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Section 2. History and archaeology
Klichev Oybek Abdurasulovich, The Bukhara State University Scientific researcher of History department, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
Legal aspects of Russian political agency in the emirate of Bukhara (cross over review)
Abstract: In article the agency in Bukhara is considered questions legal aspects Russian political. Including in article are studied question are connected with appointment of political agents and their office problems
Keywords: The emir, political agency, Karmana, V. I. Ignatyev, the qushbegi, correspondence, the letter, the governor general, the ministry, settlements.
End of the XIX century and the beginning of activity the maintenance of Russian court decisions,
the XX th century is characterized by establishment of the embassies, diplomatic missions and consulates of the tsarist government in order to arrange relations with the countries of Asian region. After the establishment of Turkestan general governorship in order to enter into the relations with the countries of the region the diplomatic establishments were formed. The tsarist government had obtained the right ofhaving its representatives in the territory of emirate under the agreement which was signed in 1873 [1].
It is worth to mention that until that period the problems and arising between the Bukhara emirate and the Tsarist Russia were settled between the Qushbegi of Bukhara emirate and the representative of the diplomatic unit of the Turkestan general-governorship [2].
The Russian political liaison officer and the clerks of the political liaison office were appointed by the order of the Ministry of foreign affairs (Tsirkulyar po vedomstvu innostrannih del) and their activities were organized according to the rules of the tsarist government [3]. The Russian political liaison office in Bukhara has fulfilled the following activities during its existence.
1. Unlimited and non appellated court activities in criminal cases: 2. Court in civil cases (in this
sending court calls, the activity linked with prisoners, interrogation), 3. The activity of notary department. 4. Distribution of passports in the framework of the consular activity and the sponsorship for the foreigners. 5. Collection of information about the emirate of Bukhara and Afghanistan in the framework of the activity of diplomatic department. 6. Sponsorship, covering of the Russian commercials and entering into the relations on this issue. 7. As a representative of emperor in emirate of Bukhara (meeting with emir of Bukhara and making observations, the organization of telegrams to the people, the preparation of the list of the people who should be offered gifts and the preparation of orders and IDs, according to the presentation of tsarist administrators the selection of those who will acquire the awards of the emir of Bukhara, the presentation of Russian and foreign citizens to the meeting with the emir of Bukhara). 8. The organization of the relations ofvarious persons, society and establishments with the government of Bukhara. 9. Accordingly to the requirements of the tsarist government disposal of the calculations of the expenditure of the Emirate of Bukhara for the diverse activities. 10. The management of the Russian settlements in the Emirate of Bukhara. 11. The control of the activities of 6 banks operating in Old
Section 2. History and archaeology
Bukhara. 12. The censorship regarding the newspapers published in Bukhara, also of those plays in the scenes of theaters. 13. The control of the fulfillment of the directives of the ministry of Military regarding the displacement of the armed forces in the emirate of Bukhara. 14. The maintenance of the administration in the Russian settlement of New Bukhara, the control over the police, prison and household activity. 15. Direct administration of the Russian-local hospital located in Old Bukhara, women's sanitation unit, Russian-local education sites. 16. The maintenance of the calculation of the expenditure of the assets held in the reserve of the Russian political liaison office in Bukhara and etc.
The ministry of foreign affairs had related in a special way in to the problem of appointing the political liaison officers. Each political liaison officer from his appointment till his discharging had to obey to the typical diplomatic rules [4]. Furthermore, the person who has been appointed as the political liaison officer before entering to fulfil his obligations he had to meet with the group of tsarist and local statesmen and had to obtain from them the information and instruction regarding the situation in the region.
The letter ofMinister of foreign affairs N. K. Girs to the governor general of Turkestan A. B. Vrevskiy dating from the May 4, 1890 expresses the statement of the appointment of the P. M. Lessar to the post of Russian political liaison officer in Bukhara and the request for the governor general to assist him. The fact of the acting of P. M. Lessar as political liaison officer is also expressed in the letter of N. K. Girs to the name of the emir of Bukhara dating from the May 2 [5].
The order of changing and dismissal of political liaison officers were only done due to the instructions of the Ministry of foreign affairs. The new appointee to political liaison officer was provided with the two letters of Ministry of foreign affairs. These letters were written according to the official and diplomatic rules, one of them were addressed to the governor-general of Turkestan and the second was addressed to the emir of Bukhara [6].
