CC BY
17
UDC 801.8
Toshhonov L.T.
English language teacher of Foreign Languages department Andijan agricultural and agrotechnological institute
Uzbekistan, Andijan region
IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH PROSE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
USED NEGATIVE PREFIXES
Annotation: This article is about expression of negation in Uzbek and English prose. Expression of negation is widely applied in written English and Uzbek at the present time, with its occurrence determined by the specific style of the prose; Therefore, if negatives are employed properly according to the style, the sentence pattern will be greatly varied with it language more vivid as well in prose.
Key words: Negation, prefixes, productive, language, parts of speech, and borrowed words.
At the end of the centuries, there has been great intellectual and theoretical importance in negation. The facts that much of the literature is in English mean that many problems of negation in English have been treated, although this is of course unintentional. Such difficulties typically have to do with negative possibility when negation and quantifiers co-occur (as in All schoolboys didn't leave.), neg-raising (as in I don't think he's upcoming) or double or multiple negation (I don't know nothing no more), depending on the particular interests and backgrounds of individual scholars. In this article, it is treated negation in English, but we focus on implied negation which has not been given too much attention in the literature, even though this phenomenon is ubiquitous. However, we believe they are important for our understanding of negation in English and of negation in natural language in general. We deal with the use of implied negation in written language, and we address the question of how and why we use implied negation from a quantitative point of view.
A wide range of material is exemplified, including newspaper articles, fictions, religious writing and so forth. According to Longman dictionary of language teaching, negation is contradicting the meaning or part of the meaning of a sentence. The main negation in English is not, often in its contracted form n't and combined with an auxiliary. Quirk Randolph, el, (1985) in A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, deals with negation as a syntactic process within the clause. They classify negation into three types: (Quirk, 1985)
a. Clause negation, through which the whole clause is syntactically treated as negative (1).
(1) I have finished. (Positive) I have not finished. (Negative)
b. Local negation, in which one constituent (not necessarily a clause
element) is negated, as in sentence (2)
(2) They made some not unintelligent observations.
c. Predication Negation, a minor type applying only after certain auxiliaries, in which the predication is negated (3):
(3) They may not go swimming. (They are allowed not to go swimming)
In order to make a further understanding of negation, three concepts need
to be drawn a distinctive line, negative sentence, negative form and negative meaning.
I) Negative sentence
It belongs to grammatical category which refers to a sentence that contains negative words like not, never, or nowhere. The list of negative words in English is: neither, never, no nobody, none, no one, nor, not, nothing and nowhere. They are also called "Full negatives ". In addition, we can form a negative sentence with Quasi negatives, such as harily, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little, etc. The adverbs of negation convey the idea that the action or state being descried "usually" does not or did not happen or exist, but could have occasionally. They are negative, though not in the absolute sense as sentences with not and never are.
A sentence is called a negative sentence in that it must share the following syntactic features:
a) It is followed by positive checking tag questions:
(4) She doesn't work hard, does she?
b) It is followed by negative tag clauses, with additive meaning:
(5) I haven't finished, {and neither} have you.
c) It gives rise to auxiliary-subject inversion when applied to the initial
position.
(6) Never have I thought of such a strange idea.
(7) Little need I dwell upon the joy of that reunion.
d) It is followed by nonassertive items, such as ever, any
(8) He won't notice any change in you.
II) Negative form
Negative form marks a clause as negative, even if the word not (-n 't) does not occur in it. Though varied in actual patterns, negative form can be primarily divided into two categories: one is with negative words such as not, no, never, nor, and so on, and the other with negative affixes, such as un- ab-, dis-, il-, im-, ir-, in-, mis-, non-, - less etc. In certain contexts, clauses with affixal negation are approximately synonymous with clauses negated by the clause negator not. For example:
(9) That is not true. = That is untrue.
(10) You are not careful. = You are careless
(11) She is not active. = She is inactive.
III) Negative meaning
It differs from the former two in that it means to negate a situation, whatever forms it may take. That is to say, it can be represented in various forms. Mainly
there are two ways to achieve negative meaning. First, it can be achieved by using negative sentences. E.g.
(12) I don't want anything else. (Negative sentence indicating negative meaning)
Second, it can be achieved through words negative in meaning.
a) Quasi negative words, like hardly, barely, seldom, few, little, etc. e.g.
