CC BY
23
SRSTI 73.31.09
https://doi.org/10.48081/CJVG4668
*A. W. Dahham
Iraq, Baghdad
IMPROVING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RUBBER COMPOUND OF THE VEHICLES' TIRES: A LITERATURE OVERVIEW
People are shifting from use of fossil fuel based processing oils to naturally occurring oils, and restriction on PCA rich extender oils by December 2009 leads to search for naturally occurring oils. According to the KEMI report, products with polycyclic aromatic compounds, PCAs, levels exceeding 3 % by weight must be labeled. The report pointed out that worn tyre tread material was being spread on the roadsides, introducing high amounts of PCA into the environment. PCA is having toxic effects on aquatic organisms. For the sidewall tyre rubber, the way to improve the properties is a stepwise downsizing method of gel particles in reclaimed rubber to a micro-nano scale and its excellent dynamic performance in tire sidewall were introduced by this work.
In the present work, two naturally occurring oils, neem oil and kurunj oil, were characterised in a 100 % Natural Rubber based formulation, a NR/BR blend based Bias Truck and Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound and a SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound.
Compounds made with naturally occurring oils showed better abrasion properties. These oils were found to be suitable also on the basis of low PCA content. The results for the tyre sidewall showed that the size of gel particles decreased from several micrometers to micro-nanometers with the increase of reclaiming degree, accompanied by reduced molecular weight and widened molecular weight distribution ofsol fraction. The addition of reclaimed rubber with low Mooney viscosity improved the dynamic mechanical properties of the natural rubber/butadiene rubber blends effectively, including wet resistance and rolling resistance. Moreover, the flexing fatigue resistance has also been improved dozens of times compared to traditional tire sidewall.
Keywords: tyre thread rubber, tyre sidewall rubber, nanostructured polymers, non-polymeric materials and composites, rubber.
Introduction
Rubber is a fantastic material and is widely used in our normal lives due to its special characteristic: visco-elasticity. Use of a single rubber is rarely adequate for manufacturing of rubber products. Therefore, blends of rubbers are achieving more and more technological and commercial interest since they provide an acceptable technological process for accessing properties not available in a single elastomer.
The tyre sidewall is the outer surface of the tyre between the bead and the tread, as shown in figure 1. It provides a physical link between the wheel and the tyre tread in
transmitting power and braking forces to the tyre tread. The tyre sidewall also plays a significant role in a vehicle's suspension and in the general handling of the vehicle on the road. As it undergoes distortion from the load bearing down on the tyre, one of the most significant properties of the sidewall is its flexibility [1].
tread pattern
side wali
rad ial
body cords
speciaf high stiffness apex bead wire
Figure 1 - Various components of a radial tyre are shown in this cutaway view
The potentially improved properties include chemical, physical and processing benefits. Changing intramolecular composition, such as making block copolymers, is a way to achieve tunable properties as well. However, this is limited by available synthesis processes. Intermolecular changes, such as adjusting composition or distribution of components in blends, are not limited by such synthetic limitations and are commercially preferred.
Today the use of rubber blends is more widespreaded in applications, including belts, hoses, footwear and especially tyres and tyre related products. A tyre is an assembly of a series of parts, each of which has a specific function in the service and performance of the product. Table 1 lists the important components of tyres and the typical blends used for them [2].
Table 1 - Rubber Blends in Automotive Tyres [3]
Component Passenger tyres Truck tyres
Tread SBR-BR NR-BR or SBR-BR
Belt NR NR
Carcass NR-SBR-BR NR-BR
Black sidewall NR-SBR or NR-BR NR-BR
Inner liner NR-SBR-IIR NR-IIR
Natural rubber (NR) is known to exhibit numerous outstanding properties, such as good oil resistance, low gas permeability, improved wet grip and rolling resistance, coupled with high strength; having properties resembling those of synthetic rubbers.
Natural rubber coming from latex is mostly polymerized isoprene with a small percentage of impurities in it.
