CC BY
18ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY
ABOUT DISEASES Rajabova D.Ya.
Rajabova Dilnoza Yarashovna - Phd Student, Lecturer, DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF HISTORY AND CULTURAL INHERITANCE, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: an insight provided at the article reviews of some profound investigation on the scientific basis the aspects of the struggle of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara against serious medical infectious diseases in the late XIX - early XX centuries is interpreted on the basis of scientific sources. Particular attention will be paid to the political and medical reforms of Amir Said Abdulahadkhan (Emir Seid Abdul Ahad Khan), who ruled during this period. There are comments on the difficult test situation with diseases in the Emirate of Bukhara, the condition of patients and solutions to related problems.
Keywords: locust, plague, cholera, ringworm, paramedic, pharmacy, medicine, doctor, epidemic, isolation, rebellion.
УДК 94 (47)
Reflections on the system of public administration of the Bukhara Emirate in the late XIX -early XX centuries, socio-political reforms of the local aristocracy, the condition of the people and cultural life Valuable information in the works of local historians Mirzo Abdulazim Somi, Mirzo Salimbek, Muhammad Ali Baljuvani, Ahmad Donish, Sadriddin Ayni wrote down. These works are kept in the manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Evidence of the opinion of historians is the works of Sayyid Mansur Olim, son of Amir Alimkhan, as well as the diary of the memory of Amir Abdul Ahad Khan, one of the rare sources that testify to the reforms of this period in the Bukhara Emirate.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Emir of Bukhara was Sayyid Abdul Ahad Khan (1885-1910), who issued a lot laws related to the development of the country. The sources testify to the state administration, political, military, trade, monetary and cultural reforms of him. When Amir Abdul Ahad Khan came to power, the arbitrariness of officials in the country and the oppression of ordinary people by local governors increased. In fact, some beys and governors refused to submit to the central government and tried to become independent. It will first reform governance procedures and the judiciary. In 1886, Amir Abdul Ahad Khan ordered the closure of part of the prisons in the emirate. Heavy punishment abolishes slavery.
During his time there were also reforms in the field of education, the support of the enlighteners, and in the last days of his life he ruled the emirate from Karmana. The fact that Abdul Ahad Khan not only supported the people of knowledge and enlightenment, but also wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Ojiz" is mentioned in the work "Tazkirat-ul-ash'ar" by Haji Nematullo Mukhtaram, written on his behalf. During the reign of the Emir, stability prevailed on the borders of the Emirate of Bukhara, and creative work developed. Looking back on his twenty-six years of rule, Amir Abdul Ahad Khan can be said to be a philanthropist and reformer. His medical reforms are also noteworthy.
In the last century, the separation or closure of the borders of the Bukhara Emirate began in the 1980s with a catastrophic influx of locusts from Afghanistan into the Katta-Kurgan principality of Turkestan. In 1900-1902, a swarm of locusts damaged the fertile lands of many principalities of the Bukhara Emirate, such as Ziyovuddin, Karmana, Nurato, Khatirchi, Guzar and Chirakchi. The Russian officer D.Logofet and the historian of the next period T.Tukhtametov, who gave information about this period in their works, noted that the Emir of Bukhara Abdul Ahad Khan in 1904-1909 received anti-disaster drugs from the Russian Empire. That the liquid was sprayed on
the fields by Bukhara soldiers in special clothing with special equipment [1]. The complete extinction of the locust by larvae (seeds) was achieved in 1917, and therefore the first pharmacy in Bukhara, the arrival of Russian doctors of the highest category, the construction of a medical information and treatment facility Dorush-Shifo under the Ark-Emirate Fortress. A new position of agronomist-engineer will also be introduced in the emirate's office [2].
One of the most common diseases of this period, which ended in Sadriddin Ayni's 'Memoirs', was ringworm. The disease, which began in 1889, killed many ordinary people in Old Bukhara, Karki, Chorjuy, Gissar, Dushanbe, Karshi, and Shakhrisabz. He writes that the number of people who died of the same disease was extremely frightening. The gates of the Old Bukhara region, the center of the emirate, were closed and the population was placed under strict medical supervision. Russian doctors were sent to the Governor-General of Turkestan, and all local doctors and medical workers were paid a separate salary from the Emirate's treasury. During this period, subsequent pharmacies were also opened, providing free medicines and medical care to the very poor patients.
Archival documents confirm that the medical aid sent to Turkestan in the early twentieth century helped to control the epidemics of plague, cholera and malaria that spread during this period [2].
In the summer of 1892, as a result of the cholera outbreak in Tashkent, Jizzakh and surrounding areas, many principalities were isolated, the borders of the Bukhara Emirate were closed, markets and settlements were specially closed, and a military guard system was introduced. The plague killed about twenty people a day, especially in the Kitab district [2].