(13) The dormitories could barely house one hundred students.
(14) He hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.
b) Words with negative affixes as those mentioned in (ii) above.
c) Implied negatives, such as fail, prevent, reluctant, deny, absent, etc.
e.g.
(15) She refused to accept his gift.
(16) She is too excited to say anything.
Such sentences are in affirmative forms but they can also be employed to express negative meaning. There is no doubt that many other types of this kind can be found other than the above mentioned, upon which we shall dwell in detail in this paper.
So far, it is clear that negative sentence is not the same as negative form when negative meaning is involved. Sentences (13) and (14) negated respectively by Quasi negative words barely and hardly are negative sentences and furthermore they are negative in meaning and behavior although they do not appear negative in forms. Furthermore, negative meaning is not always indicated by negative form. Sentences (15) and (16) imply negative meaning without any negative form.
After making the three concepts clear, it is necessary to clarify the types of negation. As for the classification of negation, linguists who have researched into words implying negative sentences are of the view that these words can be classified in the following ways.
(I) Full negatives: no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor
(II) Absolute negatives: not at all, by no means, in no way, nothing short of, etc.
(III) Quasi negatives: hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little
(IV) Partial negatives: not every, not all, not much, not many, not always,
etc.
(V) Words with negative implication: fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant, refuse, neglect, absence, instead of, etc.
In terms of negative formation, there are two major categories. One is grammatical, the other semantic.
First, grammatically it refers to sentences containing negative words, such as not, no, neither never, none, nobody, nothing, by no means, etc. That is, that is obvious negator no or not in the sentence as in sentences (1)-(8) above.
Second, semantically it relates to sentences containing words with negative meaning, such as few, little, farfrom, fail to and so on. There is no obvious negator in the sentences as in (13)-(16)
According to the two categories, negation is classified five types: general negation, special negation, negation in forms and in meaning, negation in form but not in meaning, and negation in meaning but not in form.
General negation is the most common form of negation. In this case, a simple positive sentence (or clause within a complex sentence) is negated by inserting the clause negator not between the operator, and the predication, thus making the whole sentence negative. The operator here is the first auxiliary verb of a complex verb phrase or with either or (especially in British English) stative have as the verb in a simple sentence. Thus the negation of They are noisy is They are not noisy, and the negation of He has enough money is He has not enough money. More examples:
(17) I have not told the students.
(18) You mustn 't go to work today.
(19) Peter cannot swim.
If an operator is not present in a positive sentence, it can be made by „creating" the auxiliary do as an operator. This is referred to as the do-construction or do- support. E.g. (20) They like to watch TV. They do not (don't) like to watch TV. In addition, absolute negator never can also be used to negate verbs and made the whole sentence negated, which is referred to as General negation as well, e.g.
(21) I will never go to visit him.
Special negation is contained in sentences that one constituent (not necessarily a clause element) is negated. The negation may be accomplished either by using a negative word such as no or by negating a word or phrase except the verbs. So Special negation is more complicated than General negation not only in formation but also in meanings:
a. Special negation with general negator not.
The negative word not can be used with almost any word or word group in a clause to achieve Special negation, with a view to being more forceful, careful, polite or hesitant. For example, it can be put to use with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrase and quantifiers. E.g.
(22) The policeman told the boys not to play with fire.
b. Special Negation with absolute negator never. E.g.
(23) He warned the children never to play with fire.
c. Special Negation with no and no-words:
(24) I have no time to chat with you now.
(25) I saw nobody in the street.
d. Special Negation with prefixes un-, in-, dis- non- and suffixes, such as -less etc before or behind the negated words:
(26) It is impossible for you to finish the task in two days.
Negation in forms and in meaning is the general and most common way of making a negative state in English. On basis of the semantic meanings and functions that negators perform in different contexts, there are full negation, partial negation transferred negation and so on:
a. Full Negation signifies total no-existence of men, matter, time, place, and so on. In most cases, the negation is constituted by using absolute negative words or other synonymous expressions:
(27) Neither of them can swim.
(28) He was no way responsible for that accident.