This will limit the range of properties available to it, although addition of sulfur and vulcanization is used to improve the mechanical and physical properties. Chemically, natural rubber is cis-1, 4-polyisoprene and occurs in Hevea rubber trees [4, 5].
The use of carbon black is synonymous with the history of tires. However, the primary properties of carbon blacks are normally controlled by particle size, surface area, structure and surface activity which in most cases are interrelated [6].
The idea of blending synthetic rubbers with natural rubber is certainly not a new one, but now it can be applied positively, by using new techniques developed over the last 5 years. These compounds are capable of forming a chemical link between these dissimilar rubbers to produce a technologically compatible blend. The blend vulcanizates produced exhibit enhanced physical properties by judicious selection of the SBR: NR ratio [7, 8]. Blending of (SBR) and other types of rubber and its performance have been studied earlier, they have demonstrated that the physical properties of such blends can be significantly improved by adding a suitable compatibiliser [9-12].
This article presents an overview of some best way to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber sidewall of the vehicles that are ensure high reliability and low cost.
Materials and methods
Methods to Improve Thread Tire Rubber. Various methods have been developed by researchers to improve the mechanical.
Properties of the sidewall rubber. One of which was done, According to the KEMI report, products with polycyclic aromatic compounds, PCAs, levels exceeding 3 % by weight must be labeled. The report pointed out that worn tyre tread material was being spread on the roadsides, introducing high amounts of PCA into the environment. PCA is having toxic effects on aquatic organisms. In the present work, two naturally occurring oils, neem oil and kurunj oil, were characterised in a 100 % Natural Rubber based formulation, a NR/BR blend based Bias Truck and Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound and a SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound. Compounds made with naturally occurring oils showed better abrasion properties. These oils were found to be suitable also on the basis of low PCA content [11].
Results and discussion
1. Compound characterization in 100% NR based formulation.
1.1. Mooney viscosity, stress relaxation and Mooney scorch.
The Mooney viscosity, stress relaxation and Mooney scorch results are shown in Table 2. All three compounds showed comparable Mooney viscosity and stress relaxation for both the master and final batches. The compound mixed with NO1 oil showed lower Mooney scorch.
Table 2 - Mooney viscosity, Mooney scorch and stress relaxation properties
Sample Id. Mooney viscosity (master batch) MU Mooney viscosity (final batch) MU Stress relaxation (master batch) % drop Stress relaxation (final batch) % drop Mooney scorch min
100% NR based compound
Aromatic oil 73.4 58.9 75.3 80.2 9.37
NO1 72.4 60.3 74.8 78.8 8.88
no2 74.1 59.4 74.1 79.9 9.38
NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 75.9 60.5 72.1 76.7 10.75
NO1 77.9 62.8 71.1 75.0 10.50
no2 79.8 63.0 69.9 74.4 11.50
NR/BR blend based Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 64.7 57.6 77.3 79.8 18.81
NO1 70.6 62.1 73.4 75.8 20.55
no2 69.4 60.6 73.3 76.3 22.53
SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound
Aromatic oil 60.5 53.7 86.8 87.8 13.36
NO1 59.0 51.7 85.5 87.1 12.23
no2 58.8 51.5 85.5 86.4 11.98
1.2. Flow behavior (frequency sweep).
The power law index results for master and final batches are shown in Table 3. All three compounds showed comparable flow behavior properties for both the master batch and final batch.
Table 3 - Power law index properties
Sample Id. Test parameter
Power law index (master batch) Power law index (final batch)
100% NR based compound
Aromatic oil 0.203 0.227
NO, 0.202 0.223
no2 0.202 0.229
NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 0.168 0.189
NO. 0.166 0.182
no2 0.165 0.182
NR/BR blend based Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 0.181 0.190
NO1 0.166 0.179
no2 0.169 0.181
SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound
Aromatic oil 0.278 0.292
NO1 0.273 0.291
no2 0.264 0.282
1.3. Filler dispersion study.
The results for filler dispersion study of master and final batches are shown in Table 4. In both the master and final batches, compounds mixed with natural oils showed better filler dispersion.
