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ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
SOME FOREIGN SOURCES ABOUT THE HISTORY
OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE Rajabova D.Ya. Email: Rajabova6102@scientifictext.ru
Rajabova Dilnoza Yarashovna - Phd Student, Lecturer, DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF HISTORY AND CULTURAL INHERITANCE, BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: an insight provided at the article reviews of some profound investigation on the scientific basis the aspects of the Bukhara Emirate studied by some foreign orientalists in the late XIX - early XX centuries. There are many works, memoirs, maps, reports and artistic and journalistic sources of European researchers about the Bukhara Emirate. Orientalists, military, naturalists and geographers have taken the lead in this regard, and the sources they have left bear witness to the archaeological, toponymic, ethnographic and historical conditions of the country. In particular, a number of scientists such as D.N. Logofet, O. Olufsen, S. Hedin, C. W. Eleroy are among them.
Keywords: Bukhara emirate (khanate), oriental studies, source studies, manuscripts, explorer, Turkestan, harem, palace, natural resources, border.
О НЕКОТОРЫХ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ ИСТОРИИ БУХАРСКОГО ЭМИРАТА Ражабова Д.Я.
Ражабова Дилноза Ярашовна - базовый докторант, преподаватель, кафедра философии, факультет истории и культурного наследия, Бухарский государственный университет, г. Бухара, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в статье анализируются многие аспекты Бухарского эмирата, изучаемые некоторыми зарубежными востоковедами в конце XIX - начале XX веков. О Бухарском эмирате много работ, воспоминаний, карт, отчетов и художественных и публицистических источников европейских исследователей. Востоковеды, военные, естествоиспытатели и географы взяли на себя ведущую роль в этом отношении, и оставленные ими источники свидетельствуют об археологических, топонимических, этнографических и исторических условиях страны. В частности, среди них есть ряд ученых, таких как Д. Н. Логофет, О. Олуфсен, С. Хедин, К.В. Элерой.
Ключевые слова: Бухарский эмират (ханство), востоковедение, источниковедение, рукописи, исследователь, Туркестан, гарем, дворец, природные ресурсы, граница.
УДК 94 (47)
At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century to conduct research on oriental studies of the Bukhara emirate (khanate), to change approaches to historiography and source studies, to get acquainted with the schools of oriental studies of Uzbekistan. Historical manuscripts, time documents, labels, ancient correspondence were collected in these disciplines. The process of their research is manifested as a new wave of historiography of the emirate of Bukhara, the study of rare manual sources of the East as well as the works of foreign researchers who have written about them has been initiated.
One of the founders of this school, W.W. Barthold, began the study of Oriental studies in Europe and Russia in the mid-1910s. Researchers such as A. Semenov, A. Fitrat, V. Vyatkin, V. Belyaev continued to study the documents of orientalists.
In the 60s of the XX century, oriental studies on the study of the Bukhara Emirate were continued by L. Epifanova, B. Lunin, P. Ivanov, O. Chekhovich, A. Mukhamedjanov and T. Nematov.
During the years of independence, scientists such as B. Akhmedov, K. Rajabov, H. Turaev, S. Inoyatov, D. Alimova, U. Rashidov took a new approach to the study of the history and source studies of the Bukhara Emirate in Uzbekistan. Nowadays their assistants follow this great honored work.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of historiography and source studies of the Emirate of Bukhara has changed radically, the process has been re-examined on the basis of a historical-objective approach. This article focuses on some aspects of this situation that need to be explored with a separate approach.
Historically, the beginning of the twentieth century coincided with the period of civil wars, internal strife and external enemies for the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates in Central Asia. Most of the orientalists sent to these lands by various missions were officers who needed to know the strategic situation of the country, its military potential, and natural geographers who had to study its natural resources and capabilities. Some of the memoirs of orientalists D.N. Logofet [1], O. Olufsen [2], C.W. Eleroy [3, 4], S. Hedin [5], who visited for the same purpose, have come down to us.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Logofet (1865-1922) was a Russian general and orientalist publicist in the Bukhara Emirate. In 1887 he was an active member of the Russian Geographical Society, as well as a military officer who served in Turkestan until 1904. The author's three-volume work on the historical and artistic content of Central Asia, 'On the Borders of Central Asia: Travel Sketches (in three volumes)' (1909), 'Bukhara khanate under Russian protectorate' (1911), 'In a Forgotten Country: Travel Sketches in Central Asia' (1912), "In the mountains and plains of Bukhara" (1913), also includes stories in the colonial spirit, such as 'On the Tower of Death' (1910) and 'The Attack on Central Asia' (1916).
His 'Country of Lawlessness. Bukhara Khanate and its current state' was published in St.Petersburg in 1909 and is significant in that it included several treaties between the Emirate of Bukhara and the Russian Empire.
Although Logofet's one-sided views as a representative of the colonial state were blown throughout his career, they provide valuable historical and ethnographic information as witnesses of that period. Although the work has been repeatedly referred to by local historians as a source, it has not been subjected to a toponymic-ethnographic analysis. In particular, Chapter IV of the book 'Country of Lawlessness. Bukhara Khanate and its current state' describes the professions of local population of the Emirate of Bukhara, and Chapter IX describes the state of agriculture and animal husbandry.