(29) A dog cannot fly.
b. Partial Negation negates a part of the whole. Therefore, when it is used together with pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals that carry meaning of universal like All, Every, and Both; adverbs like Always, Often, Quite, and Entirely, not usually does not result in absolute negation but partial affirmation and partial negation. E.g.
(30) Not many of us will go there tomorrow.
(31) Money is not everything.
(33) All is not gold that glitters.
c. Transferred Negation: This form of negation is particularly common in informal style. It is the transfer of the negative from a subordinate clause (generally a that clause) when semantically it belongs to the matrix clause. (Quirk, 1985)
(34) I don't think it's a good idea. (I think it isn't a good idea)
(35) I don't believe I've met you before. (I believe I haven't met you before.)
Negation in form but not in meaning mainly refers to double negation, which is constructed when no, not and so on are used together with other words expressing negative meaning. E.g.
(36) Nobody has nothing to eat. = Everyone has something to eat.
(37) No man is without enemy. = Everyone has enemy.
Besides. There are some other patterns negative in form but not in meaning:
(38) He didn't speak any word until he saw his mother. (Not.. .until)
(39) He likes not only Uzbek but also English. (Not only .but also)
Negation in meaning but not in forms is called by some grammarians
Indirect Negation or Implied Negation. (Quirk, 1985). There are dozens of English words and phrases, though do not look like negative words in forms, are negative in meaning and are widely applied. So the original (either Uzbek or English) must be studied carefully to grasp its dialectical approach to acquire an accurate comprehension; also it is of vital importance to see how the thought of original can be best rendered into idiomatic English.
Thus, we know that implied negation is one branch of negation, which refers to those sentences with negative meaning but in affirmative form from semantic point of view.
Types of implied negation in words and structure: As for the vocabulary and sentence structures, it is impossible for us to cover all in English. Therefore, we will mainly deal with those that are frequently discussed by grammarian and those regularly used in English. All words and structures analyzed and are derived from various grammar books related to this topic.
Classification of Words with Implied Negative meaning is that there are a large number of words with negative meanings (Klima,1964). On the basis of their attribute, they can be divided into the following groups:
1. Noun or noun phrase with negative meaning.
These kinds of nouns include: failure, lack, shortage, refusal, negation, ignorance, absence, reluctance, neglect loss, denial and exclusion. Besides, when some noun is combined with preposition from, it also can imply negative meaning, such as freedom from, deviation from, prevention from, protection from and departure from. E.g.
(1) FAILURE - Success is important because of the failure of the previous attempt to adopt an HNS Convention.
(2) LACK - One factor is the lack of physical breaking facilities, suitable yards and downstream logistics to handle the scrap materials.
(3) SHORTAGE -Towards year-end growing cautiousness was again experienced, due to low economic activity and uncertain prospects, shortage of finance and lack of long-term employment, but not without hopes of the economic locomotives getting the steam up in 1992.
(4) FROM - For freedom from vibration the propeller must turn in a smooth flow of water.
(5) IGNORANCE - Nautical professionals should be competent to ensure that no ship is put at risk through ignorance or inadequate training.
2. Verbs of negative meaning.
There are four kinds of verbs of negative meaning. First type consists of words like fail, miss, escape, defy, baffle, resist, decline, negate, negative, doubt, wonder, lack, grudge, spare, neglect, cease, exclude, ignore, loathe, overlook, deny, and forbid. These words can make a sentence negative in meaning. Negation in this case is called inherent negation. (Zeng, 1993)
(1) FAIL - Directors can be personally liable if they fail to exercise the skill and expertise that may reasonably be expected of someone in their position, having regard to their capabilities and experience.
(2) MISSED - Unfortunately, she missed her opportunity to become the eyes of the Grand Fleet, but the principle if aircraft at sea was now firmly established and moves were afoot to commission more aircraft carriers.
(3) SPARED - Fortunately it spared us from the usual spate of silly resolutions which in the past have made Georgia look like anything but "the empire state of the South".
(4) RESIST - He said that some Justice Act 1993 forbids a manipulation of price- sensitive information, which has not been made public, for personal
advantage.
Second type refers to verbs such as intend, mean, plan, hope, and think. When these verbs are used in past perfective aspect, they can imply negative meaning. E.g.