Table 4 - Filler dispersion study
Compound Id. parameter
Master compound) Final compound
G0 (kPa) at 1% strain G0 (kPa) at plateau level Fraction recovery of G0 (G0 at plateau/G0 nitial) G0 (kPa) at 1 % strain G0 (kPa) at plateau level Fraction recovery of G0 (G0 at plateau/ G0 initial)
100% NR based compound
Aromatic oil 0.бб5 0.б4б 0.971 0.53б 0.52S 0.9S5
NO1 0.б2б 0.б25 0.99S 0.533 0.532 0.99S
NO2 0.б23 0.б22 0.99S 0.525 0.524 0.99S
NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 1.524 1.320 0.8бб 1.204 1.035 0.8б0
NO1 1.7б8 1.504 0.S51 1.073 0.973 0.907
NO2 1.1S4 1.042 0.SS0 1.1S3 0.010 0.S54
NR/BR blend based Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 1.2б2 0.990 0.7S4 1.200 0.939 0.7S3
NO_1 1.313 1.071 0.81б 1.1S7 1.005 0.S47
NO_2 1.254 1.040 0.S29 1.12б 0.92б 0.S22
SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound
Aromatic oil 0.990 0.797 0.S05 0.SSS 0.727 0.S19
NO_1 1.02б 0.905 0.SS2 0.SS5 0.734 0.S29
NO_2 0.941 0.79б 0.84б 0.S71 0.714 0.S20
1.4. Polymer-filler and filler-filler interaction study.
The results for polymer-filler interaction study are shown in Table 5 for the master and final batches. In both the master and final batches, compound mixed with NO_1 oil showed marginally poorer, whilst compound mixed with NO2 oil showed better, polymer-filler interaction.
Table 5 - Polymer-filler interaction study
Compound Id. Parameter
Master compound) Final compound
G0 (kPa) at 1% strain G0 (kPa) at 25% strain Payne effect G0 (kPa) at 1% strain G0 (kPa) at 25% strain Payne effect
100% NR based compound
Aromatic oil 218.6 118.6 100.0 163.9 91.7 72.2
NO_1 224.1 120.5 103.6 169.4 94.5 74.9
NO_2 213.1 121.4 91.7 153.0 90.0 63.0
NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 333.34 145.10 188.24 267.77 113.69 154.08
NO_1 366.13 156.00 210.13 289.63 121.60 168.03
NO_2 355.20 156.86 198.34 267.77 119.46 148.31
NR/BR blend based Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 535.54 121.38 414.16 486.35 110.70 375.65
NO_1 513.68 147.03 366.65 475.43 126.51 348.92
NO_2 502.75 148.10 354.65 437.17 125.02 312.15
SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound
Aromatic oil 306.02 88.05 217.97 245.91 69.24 176.67
NO_1 295.09 84.63 210.46 240.45 70.74 169.71
NO_2 295.09 86.98 208.11 234.98 70.09 164.89
1.5. Rheometric properties.
The rheometric results are shown in Table 6. Compound mixed with NO1 oil showed faster cure characteristics, which was further confirmed by lower Mooney scorch value.
Table 6 - Rheometric properties
Sample Id. Minimum torque (dN-m) Maximum torque (dN-m) ts2 (min) Tc40 (min) Tc50 (min) Tc90 (min)
100% NR based compound
Aromatic oil 2.27 14.93 6.93 8.44 9.31 16.44
NO_1 2.28 14.29 6.48 7.88 8.74 15.78
NO_2 2.24 14.34 6.86 8.28 9.12 16.27
NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 2.97 15.81 8.58 10.98 12.28 23.17