The historical-memorial work "The Emir of Bokhara and his country" (1911) by the Danish military officer and explorer Ole Olufsen vividly depicts the historical portrait of his time. Ole Olufsen (1865-1929) wrote in the introduction to this work that he studied Central Asia, including the Emirate of Bukhara, in 1896-97 and 1898-99 during an expedition to study the Pamir Mountains. The author is also famous in Europe for his more than sixty works about Central Asia, as well as "The Unknown Pamir" (1904), "The Dialectical Dictionary of Bukhara" (1905), "The Danish Expedition of Denmark: Ancient and New Architecture of Khiva, Bukhara and Turkestan" (I and II editions,1903).
"The Emir of Bokhara and his country" was published in Copenhagen in 1911, along with a map of the Asian continent compiled by the author himself. The play deals with the geography, ethnography, toponymy, agriculture and, finally, the system of government, the political regime of the emirate. The play also depicts the geography of Central Asia, the ethnic composition of the local population, their anthropology and percentage, ethnography, daily activities, religious traditions (as well as the peculiarities of weddings and funerals). The architectural structures of the Bukhara Emirate, their construction methods and functions are also explained. Of particular importance is the fact that Amir Abdullah Khan's
(1885-1910) political and creative reforms brought some paintings of the Sherbudin Palace, which have not yet survived.
William Curtis Eleroy (1850-1911) was an American journalist, one of the publishers of the Chicago Daily News, and also a tourist. In 1887 he traveled to St. Petersburg and Moscow, where he became interested in writing books throughout the Russian Empire [3]. Eleroy wrote in his "Turkestan-the heart of Asia" (1911) that he visited to Turkestan in 1889-1902. In his scientific heritage was imparted information on its geography, borders, history, some architectural structures in Samarkand, Tashkent, Bukhara in the early twentieth century, military potential of the Emirate of Bukhara, the army, as well as its domestic trade, markets and industrial development, railway construction, the emergence of the cotton industry. It is also very important that he cites important figures related to these processes.
Sven Andres Hedin (1865-1952) was a Swedish geographer, traveler and writer. From 1886 to 1934 he was a member of the great expedition to explore Tibet in Central Asia. His more than twenty scientific legacies include "Through Khorasan and Turkestan: Memories of Travels in Central Asia in 1890 and 1891, 1892-93", "Through Asia" (1898), "Scientific Results of Travels in Central Asia in 1899-1902", "My life as an explorer" (1926), "The Silk Road" (1938), "History of Expeditions in Asia 1927-1935" (1943-45) are the sources of historiography and source studies of Uzbekistan.
For thirty years in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sven Hedin traveled along the ancient Silk Road. Cities that have long been lost on the map have taken down rivers that have not been described before. This epic monument reflects the splendor of modernized civilizations, the excitement of ancient monuments found, the cold horrors of snow-capped mountains and the dry torment of the desert. Hedin rises from the mountains in China and enters Tibet, where he gets to know the colonies from Beijing to London, including the Russian and British empires. In the book, Hedin also cites 160 of his drawings and paintings.
In "My life as an explorer" he presented his knowledge of the anthropology, ethnogenesis, ethnography of the peoples of Central Asia, state borders and border countries [5]. It is also noteworthy that during his visit he expressed a separate chapter about his meeting with the Emir of Bukhara Abdullah and the biography of the Emir in both words and images [5].
When comparing the historical sources left by such foreign orientalists with local historical sources in the historiography of the Bukhara Emirate, it motivates the objectification of the views of the Central Asian khanates on the economic, political, cultural situation, international diplomatic relations and secular authority.
In conclusion, the sources of the XIX-XX centuries on the history, ethnography, source studies, archeology and toponymy of the Bukhara Emirate have not been analyzed in depth. However, they are orientalists who were in the emirate at that time, lived here, studied and left a work. Moreover, the fact that valuable information on the history of Uzbek statehood in foreign sources has not yet been thoroughly analyzed by scholars and researchers in Uzbekistan requires the dedication of young explorers [6-10].
References / Список литературы
1. Logofet D.I. Country of Lawlessness. Bukhara Khanate and its current state. S.Petersburg, 1909.
2. Olufsen O. The Emir of Bokhara and his country. Gyldendal, Nordisk forlag.
Copenhagen, 1911.
3. Eleroy C. W. The land of the nihilist Russia. 1888.
4. Eleroy C. W. Turkestan-the heart of Asia. NY / Knox college library, 1911.
5. Hedin S. My life as an explorer. Garden City Publishing, 1925.
6. Rajabova D.Y. Socio-philosophical views of local historians on the period of Sayyid Abdulahadkhan the emir of Bukhara // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24:10, 2020. P. 234-243.
7. Rajabova D.Y. The description of administrative system in the emirate of Bukhara during the reign of Said Abdulahadkhan in foreign sources // International Journal on Integrated Education. 3:4, 2020. Pp. 32-35.
8. Rajabova D.Y. The phenomenon of Amir Sayyid Abdulahadkhan and his role in the history of Turkestan // Look to the past. 26:2, 2019. Pp. 80-86.
9. Jamolova D.M. Traveling to Modernity: Perception of Modernity of the Central Asian Muslims in the early 20th century // International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilatation, 2020. 9 (24), 4202-4207.
10. Toshpulatov Sh.E. The reflection of the phenomenon of freedom of conscience and the principle of interreligious tolerance in the legislation of the international community and Uzbekistan // IEJRD - International Multidisciplinary Journal. Vol. 5, no. ICIPPS, 2020. P. 1-5.