(1) I had expected that things would turn out like this. (Actually, things didn't turn out like this)
(2) I had planned to go abroad. (In fact, I didn't go)
The third type of words involves those that can convey negative meaning when they are combined with from, such as:
refrain\excuse\save\persuade\protect\prevent\keep\free ... from. E.g.
(1) A Policy might be that Board members and employees should refrain from involving themselves in situations which bring them into a conflict of interest with the corporation.
(2) We are grateful to those who saved them from the breakers yards - a tribute to their builders and the men who served in them both in war and peace.
The fourth type comprises verb phrases such as give up, lose sight of, shut one's eye to, keep off, keep out, turn a deaf ear to and keep... dark. E.g.
(1) Given up - In some cases, such as for whales and dolphins, also for insects generally, despite our continuing efforts we have been unable to find replacement correspondents for those that have given up doing this for us.
(2) Lost sight of - I have lost sight of the survival vessel.
There are other expressions with the same function.
(1)Please keep the news dark. (Don't tell others the news)
Moreover, words like lose, forget, and shun can also indicate negation sometimes. For example,
(1) She forgot to mail the letter. (.. .didn't mail the letter)
(2) He just lost the train. (. didn't catch the train)
3) The lazy man shunned work. (. didn't work.)
3. Adjectives
The adjectives we often come across are, far from, clear of\from, free from\of, short of, devoid of, absent (from), different from, safe from, a far cry from, alien to, foreign to, Greek to, ignorant, reluctant (to), blind to, dead to, deficient (in), exclusive of, loath, far and few between, and all thumbs. E.g.
(1) Far from - Even if berthed alongside or if special moorings are used a ship may be _ far from secure.
(2) Clear of - Stand clear of the ropes as they run.
(3) Free from - Food handlers should be free from communicable diseases.
(4) Deficient - Where the parties have limited liability and allocated risk by agreement, tort remedies should not be allowed to supersede the parties prior understanding of the consequences of deficient performance.
Alike sometimes can also be used to express negative meaning. E.g.
(5) All music is alike to me. (I don't understand music at all.)
4. Adverb
There are two types of adverbs of negative meaning. First type is defined as Quasi negatives such as hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, few and little. E.g.
(1) Hardly - Sorry, I can hardly accept the course you advised me steer.
(2) Rarely - Details of her movements were rarely reported and it must be assumed that voyages were largely confined to her home waters.
(3) Few - Exercise and boredom very few seamen aboard ship exercise hard enough to cause them to become breathless or to increase the rate of their heart-beat.
(4) Little - It should be borne in mind, however, that very little warning of the approach of an intense storm of small diameter may be expected.
These sentences are usually classified in syntactic negation not lexical one, because co-occurrence tests show that they tend to function like explicit negatives. Therefore, these words will be excluded in the following corpus analysis.
Second type only refers to those individual adverbs or adverbial phrases functioned as adverb such as vainly, in vain, otherwise, the least, least of all the last, the limit and out of the question
(5) I informed the foreman to stop using hooks, but in vain.
(6) The last - A strike's the last thing I want.
(7) Out of the question - This made trawling out of the question in the areas the Icebergs grounded.
5. Preposition
Some preposition are named negative preposition, such as away from, out of, and off. E.g.
(1) Ann drove away from home. ~Ann is away from home.
(2) The book fell off the shelf. ~The book is off the shelf.
(3) Tom got out of the water. ~Tom is out of water.
The negative prepositions may be defined simply by adding the word not to the corresponding positive preposition: away from (not at), off (not on), out of (not in). (Quirk, 1985)
There are other preposition that possess negative meaning in certain occasion, such as past, above, without, beyond, instead of, against, below, beside, but, except, from, under, within(not beyond), and beneath(not worthy of). E.g.
(4) Off - This compulsory piece of equipment monitors the international distress channel automatically while the radio officer is off watch.
(5) Out of - Fuel settling-tanks, being generally placed out of sight, high up in the engine-room, are apt to escape attention until a ship has put to sea and begins to roll.
(6) Beyond -I assure you it was beyond my control.
(7) Against -The Third parties may direct a claim against the parties involved in the charter agreement.