NO_1 3.08 15.46 8.41 10.86 12.20 23.19
NO_2 3.06 14.82 9.28 11.43 12.67 22.81
NR/BR blend based Rib Type Tyre Tread Cap compound
Aromatic oil 3.22 15.84 20.75 24.14 25.33 35.13
NO_1 3.46 15.38 18.19 20.78 21.96 32.39
NO_2 3.46 14.39 20.81 23.14 24.21 33.19
SSBR/NR/BR blend based Radial Passenger Tyre Tread compound
Aromatic oil 2.08 19.76 3.63 4.22 4.38 6.29
NO_1 2.05 18.64 3.42 4.06 4.29 6.71
NO_2 2.09 18.19 3.30 3.80 3.96 5.77
2. Compound characterisation in NR/BR blend based Bias Truck Tyre Tread Cap.
2.1. Mooney viscosity, stress relaxation and Mooney scorch
The Mooney viscosity, stress relaxation and Mooney scorch results are shown in Table 2.
Rubber compounds mixed with natural oils showed higher Mooney viscosity in both themaster and final batches. Comparable stress relaxation was observed in all the three compounds. Higher scorch safety was observed in compound mixed with NO2 oil.
2.2. Flow behavior (frequency sweep)
The power law index results for master and final batches are shown in Table 3.
Rubber compounds having natural oils showed marginally better flow behavior properties for both the master batch and final batch.
2.3. Filler dispersion study
The results for dispersion study for master and final batches are shown in Table 4.
In master batches compounds having NO2 oils showed better, whereas rubber compounds having NO1 oil showed poor filler dispersion. In final batches, compounds having NO1 oils showed better filler dispersion.
2.4. Polymer-filler and filler-filler interaction study
The results for polymer-filler interaction study for the master and final batches are shown in Table 5. The rubber compounds having both the natural oils showed poor polymer-filler interaction for themaster batch. The rubber compounds having NO2 oil showed better polymer-filler interaction for the final batch.
2.5. Rheometric properties. The rheometric results are shown in Table 6.
Marginally lower maximum torque was observed in the case of compounds mixed
with natural oils. Rubber compounds having NO_2 oil showed higher scorch safety, which was further confirmed by Mooney scorch results [11].
3. Improving sidewall rubber.
Characterization of NR/BR/RR
3.1. Composites reinforced with CB.
The mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100 % elongation of the samples were tested with universal testing machine (Instron 3365, Instron) at a speed of 500 mm/min, and the samples were in the shape of dumbbell according to standard ASTM D412-2009 (Table 7). The dispersion of gel fraction was observed by OM (Leica DM LP, Leica Instruments, Germany). The gel fraction was dispersed in toluene under ultrasonic condition before subjected to OM observation. The dispersive behavior of gel fraction in the vulcanizates was investigated by desktop scanning electron microscope (DSEM) (Phenom Pro, Phenom Corp., The Netherlands). The tensile fraction surface of the vulcanizates was subjected to metal spraying and then been observed under DSEM. The dynamic mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were indicated by DMA (Discovery DMA 850, TA Instruments).
The tests were carried out in the tensile mode. The temperature ranged from _120 to 70_C, and the heating rate was 3_C/min. The frequency was 10 Hz, and the strain was 0.1 %.
The flexing fatigue resistance of the compounds were manifested by a rubber flexing fatigue tester (GT-7011-D, Gotech Testing Machines, China) with a frequency of 20 Hz at room temperature, according to standard ISO 132:1999.
Table 7 - Composition analysis of gel particles in RRs determined by TGA
Composition R1 (%) R4 (%) R7 (%)
Rubber hydrocarbon 30 40 50
CB 55 48 40
Inorganic residues 15 12 10
Abbreviations: RR, reclaimed rubber; TGA, t
hermo-gravimetric analyzer.
3.2 Mechanical, rheological, and dynamic mechanical performance of NR/ BR/RR composites reinforced with CB.
Figure 2 shows the variation of storage modulus (G0) with strain.
300
1 10 100
Strain (%)
Figure 2 - Payne effect of NR/BR/RR reinforced with CB. BR, butadiene rubber; CB, carbon black; NR, natural rubber; RR, reclaimed rubber [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
The storage modulus of the rubber compound shows a nonlinear decrease with the increase of strain, which is the typical Payne effect [13].