The letter sent to emir was written in official manner. In the letter of the minister of foreign affairs to the governor-general the main problems
were tackled. In this the requirement of the warning of the political liaison officer of the situation in the region and the policies undertaken in the region were conveyed. We can see the same case in the following event, according to the aftermaths of the instruction of the Ministry of foreign affairs the appointment of political liaison officer P. M. Lessar to the embassy of Russian empire in London, as his replacement the administrator of Asia department, Collegial secretary of sixth grade V. I. Ignatyev to the place of Russian political liaison officer in Bukhara in June 1895 [7].
As any other political liaison officers V. I. Ig-natyev has arrived in the Bukhara station and expected the obligation of the political liaison officer, after that he was in the reception of the emir in Kar-mana. In this meeting the political liaison officer as a supplement to the letter of the ministry of foreign affairs to the governor-general presented the original letter addressed to the emir of Bukhara.
In this case the administrator of the political liaison office in Bukhara has sent to the Turkestan general governorship plan of the requirement of the events to be done by the diplomatic envoy upon entering to fulfil the job of newly appointed political liaison officer [8]. Before entering to fulfil the job political liaison office the following registries were organized: the treasure of political liaison office, the state property in political liaison office, hotel, entry room, kitchen, the room of interpreter, chancellery, and dining room. These registries are formalized during the time of change ofpolitical liaison officers by the newly appointed political liaison officer and the administrator of the political liaison office.
New political liaison officer had systematized the bilateral acts which included the documents and belongings, also the registries relating to the diverse aspects of political liaison office. The act consists of the information of the following five types. 1. The money deposits held in the cache of the political liaison office and in the bank accounts. 2. The quantity of post stamps which are used at spending consular fees. 3. The scale of deposit savings. 4. Encrypted codes, stamp, registry and the archive of Russian political liaison office in Bukhara. 5. The registry of state property in political liaison office.
Like the exchange of information between the establishments of diplomatic representations of the tsarist government the Russian political liaison officers also informed the representatives of establishments included into the system ofMinistry offoreign affairs of the Russian Empire with the official letters after their appointment. In 1911 political liaison officer A. S. Somov, and L. K. Belyayev who entered to the fulfillment ofthe job ofpolitical liaison officer in February 1914, also informed about their appointment to the consuls of Russia working in foreign countries [9]. Consul and ambassadors in their answer letters to the A. S. Somov and L. K. Belyayev expressed their happiness from the appointment to the job of political liaison officer and willingness to assist with their help in order to conduct diplomatic relations.
The ministry of foreign affairs had followed the policy of periodical changing of the workplaces due to the requirement of diplomatic missions and consulates which are united in its system. This situation is settled according to the consequent directives and instructions of the ministry. The political liaison officers had to inform the emir's administration if such measures occurred.
Thus, Y. Y. Lyutsht in his letter to the qushbegi of Bukhara emirate dating from the July 17, 1910 has informed about his departure to special mission due to
the instruction of the Ministry of foreign affairs and was giving his responsibilities as the administration of the political liaison office to I. I. Reshetov [10]. The qushbegi in his turn had expressed his appreciation for being informed on the issue of the problems arising between the emirate and the political liaison office and on whom they had to refer.
It is worth to mention that, according to the documents the administrator of the Russian political liaison office had informed respectively the representatives of Russian elite in Russian settlements, the director of the State bank in Old and New Bukhara, military administrators of the Karki, Chardjou, Ter-miz about the appointed political liaison officer who was nominated for a certain period of time.
The correspondence of political liaison office with the representatives of emirate, specifically the communication with the chancellery of Qushbegi are serving as the prime source in studying the history of the emirate of Bukhara, but also in the study of the political liaison office holding the paramount place in the system of the ministry of foreign affairs of the tsarist government. Therefore, the plenipotentiary role of political liaison officer and the extent of his activities' structure have ascended him to the level of "unofficial governor" can be spotted from the correspondences.
References:
1. Central State Archive of Uzbekistan (Central State Archive of Uzbekistan). Fund №-I-3, registry - № 2, folio - № 1, P. 2.
2. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-3, registry - № 34, folio - № 603, P. 15.
3. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-3, registry 2, folio 272, P. 2-4.
4. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-2, registry - 2, folio - № 515, P. 11-12; Fund - № I-3, registry-2, folio - № 434, P. 2-3.
5. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-1, registry-34, folio - № 725, P. 1-2.; Fund - № I-1, registry-34, folio -№ 725, P. 3-4.
6. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-1, registry-34, folio - № 807, P. 11.
7. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-1, registry-34, folio - № 807, P. 1.
8. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-3, registry-2, folio - № 498, P. 20-29.
9. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-2, registry-2, folio - № 542, P. 1-26.
10. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-3, registry-2, folio - № 142, P. 212.
11. CSA of Uzbekistan. Fund - № I-3, registry-2, folio - № 272, P. 9-12.