Furthermore, some implied negation can be achieved by the combination of preposition and other words, such as at one's wit's end, at the end of one's
rope, at the end of one's row at variance with; but for; in default of, in place of, in the dark about, in spite of, in vain, in lieu of, in defect of; out of one's range, out of order, out of plumb, out of practice, out of shape, out of reason, out of sight, out of square, out of sorts, out of hearing, out of common, out of the corners of one's eye, out of ordinary, out of the picture, out of touch with, out of whack, out of fashion, out of politeness, out of one's element, and out of place,.
But for is not used in the sense of exception, but rather that of negative condition:
(8) But for Gordan, we would have lost the match. (if it hadn't been for Gordan....; if Gordan hadn't played as he did.)
6. Conjunction (mainly subordinators)
Words in this type include unless (if not), lest, for fear (in order that...should not occur), in case (in order not), and before (rather than).
Unless introduces a negative condition; the unless-clause is usually roughly similar to a negative if-clause. With unless there is a greater focus on the conditions as an exception (only if...not). There are therefore contexts in which the unless- clause cannot occur:
I'll feel much happier if he doesn't come with us.
I'll feel much happier unless he comes with us.
Here are more examples:
(1) Unless - Geographical positions refer to the largest scale chart "unless otherwise stated.
Negative purpose is expressed in the infinitive clauses by so as not to and
in
order not to:
(2) Turn the volume down so as not to wake the baby.
(3) I ignored the remark in order not to prolong the dispute.
While in finite clauses it is expressed by in order that.not, but also by specific subordinators: for fear (that)(formal), in case (BrE), or the very formal lest:
(4) They left early for fear (that) they would meet him.
(5) They evacuated the building in case the wall collapsed.
For fear (that) conveys also the meaning of apprehension and requires a modal auxiliary, but in case need not have a modal auxiliary. In (5) there is an implicit negative purpose „in order that, if the wall collapsed, they would not be affected. Archaic lest tends to have a modal auxiliary or the present subjunctive:
(6) Earthen mounds were being hastily erected lest an attack should be\be (esp AmE) launched that night.
Before marks the time before which the situation in the matrix clause applies, but the matrix clause need not be durative: "I started my meal before Adam arrived." But before-clauses are not always true. Nonfactual before-clauses may imply preference, as in (7); or implausibility as in (8): He'll beg for food
before he 'll ask his parents' for money. (He won't ask his parents for money; he would rather beg for food than ask his parents for money)
(7) Pigs will fly before he'll become a mathematician. (He will never become a mathematician) (8) Or the situation in the matrix clause may prevent that in the before-clause from taking place:
He died before writing a will.
(9) Sally stopped Ted before he had a chance to reply. (Ted didn't have a chance to reply)
Some before-clause may be interpreted as either factual or nonfactual:
(10) You still have time before you have any need to register. (You don't have any need to register now)
(11) I sent a donation before I was asked to.
The implication can be paraphrased by the negative conditional clause:
Give me some money. If you don't give me some money, I'll shoot.
According to the addition of suffixes to the words the negative features of formation words is formed and as a result of grammatical changes of words that to change of word meanings from one category to another are also reflected in our national literature. Top representatives of the Uzbek national literature who express the non-division in comics, satire, parables, and short stories by various lexical means.
In particular, parables are one of the most widespread literary genres in the literature of the peoples of the world, written in poetic form or prose and the content is written with the intention of figuratively describing human characteristics and relationships between them and usually express images of animals or plants. From a story or narrative comes a definite contribution that makes a conclusion. Thus, various interpersonal relationships are transferred to animate and inanimate objects- events. On this basis, universal values are glorified, anti-human qualities are condemned.
One of such writers is A.Avloniy, a great scholar who made a great contribution to today's world literature, who left a deep mark on the traditions of oriental literature. In his parable of "The fox and the crow" these qualities are vividly illustrated. The author's parable of "The fox and the crow" was written in 1916. The parable condemns ignorance, foolishness, deceit, ingenuity, and entrepreneurship. In this play, the category of negation is expressed by words and phrases and affixes. The play depicts the ancient problems of the time through figurative images such as the Stork, the Fox and the Crow. The parable is told in the language of these figurative images.
The fox said:
Bu daraxt, yer meros menga otadan,
O'zga joyni in qo'yib yotasan.
Ket bu yerdan bo'lak yerga in sol,
Men kesarman chinorimni alhol.