The Payne effect represents the magnitude of the interaction force between the rubber matrix and the filler. Further exploring the dispersive behavior of RR in the rubber compounds, it was found that the addition of RR can significantly increase the GO compared with pure CB, which is mainly due to the presence of the bound rubber. The CB coated by bound rubber is more entangled with the molecular chain of the rubber matrix, and has a better compatibility. In addition, as the degree of reclaiming increased, the Payne effect weakened, indicating reduction of filler aggregates, that is, the filler has a better dispersion in the matrix.
The dispersive behavior of the gel particles in the compounds was further analyzed. By observing the tensile fracture surface of the vulcanizates, as shown in Figure 3, it was found that compared with NR/BR-CB1, the addition of RR increased the roughness of the tensile fracture surface. In addition, the dispersive size of the gel particles decreased with the degree of reclaiming. The surface of NR/BR-R1 was similar to NR/BR-CB1 with less and smaller size of gel particles, which confirmed the micro-nano structure of R1. While in NR/BR-R4 and NR/BR-R7, the particle size of gel fraction increased significantly and was easy to be the stress concentration point in the range of tens to hundreds of microns.
Figure 3 - Microstructure of tensile fracture surfaces of vulcanizates (a) NR/BR-CB1, (b) NR/BR-R1, (c) NR/BR-R4, (d) NR/BR-R7BR, butadiene rubber; CB, carbon black; NR, natural rubber
Table 8 showed the influence of RR on the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, which has also been substantiated by Rattanasom [14]. Fragmentized rubber molecular chains were obtained by reclaiming, and caused lightly degradation of mechanical properties (the tensile strength and elongation at break of the rubber were reduced from 20.2 MPa and 693 % to 17.5 MPa and 606 %, whereas stress at 100% elongation and hardness were promoted).
Table 8 - Mechanical properties of NR/BR/RR blends reinforced with CB Samples NR/BR-CB1 NR/
Samples NR/BR-CB1 NR/BR-R1 NR/BR-R4 NR/BR-R7
Tensile strength (MPa) 20.2 18.2 17.8 17.5
Stress at 100% elongation (MPa) 1.42 1.61 1.6 1.66
Elongation at break (%) 693 656 666 606
Hardness (Shore A) 50 50 51 52
Tear strength (kN_m_1) 78.4 78.3 74.5 71.6
Yet the loss of tear strength gradually decreased with the increase of reclaiming degree and was more stable than the traditional RR used by Fukumori, [15] which can be attributed to the dispersive scale of RR. According to Figure 4 (b), it can be found that the addition of R1, R4, and R7 can significantly improve the wet skid resistance of the compounds contrast to NR/BR-CB1, and it increased with the decrease of the reclaiming degree.
Figure 4 - Dynamic mechanical properties of NR/BR/RR blends reinforced with CB. BR, butadiene rubber; CB, carbon black; NR, natural rubber; RR, reclaimed rubber [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Otherwise, the taná at 60 C represents the rolling resistance of the rubber, from Figure 4 (c), it can be seen that high wet skid resistance and low friction and rolling resistance cannot be realized by R7 concurrently. The hundred microns of gel particles in R7 will bring higher heat generation and energy consumption. However, R1 and R4 with higher reclamation degree can give rise to excellent dynamic mechanical properties.
Flexing fatigue life of rubber-like materials mainly depends on mechanical damage, chemical damage, and thermal damage. RR with lower Mooney viscosity can be used as a multifunctional modifier in tire sidewall, while improving aging resistance and flexing fatigue resistance at the same time. The loss of dynamic mechanical properties caused by micron gel particles can also be remitted. In addition, the sol fraction with low molecular weight and the CB covered by gel fraction can be used as substitutes for aromatic oil and part of the CB in traditional sidewall formula, which can promote the application of RR in tire sidewall and lower the cost for industrial tire manufacturing. Therefore, the RR prepared by this work is expected to be high performance fillers in tire sidewall and fulfill sustainable development of tire manufacturing [16].
