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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES / «ШУУШУУМ-ЛЭУШаУ» #ЩШ4)), 2021
Akhmetchina T. A.
doctoral student
Kostanay Regional University after A. Baitursynov DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-17104-12-15 INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF FEEDING ON THE MILK PRODUCTIVITY AND METABOLIC
PROCESSES OF DAIRY COWS
Аннотация.
В статье приведены результаты исследований влияния типа кормления на молочную продуктивность и обменные процессы молочных коров. Выявлено, что при сенажно-силосном типе кормления коровы существенно превосходили по величине удоев своих аналогов, чем при силосно-концентратном типе кормления.
Abstract.
The article presents the results of studies of the influence of the type offeeding on the milk productivity and metabolic processes of dairy cows. It was revealed that in the haylage-silage type of feeding, cows significantly exceeded their counterparts in terms of milk yield than in the silage-concentrate type offeeding.
Ключевые слова: молочная продуктивность, коровы, корма, рацион, обменные процессы.
Keywords: milk productivity, cows, feed, diet, metabolic processes.
The natural and economic conditions of different areas of the country are not the same for feed production and animal husbandry development. Taking into account these conditions, the types of feeding and diets for farm animals are developed. They are most important when feeding cattle and especially dairy cows. For a long time on dairy farms, the silage type of diet with a content of up to 50% or more in terms of the nutritional value of corn silage prevailed in the feeding of dairy cows. The increase in the productivity of dairy cattle breeds affected the structure of the diets of the dairy herd.
In recent years, dairy cows have been focused on producing large amounts of milk and are aimed at being suitable for intensive production technology, in modern industrial complexes. Therefore, livestock breeders are more interested in ensuring the most complete realization of the inherent high genetic potential of dairy productivity and feeding, in the current conditions of the natural and climatic zone of the Northern region of Kazakhstan.
The research work was carried out in the dairy complex LLP "Olzha Sadchikovskoye" and LLP "Sar-yagash" of Kostanay region. In order to study the influence of silage-concentrate and hay-silage types of feeding on the milk productivity and metabolic processes of Holstein dairy cows.
The research object was the Holstein dairy cows. The selection of animals was carried out according to
the principle of pairs of analogues, taking into account the clinical and physiological state, age, live weight, and productivity. The experimental animals were kept in the exception of the studied factors.
Before the starting of research in the interdepartmental laboratory of the SUSAU of the city of Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region, a studied the chemical composition and nutritional value of all types of feed that are part of the diets for feeding dairy cows. It is established that all feeds meet the requirements of the first class.
The highest dry matter content was in wheat hay (85.41%), which surpassed in this exceeded concentrated feed 2.18%, pea oat haylage 35.4%, corn silage 67.0%. The dry matter of corn silage contained Metabolic Energy - 1.83%, Crude Protein - 2.27%, Crude Fiber - 6.45%; pea oat haylage ME - 4.86%, CP -6.06%, CF - 8.0%.
The diets of dairy cows were balanced in accordance with the methodological guidelines for feeding norms compiled by A.P. Kalashnikov. (2003). The physiological state of the experimental animals was judged by the changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood. Milk productivity of cows for 305 days of lactation was taken into account by control milking.
The ration of the silage-concentrate type farm consisted of corn silage 50.0% of the total nutritional value, mixed feed 27.35%, wheat hay 11.33% and potatoes 11.33%.
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■ Wheat hay ■ Corn silage ■ Mixed feed ■ Potatoes Figure 1. Structure of silage-concentrate ration
In the haylage-silage ration, the share of silage was reduced to 17.0%, mixed feeds from 27.35% to 17%, pea-oat haylage was added 37.3%, and root crops (carrots, sugar beets), which amounted to 23.7%. At the
same time, the total nutritional value of the haylage-si-lage ration is balanced to the norm of 23.7 for the corresponding dairy cow.
Cows eat more feed and with better appetite when the daily ration contains an optimal ratio of course, succulent and concentrated feed.
Figure 2. Structure of the haylage-silage ration
The use of a haylage-silage type ration in feeding dairy cows, with the content of pea-oat and corn silage from the total nutritional value of haylage, contributes to the improvement of feed consumption. As a result, the animals receive more nutrients and energy, which helps to increase milk productivity and improve the quality of milk.
Studies of the milk productivity of experimental animals have shown that the formation of milk yields for the second and third lactation has its own characteristics, which are influenced by the type of feeding animals. Throughout lactation, all groups had significant
fluctuations in milk yields. The lactation curves of the cows of the experimental groups are shown in Figure 1, 2. During the period of milking, the milk yield of cows increases, due to the normalized feeding and partly due to the internal reserves of nutrients in the body of animals, which they accumulate during the dry period. After the end of milking, milk yield in cows begins to decrease, which is characteristic of the physiology of lactation. To get high milk yield from a cow for lactation, it is necessary to keep the lactation activity of the body at a high level for as long as possible.
