52.65 ± 6.85
I experimental group 92.51 ± 4.85 75.51 ± 3.87 10.07 ± 0.76 4.93 ± 0.48 9.35 ± 1.10 51.14 ± 2.75
II experimental group 90.67 ± 4.81 74.15 ± 3.81 9.91 ± 0.72 4.83 ± 0.54 8.98 ± 0.53 50.41 ± 2.95
Digested, g
Control 174.88 ± 13.33 170.63 ± 10.50 46.50 ± 1.80 8.68 ± 0.88 10.34 ± 1.09 105.10 ± 6.85
I experimental group 177.30 ± 4.85 172.69 ± 3.87 46.87 ± 0.76 8.79 ± 0.48 10.41 ± 1.10 106.62 ± 2.75
II experimental group 179.14 ± 4.81 174.05 ± 3.81 47.03 ± 0.72 8.89 ± 0.54 10.78 ± 0.53 107.34 ± 2.95
Digestibility coefficient, %
Control 64.81 ± 4.94 68.74 ± 4.23 81.66 ± 3.17 63.20 ± 6.44 52.33 ± 5.56 66.62 ± 4.34
I experimental group 65.71 ± 1.79 69.57 ± 1.56 82.30 ± 1.34 64.04 ± 3.52 52.66 ± 5.59 67.58 ± 1.74
II experimental group 66.39 ± 1.78 70.12 ± 1.53 82.58 ± 1.26 64.78 ± 3.99 54.54 ± 2.71 68.04 ± 1.87
Table 6
Nitrogen balance of experimental geese, (M ± m, n = 3)
Indicator Geese groups
Control I experimental group II experimental group
Taken with food, g 3.17 ± 0.00 3.17 ± 0.00 3.17 ± 0.00
Allocated, g 1.74 ± 0.30 1.68 ± 0.13 1.52 ± 0.06
Digested, g 1.44 ± 0.30 1.49 ± 0.13 1.52 ± 0.06
Balance, (+, -) +1.44 ± 0.30 +1.49 ± 0.13 +1.52 ± 0.06
Used from accepted,% 45.26 ± 9.47 47.12 ± 4.01 47.85 ± 2.00
The digestibility and nutritional balance of the diet in experimental geese was carried out in the middle of a scientific and economic experiment by putting 3 heads from each study group according to the generally accepted zootechnical method. The digestibility ratios of nutrients of birds are presented in table 5.
In the course of studies it was found that honguruu influenced the digestibility of nutrients, so the control group of geese lost to the experimental groups I and II of the birds in terms of indicators: dry matter by 0.9 % and 1.58 %, organic matter by 0.83 % and 1.38 %, protein 0.64 % and 0.92 %, fat 0.84 % and 1.58 %, fiber 0.33 % and 2.21 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances 0.96 % and 1.42 %, respectively.
An increase in the digestibility of nutrients in diet components in experimental groups of young geese is explained by the action of honguruu on the rate of digestion of feed.
The data of the balance sheet data are presented in table 6. Studies have shown that the nitrogen balance in all groups of experimental geese was positive but had differences in the degree of deposition in the body. So geese of I and II of the experimental groups exceeded their counterparts from the control group in terms of nitrogen digestibility by 3.47 % and 5.56 %, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion Thus, the experimental data showed that the inclusion of honguruu in the diet of experimental geese contributed to a better assimilation of nitrogen by the body. At the same time, the best dose that showed the highest result was honurin at a dose of 5 % of the dry matter of the diet.
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Authors' information:
Nataliya M. Chernogradskaya1, candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor of the department of general zootechnics, ORCID 0000-0002-7293-8474, AuthorID 509043
Roini L. Sharvadze2, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor of the department of feeding, breeding, pet hygiene and production of livestock products, ORCID 0000-0003-4624-5620, AuthorID 478002; [email protected] Mikhail F. Grigoriev1, candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor of the department of general zootechnics, ORCID 0000-0002-5910-9268, AuthorID 706188; [email protected]
Aleksandra I. Grigorieva3, senior lecturer of the department of higher mathematics, ORCID 0000-0002-5968-2400, AuthorID 574179
1 Yakut State Agricultural Academy, Yakutsk, Russia
2 Far Eastern State Agrarian University, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
3 North-Eastern Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