The malaria, which began in 1898 in the village of Anzob in Samarkand, also led to the isolation of the region. However, in the Pamirs, East Bukhara, Kitab, Old Bukhara, Russian doctors were killed and medical centers were establishedin [4-7]. The harsh living conditions in the Emirate of Bukhara have related that the treatment of the local population is impossible. Authors of this period described the dying people, the crisis-ridden lifestyles and the state of the failed cultural sphere. The emirate's political dependence on the Russian state prevented it from organising drastic decisions. However, Amir Abdul Ahad Khan managed to carry out many reforms in this regard. As a result, by 1895-1898, these diseases were eliminated. A large part of the emirate's treasury was spent on their loss.
In conclusion, the approach, views and opinions of local historians differ on the phenomenon of Amir Sayyid Abdulahadkhan (1885-1910), one of the representatives of the Bukhara mangits of the late XIX and early XX centuries, and its place in the history of Turkestan. Controversial views arise when comparing them with historical sources, memoirs and correspondence of foreign orientalists, materials and documents in the archives of the mass media and periodicals, research of the post-independence years. Our ancestors have experienced severe tests related to diseases in the last century. At the same time, history indicates that some pilgrimages, such as the Plague Rebellion, took place as a result of the closure of roads for Haj pilgrimages and the isolation of the territories [8]. Nevertheless, the fact that the representatives of the public administration, the military and the medical sphere have assumed a high responsibility for all reveals that they have always been in an honorable position. I believe that we will also patiently overcome such catastrophes that our ancestors patiently overcame.
References
1. Logofet D.I. Country of Lawlessness. Bukhara Khanate and its current state. S.-Petersburg,
1909.
2. Tukhtametov T.G. Russia and the Bukhara Emirate at the beginning of the 20th century.
Dushanbe: Ifron, 1977 (in Russian).
3. Ayniy S. Memories. Book II. Dushanbe, 1968 (in Russian).
4. Rajabova D.Y. Socio-philosophical views of local historians on the period of Sayyid
Abdulahadkhan the emir of Bukhara // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation.
24:10 (2020). Pp. 234-243.
5. Rajabova D.Y. The description of administrative system in the emirate of Bukhara during the reign of Said Abdulahadkhan in foreign sources // International Journal on Integrated Education. 3:4 (2020). Pp. 32-35.
6. Rajabova D.Y. The phenomenon of Amir Sayyid Abdulahadkhan and his role in the history of Turkestan // Look to the past. 26:2 (2019). Pp. 80-86.
7. Rajabova D. Y. Some foreign sources about the history of the Bukhara Emirate // Vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya. № 24 (102), 2020. Pp. 19-23.
8. Jamolova D.M. Traveling to Modernity: Perception of Modernity of the Central Asian Muslims in the early 20th century // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilatation 9 (24), 2020. Pp. 4202-4207.
UNIQUE AND INTERACTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING SOCIAL
AND HUMANITIES Hayitova N.I.
Hayitova Nargiza Islamovna - History Teacher, SECONDARY SCHOOL № 3 7, BUKHARA DISTRICT, BUKHARA REGION, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: objective coverage of modern social sciences and their methodological problems, sociopolitical relations between peoples and states based on sources necessitates a civilizational approach to the process of historical development (social approach) and spiritual-intellectual comparative analysis. This article discusses some of the considerations and suggestions of a scientific approach to such processes. It is mentioned that the teaching of social sciences and humanities is a process of organizing teaching and learning, and modern advanced forms of traditional priority methods are emerging.
Keywords: modern worldview, self-study, critical thinking, comparative approach, digital history, classification, systematization.
УДК 94:372.893
The study of the world history and culture of the peoples introduces students to the thousands of years of cultural and spiritual heritage of our generations, their great contribution to the development of world scientific thought and culture, honoring the names of outstanding scientists of our culture. It helps to highlight their contribution to world civilization and reveals their importance.
The history teachers have a great opportunity to raise the national consciousness, self-awareness, political culture, socially active and spiritually mature people of the society as real people, patriots to students. Nevertheless, so far these opportunities have not been fully exploited. Therefore, the social sciences and humanities, along with other sciences, need to develop on the basis of their own approach, depending on the nature of the period.
Nowadays processes of globalization once again demonstrate that the social sciences and humanities must be taught to the young generation with a modern worldview and independent historical consciousness through special interactive methods of development. In particular, the essence of such disciplines as religion, spirituality, philosophy, cultural studies, sociology is to train the next generation of competitive, thoughtful and critical personnel in the most sensitive socio-spiritual processes such as globalization and religious processes. The period has shown that it is not necessary to spend a lot of time to achieve the goal, that is, if the teacher can skillfully motivate students to the desired motive in a short time, the applicant will learn independently from the literature database. This process not only develops a method of self-study in the younger generation, but also develops the learner's critical thinking. This requires very good teaching skills and knowledge from the teacher (speaker). It is not easy to arouse interest in science if the teacher