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Figure 1. Lactation curves of cows of the second lactation for 305 days
With the haylage-silage type of cow feeding, the dynamics of milk yields by months of lactation significantly differs from the use of the silage-concentrate type of diet. The experimental animals were character-
The animals of LLP «Saryagash», during the period of milk yield, had rather high (1015-1020 kg of milk), stable milk yields. The maximum monthly milk yield was 45 kg (11.6%) higher than that of the LLP «Olzha Sadchikovskoe» cows. From the 5th to the 7th months of lactation, when all the cows were successfully fertilized, a stabilization of milk yields, monthly changes are 7.5-10.9%. With the beginning of the period of intensive fetal growth (5-6 months of pregnancy), which falls on the 9th-10th month of lactation, the next stage of intensive reduction in milk yields begins. In cows of the first and third groups, milk yield decreases by 11.6-17.5% every month, and in animals of the second and fourth groups-by 16.8-20.7%.
there is a decrease in milk yield for the third month by an average of 60-80 kg of milk (10.0%), for the third month - by 100 kg (18.8%), despite the fact that the cows were fed in accordance with the technology of
Thus, having considered the dynamics of milk yields by months of lactation in cows, in the conditions of the Kostanay region with different types of feeding, significant differences were revealed between the experimental animals. It was found that in the haylage-silage type of feeding, cows significantly exceeded their counterparts in the silage-concentrate type of diet in terms of milk yield per month. Blood tests showed that the morphological and biochemical composition of blood in animals of all experimental groups was within the physiological norm.
Animals were relatively low content of red blood cells and, conversely, a relatively high content of leukocytes, which may explain the different structure of the diets and feeding technologies, as well as, unusual
ized by maximum milk yields immediately from the first month of lactation. After the peak of lactation
milking.
Figure 2. Lactation curves of cows of the third lactation for 305 days
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for Holstein, a high proportion of acidic foods in diet composition (table. 1). Blood erythrocytes of animals with hay-silage feeding was 6,1x10 /l, which is 0,6x10 /l (11.1 percent) more than those of their counterparts in the silage-concentrate ration.
A high content of silage in the ration, characterized by a low content dry matter and an acidic reaction of the environment. In the blood of animals with the silage-concentrate type of feeding, the hemoglobin concentration was 18.6 g / l (15.3%) lower than that of their counterparts with the silage-silage type of ration.
In cows, the content of leukocytes decreased, with the silage-concentrate type of feeding by 1.1x109 / l (11.6%), with the silage-silage - by 1.2x 109 / l (13.3%).
Analysis of the leukocyte formula of the experimental cows showed that it has a pronounced lymphocytic character, and the ratio of individual blood cells corresponds to physiological parameters and indicates the absence of inflammatory processes in the animal body and the strengthening of the immune system.
Table 1
Morphological composition of blood
Indicator Type of feeding
Silage-concentrate Haylage-silage
group
1 2 3 4
Erythrocytes, 1012/l 5,5±0,27 6,2±0,23 6,1±0,19 7,1±0,6
Hemoglobin, g/l 103,1±2,29 113,0±1,43 121,5±1,36 125,9±1,24
Leukocyte, 109/l 9,6±0,69 8,5±0,38 91±0,53 7,9±0,23
Leukogram, %: basophils 0,6±0,02 0,3±0,03 0,7±0,04 0,3±0,03
Eosinophils 6,5±0,18 5,7±0,11 6,6±0,233 6,7±0,17
Rod-shaped neutrophils 5,0±0,16 4,8±0,13 5,4±0,17 4,6±0,22
Segmented neutrophils 26,7±0,31 27,2±0,15 26,9±0,23 24,9±0,22
Lymphocytes 58,0±0,46 58,8±0,24 56,8±0,41 59,5±0,36
Monocytes 3,2±0,07 3,5±0,03 3,5±0,18 4,1±0,16
In cows, the content of basophils decreased with the silage-concentrate type of feeding by 0.4%, with the silage-silage by 0.4%, eosinophils, respectively, by 0.8 and 0.2%, stab neutrophils - by 0.4 and 0, 7%, segmented neutrophils with the silage type of feeding increased by 0.5%, and with silage and silage it decreased by 2.0%, the content of lymphocytes increased by 0.8 and 2.7%, monocytes - by 0.3 and 0, 6%.
References:
1. Kalashnikov, A. P. Norms and rations of feeding of farm animals. Reference manual. / A. P. Kalash-nikov and others., - M.: Nauka, 2003. P. 456.
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3. Volgin, V. I. Romanenko, L. V., Fedorova Z. L., E. A. Korochkina Full feeding of dairy cattle as the basis for implementation of the genetic potential of productivity. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. P. 260.
4. Radchikov V. G. fundamentals of nutrition and feeding of farm animals: Krasnodar: kgau, 2014. P. 616.
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