Conclusion
The experiment reports the characterisation of naturally occurring oils in 100% NR based formulation, NR/BR blend and SSBR/NR/BR blend based Bias and Radial Tyre Tread formulations. It was observed that compounds mixed with naturally occurring oils showed better abrasion properties in all the cases, which was further supported by better polymer-filler interaction and filler dispersion observed in the compounds having natural oils. The improvement in the above properties may also improve the performance properties of the tyre. Thus, ecofriendly processing oils can be used in rubber industry as cost effective material [11].
For the sidewall rubber RRs with different reclaiming degree were prepared by single-screw extruder. Their composition and structure were analyzed by characterizing the sol and gel fraction of RR respectively and its influence on the performance of the compounds was also investigated. The conclusions were summarized as follows:
1 The composition and structure of RR were changed with the increase of the reclaiming degree. The Mooney viscosity of RR decreased with the reclaiming degree as well as the sole content and the content of rubber hydrocarbon in gel fraction. In addition, the molecular weight of sol fraction was reduced and the molecular weight distribution was widened.
2 After blending with NR/BR, the addition of RR was able to increase the curing efficiency of the compounds, which might be attributed to the release of contained vulcanization assistants and free sulfur radicals as the cross-linking network collapsing during the reclamation process. Also, with the advantages of low Mooney viscosity and high sol content, R1 can completely replace the aromatic oil softener in the traditional formula, improving the processability of rubber compounds.
3 Furthermore, the dispersive scale of R1, R4, and R7 in tire sidewall decreased to a micro-nano scale with the reclaiming degree. R1 and R4 can improve the wet skid resistance of the rubber compounds while reducing its rolling resistance. Moreover, R1, R4, and R7 can excellently improve the flexing fatigue resistance of the rubber
compounds 10-20 times of traditional formula, which greatly improved the dynamic mechanical properties and the flexing fatigue resistance without affecting the basic mechanical properties severely.
With advantages of excellent dynamic mechanical performance, high flexing fatigue resistance, micro-nano reclamation has potential prospects in the field of tire sidewall applications in the future [16].
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Material received on 17.12.21.
*В. А. Дахам
Ирак, г. Багдад.
Материал поступил в редакцию 17.12.21.
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ РЕЗИНОВОЙ СМЕСИ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ШИН: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Люди переходят от использования технологических масел на основе ископаемого топлива к маслам природного происхождения, и ограничение на использование масел-наполнителей с высоким содержаниемПХА к декабрю 2009 года приводит к поиску масел природного происхождения. Согласно отчету KEMI, продукты с содержанием полициклических ароматических соединений, ПХА, превышающим 3 % по весу, должны быть маркированы. В отчете указывалось, что изношенный материал протектора шин разбрасывался по обочинам дорог, в результате чего в окружающую среду попадало большое количество ПХА. ПХА оказывает токсическое воздействие на водные организмы. Для резины боковины шины способом улучшения свойств является метод поэтапного уменьшения размера частиц геля в регенерированной резине до микро-наномасштаба, и в этой работе были представлены его превосходные динамические характеристики в боковине шины.
В настоящей работе два природных масла, масло нима и масло курунджа, были охарактеризованы в рецептуре на основе 100 % натурального каучука, смеси NR/BR на основе диагональной смеси для грузовых автомобилей и ребристых шин и смеси SSBR/NR/BR.
На основе резиновой смеси для протектора радиальных пассажирских шин. составы, изготовленные из природных масел, показали лучшие абразивные свойства. Было обнаружено, что эти масла подходят также из-за низкого содержания ПХА. Результаты для боковины шины показали, что размер частиц геля уменьшался с нескольких микрометров до микронанометров с увеличением степени регенерации, что сопровождалось снижением молекулярной массы и расширением молекулярно-массового распределения золь-фракции. Добавление регенерированного каучука с низкой вязкостью по Муни эффективно улучшало динамические механические свойства смесей натуральный каучук/ бутадиеновый каучук, включая влагостойкость и сопротивление качению. Кроме того, сопротивление усталости при изгибе также было улучшено в десятки раз по сравнению с традиционными боковинами шин.