Laylak aytdi: -Birodarim jonim,
Buzub uyumni, qilmag'il giryon, Uyi yiqqanlar bo'lur xonavayron. Marhamat qil bu yosh go'daklarima, Mone o'lma butun tilaklarima. Bir bolamni beray, yebon to'yg'il, Honavayron qilmay, tinch qo'yg'il ... . Laylakka o'rgatay, dedi bir fan: Xo'b uzundir bo'yingu aqling oz, Qishga yo'q toqating, tilarsan yoz. Tulkining korimi o'tin kesmoq, Shunga ham yetmas aqling, ey ahmoq. Yo'qg'a bir bola aylading qurbon, Befarosat, tushunchasiz, nodon ... .
"Bevatan, bego'ru kafan Qarg'a Laylakka yaxshilik edan Qarg'a!".... The parable "The fox and the crow" is readable. Although the parable was written at the beginning of the century, the poet does not use complex words and phrases in it. On the contrary, he has skillfully used the adjectives "stubborn" and "stupid" to describe the stork.
As we read the parable, we regret that the stork did not use her mind, and we hate her cruelty to her child. Enjoy the crow's ingenuity, or the fox's "regret and sigh" for what he did. In fact, this is the purpose of the poet to write parables.
In this parable, words with negative meanings: qilma-do, o'lma-die, qilmay- do, yo'q-not, oz-little, yo'q-no, yetmas-not enough, befarosat-foolish, tushunchasiz- incomprehensible, bevatan- mother landless, begor-tombless are represented by prefixes and suffixes. That is, the suffixes: -ma, -may, -mas, -siz, the adverbs: oz and yo'q, prefixes "be- and no-" were added to form the negative meaning of the words.
In English literature, the concept of negation is also expressed by using a variety of lexical means. In the interesting English story "A train journey" the negative meanings are also expressed as follows. In the story of "A train journey" is about:
"The people on the train were hot and tired. A tall young man sat next to three small children and their aunt. The aunt and the children talked. When the aunt spoke she always began with 'Don't... .When the children spoke they always began with 'Why... ?' The young man said nothing.
The small boy whistled loudly. 'Don't do that, Cyril,' said his aunt. Cyril stood up and looked out of the window at the countryside.
'Why is that man taking those sheep out of that field?' he asked. 'Perhaps he's taking them to another field where there's more grass,' said the aunt. 'But there's lots of grass in that field. Why can't the sheep stay there?' 'Perhaps the grass in the other field is better.' 'Why is it better?' The young man looked annoyed.
'Oh dear,' thought the aunt, 'he doesn't like children.'
'Sit down quietly, Cyril. Now, listen, I'm going to tell you all a story.'
The children looked bored but they listened. The story was very boring indeed. It was about a very beautiful little girl, who worked hard and behaved beautifully.
Everybody loved her. One day she fell into a lake and everyone in the village ran to save her. 'Why did they save her?' asked the bigger girl.
'Because she was so good,' said the aunt. 'But that's stupid,' said the girl. 'When people fall into lakes, it doesn't matter if they're good or bad, you run to save them.' 'You're right,' said the young man, speaking for the first time. 'That's a ridiculous story.' 'Well, perhaps you would like to tell a story,' said the aunt coldly. 'OK,' said the man. The children looked interested and he began." 41
In this story, the negative meaning of the words is also expressed through various linguistic means. As the story shows, there are no complex language units in this story. The story is written in simple-folk language. In our story, the concept of negation is mainly created with the word "not", negative conjunction "but", pronoun "nothing" and antonymous adjectives: good and better. These tools ensured that the meanings in the text did not contradict each other.
When we are analyzing story we have paid attention to the meaning. it is advisable to study the antonymic pairs of words, word-building antonymic syllabus and antonymic phrases. Everyone knows that antonyms are the opposite meaning words.42 For example: 'When people fall into lakes, it doesn't matter if they're good or bad, you run to save them.
In English some negative is also expressed using the following terms.
It belongs to grammatical category which refers to a sentence that contains negative words like not, never, or nowhere. The list of negative words in English is: neither, never, no nobody, none, no one, nor, not, nothing and nowhere. They are also called "Full negatives ".43
The adverbs of negation convey the idea that the action or state being descried "usually" does not or did not happen or exist, but could have occasionally. They are negative, though not in the absolute sense as sentences with not and never are.