Ключевые слова: резина нити шины, резина боковины шины, наноструктурные полимеры, неполимерные материалы и композиты, резина.
*В. А. Дахам
Ирак, Багдад к.
Материал 6acnaFa 17.12.21 TYCTi.
АВТОМОБИЛЬ ШИНАЛАРЫНЬЩ РЕЗЕЦКЕ ЦОСПАСЫНЫЦ МЕХАНИКАЛЬЩ ЦАСИЕТТЕР1Н ЖАЦСАРТУ: ЭДЕБИЕТКЕ ШОЛУ
Адамдар цазба отынына негЬзделген майларды пайдаланудан табиги майга ауысады, ал PCA-мен байытылган майларды шектеу 2009 жылдыц желтощсанына дейт табиги майларды iздеуге экелед1 KAMI есебте сэйкес, курамында полициклдi хош rncmi крсылыстар бар етмдер, салмагы бойынша 3 %-дан асатын PCAS тацбалануы керек. Есепте тозган шина протекторыныц материалы жол бойында таралып, крршаган ортага квп мвлшерде PCA экелетШ керсетшген. PCA су организмдерiне улы эсер етедi. Бyйiрлiк шиналарга арналган резецкеге келетт болсак, касиеттердi жацсарту эдШ-калпына келтiрiлген резецкедегi гель белшектертщ мелшерт микро-наномдарга дешн бiртiндеп азайту жэне бул жумыс шиналардыц бyшрлерiндегi керемет динамикалъщ сипаттамаларын усынды.
Осы жумыста ет табиги май, неем майы жэне курунжа майы 100 % табиги резецке негiзiндегi рецептпен сипатталды, жук келжтерте арналган NR/BR крспасы мен шиналы шиналары бар шиналар мен жецы шиналарга арналган радиалды шиналарга арналган SSBR/NR/BR коспалары.
Табиги майлардан жасалган композициялар ец жацсы абразивтi цасиеттерт кврсеттi. Бул майлар PCA курамы темен болгандыцтан да цолайлы деп танылды. Шинаныц бушр кабыргасыныц нэтижелерi гель белшектертщ мелшерi регенерация децгешнщ жогарылауышен бiрнеше микрометрден микронометрлерге дешн темендегетн керсеттi, бул молекулалык массаныц темендеуiмен жэне кул фракциясыныц молекулалыц-массалык таралуытыц кецеюiмен бiрге жyредi. Мунидщ темен тутцырлыгы бар цалпына келтiрiлген Каучукты косу табиги резецке жэне бутадиен резецке коспаларыныц динамикалыц механикалыц цасиеттерт, соныц штде ылгалга тезiмдiлiк пен жылжымалы карсылыкты тиiмдi жакрартты. Сонымен катар, шлу кезiндегi шаршауга тезiмдiлiк дэстyрлi шинаныц бушр щабыргасымен салыстырганда ондаган есе жащсарды.
Кiлттi сездер: шина жт резецке, шинаныц кабыргасыныц резинасы, нанокурылымды полимерлер, полимерлт материалдар жэне композиттер, резецке.
Теруге 17.12.21 ж. жiберiлдi. БасуFа 27.12.21 ж. кол койылды. Электрондык баспа 5,07 Mb RAM
Шартты баспа Ta6aFbi 9,15 Таралымы 300 дана. БаFасы келiciм бойынша. Компьютерде беттеген: Е. Е. Калихан Корректор: А. Р. Омарова
Тапсырыс № 3875
«Toraighyrov University» баспасынан басылып шь^арыетан ТораЙFыров университетi 140008, Павлодар к., Ломов кеш., 64, 137 каб.
«Toraighyrov University» баспасы ТораЙFыров университет 140008, Павлодар к., Ломов к., 64, 137 каб. 67-36-69
e-mail: [email protected] nitk.tou.edu.kz