In this story, the negative meaning of the words is also expressed through various linguistic means. As the story shows, there are no complex language units in this story. The story is written in simple-folk language. In our story, the concept of negation is mainly created with the word "not", negative conjunction "but",
41 Liz and John Soars. New headway- elementary student' s book. A story "A train journey". Pages 102-103.//0xford university press, 2000 y.
42 Toshhonov L.T., Gofurova H.T. Role of antonym in the development of students' speech. // Electronic journal "Вопросы науки и образования" № 15 (99), 2020, page 57.
43 Toshhonov L.T. Negation In Sentence "Экспериментальная наука:механизмы, трансформации, Регулирование"// Сборник статей по итогам Международной научно-практической конференции 18 апреля 2020 г. Page 60
pronoun "nothing" and antonymous adjectives: good and better. These tools ensured that the meanings in the text did not contradict each other.
Combining possibilities of negative prefixes what kind of parts of speech that it is necessary to make a syntactic calculation on the base of dictionary in English and Uzbek. The task of word-formation in all the main parts of speech — nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs — enter into antonymic oppositions. However, they were especially widespread in the field of adjectives and verbs. "44
Because, determining productive negative prefixes in the compared languages also allows for more accurate information. When we compared Uzbek and English, the number of suffixes in Uzbek are 171, and the number of suffixes in English are 67.45 However, the number of prefixes in English is much more than in Uzbek. They are: dis- (disloyal), un- (unhappy), in- (invisible), il-(illegal), anti- (antiwar), mis- (misunderstand), a- (amoral), dys- (dysfunction), im- (immaterial), un- (unwise), contra- (contraception). Prefixes with negative meanings in Uzbek are be- (benom, beish), no- (nomaqbul, noiloj), gayri-(g'ayriilmiy, g'ayriqonuniy), bad- (badhavo, badmehr).
In Uzbek prefixes "be-" and "no-" with negative meaning, the word "bad" and the word "bad" and "non-" which in some places is considered as a prefix, is the result of the development of science, technology and other fields. Due to the needs of translation of some Russian words into Uzbek, negative prefix "ne-" express events represented by words with non-prefixes.
Today, a lot of words have been borrowed from Russian into Uzbek. In linguistics prefixes can be classified according to their origin. They can be divided into native and borrowed.46 For example: no-standart, no-kapitalistik.
O.Usman uses the Russian prefix "ne-" to emphasize the indivisibility of some words using the Uzbek prefix "no-": no-standart, no-rentabel. In modern Uzbek lexicology the prefix "no-" is an active negative word-forming prefix. It is known that all these negative prefixes in Uzbek grammar are derived from Arabic and Persian-Tajik languages, these prefixes play an important role in the formation of negative words in the Uzbek language.
In Uzbek language, on the basis of the five-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language" (-Tashkent: OME. 2006-2008), we analyzed the possibilities of adding negative prefixes to parts of speech.
44 Toshhonov L.T., Gofurova H.T. Role of antonym in the development of students' speech. Electronic journal of "Вопросы науки и образования" № 15 (99), 2020, Page 56
45 O.Mo'minov. Lexicology of the English Language. -Tashkent. 2008. Page 32
46 Toshhonov L.T., G'ofurova H.T. Forming negation with the prefixes. Electronic Journal. Вопросы науки и образования № 7 (91), 2020. Page 36
№ Prefixes Total % Noun % Adjective % Verb % Adverb %
1 be- 238 23.9 86 36.3 140 58.8 3 1.2 9 3.7
2 no- 993 78 22 38.2 51 65.3 3 3.8 2 2.5
Totally 1231 101.9 108 74.5 191 124. 1 9 5 11 6.2
In the Uzbek language, words with the negative prefixes "be-" and "no-" are found in 1231 words in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. From them the active prefix "be-" is 23.9%, "no-" is 78%. The most productive prefix in English is "un-", while the most active prefix in Uzbek is "no-".47
There are more negative prefixes in English than in Uzbek. In English a number of negative prefixes have been borrowed from other languages too, such as Uzbek. For example: ab-, ad-, anti-, con-, de-, dis-, pro-, pre-, be-, un-, in- and others.
Most Latin prefixes are learned in English. For example: ab- (absent, absolve, abduct, abstract, abuse, avert), ad- (admit, adhere, accord, accept), ante-antecedent, antedate, anticipate), de- (descend, depart, decompose, deface), dis-and di- or dif- (dissent, divide, differ, diffuse), re- (recede, return, recost, recommend, reassert, reform), in- (invalid, incline, irradiate), un- ( unanimause, unsound, uneasy, unreal).
English negative prefixes are divided into productive and nonproductive prefixes, as in Uzbek. Among the productive prefixes we can take the prefixes a, dis- , dys-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non / non-, un / un-. For example: unexpected, unwise, dysfunction, amorphous, dislike, impossible, unreliable.
The following table is based on the English Macmillan Essential Dictionary (Midsomer Norton. Radstock. United Kingdom. London, 2007), which analyzes prefixes and suffixes that are added to words to form a negative meaning.
47 Qayumova M.S. Syntactic analysis of category of negation in Uzbek and English language. Candidate of philology of science... dissertation. -Tashkent. 2010. page 125
№ Prefixes Total % Noun % Adjective % Verb % Adverb %
1 Ab- 6 0.4 1 50 1 50 - - - -
2 Dis- 227 13.8 78 34.3 43 18.9 101 44.4 5 2.2
3 Non- 60 3.8 31 51.6 29 49.3 - - - -
4 In- 287 17.5 90 31.3 193 67.2 1 0.3 3 10
5 Im- 73 4.5 25 34.2 45 61.6 2 2.7 1 1.3
6 Il- 41 2.4 11 26.8 28 68.2 2 4.8 - -
7 Ir- 40 2.5 10 25 30 75 - - - -
8 Un- 644 39.1 19 2.9 604 93.7 9 1.3 12 1.8
9 Mis- 97 5.8 43 44.3 6 6.1 48 49.4 - -
Totally 1475 89.8 308 300.4 979 490 163 102.9 21 15.3
In the English language, according to the Macmillan essential dictionary, words with negative affixes are 1475 words, the number of words formed using the prefix ab- is 0.4%, "dis-" is 13.8%, "non-" is 3.8%, "in-" is 17.5%, "im-" is 4.5%, "il-" is 2.4%, "ir" is 2.5%, "un-" is 39.1%, "miss-" is 5.8% in the dictionary.48
The list of used literatures:
1. Toshhonov LX, Gofurova H.T. Role of antonym in the development of students' speech. Electronic journal of "Вопросы науки и образования" № 15 (99), 2020, Page 56
2. O.Mo'minov. Lexicology of the English Language. -Tashkent. 2008. Page 32
3. Toshhonov L.T., G'ofurova H.T. Forming negation with the prefixes. Electronic Journal. Вопросы науки и образования № 7 (91), 2020. Page 36
4. Qayumova M.S. Syntactic analysis of category of negation in Uzbek and English language. Candidate of philology of science...dissertation.-Tashkent.2010. page125.
5. Qayumova M.S. Syntactic analysis of category of negation in Uzbek and English language. Candidate of philology of science.dissertation.-Tashkent.2010. page130.
6. Quirk Randolph, A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, 1985
7. Klima, E, (1964), "Negation in English"
8. Lakoff, G. (1965), Irregularity in Syntax. Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York.
48 Qayumova M.S. Syntactic analysis of category of negation in Uzbek and English language. Candidate of philology of science.dissertation.-Tashkent.2010. page130
9. Nurmonov A. The expression assertion and negation by linguistic elements// Uzbek language and literature. -Tashkent. Science. 1979. №1. -p.31-34.
10. Nurmonov A. Learning language systematically and problematic discourse of syntaxes. // Uzbek language and literature. -Tashkent, 1988.-№5. -p.22-26.
11. Onions C.F. Modern English Syntax. -London. 1971.-237p.
12. Postel P. On so-called pronouns in English // Modern studies in English // edited by Reibel D.A., Schone S.A. New Jersey. 1969. -P. 41-68.
13. English Macmillan Essential Dictionary (Midsomer Norton. Radstock. United Kingdom. London, 2007)
